In order to arouse the enthusiasm of instructors in teaching and ensure the quality of central official schools, including imperial academy, the central official school system in the Tang Dynasty formulated very strict methods for the examination, promotion, rewards and punishments of instructors. This is "the establishment of doctors and teaching assistants is based on the number of lectures in that year, and the teaching workload of teachers is regarded as an important criterion for assessment and grading". This is the first reasonable and objective teacher management method put forward in the history of education in China and even in the history of education in the world. ?
Of course, the teaching workload is only the main condition for examination and promotion, and imperial academy and other central official schools also pay attention to the examination of the professional level, teaching effect and work attitude of teaching teachers as an important condition for promotion. Teaching assistants who have achieved excellent results during their tenure can be promoted to doctors, and doctors can teach well during their tenure, and their official positions can also be promoted. This is proved by Han Yu's record in Mr. Shi's epitaph. Teacher Shi has been teaching in imperial academy for 19 years, and has been promoted from four teaching assistants to imperial academy and from teaching assistants to doctoral students. This kind of promotion of the central official school teachers in the Tang Dynasty must be checked by the Ministry of Rites, and their teaching attitude, professional level and teaching effect should be comprehensively investigated to determine their advance and retreat. ?
In the Tang Dynasty, the promotion examinations for lecturers in imperial academy and other central government schools were as regular and standardized as those for other government officials. There is a quiz every year and a big exam every 3-5 years. The state establishes examination institutions to preside over examinations. The performance appraisal system adopted by the central official school in the Tang Dynasty was creative and successful. Through the implementation of this reasonable management method, the enthusiasm of teachers is mobilized and the quality of education is guaranteed.
In the early Tang Dynasty, the management of imperial academy was not perfect, especially in the organization and management of teaching activities, there were still many drawbacks. For example, the teaching objectives are unclear, there is no unified teaching plan, the teaching inspection and supervision mechanism is not perfect, and the examination and holiday system is not perfect. These drawbacks have set obstacles for the implementation of effective management. With the improvement of the administrative system of the central official school, the teaching management of the Imperial College is improving day by day, mainly as follows:
Make a strict teaching plan?
Teaching plan is the basic work of teaching management and the basis for reasonable organization and proper arrangement of teaching work. ?
The study period of imperial academy in Tang Dynasty is 6 years, and the compulsory and elective courses such as Dajing, Zhongjing and Xiaojing must be completed within 6 years. I have studied the classics for three years, and the courses include The Book of Rites and Zuo's Biography in the Spring and Autumn Period. I studied in Zhongjing for two years, and the courses were The Book of Songs, Zhou Li and Yi Li. Xiao Jing studied10.5 years, and his courses include the Book of Changes, Shangshu, Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram and Biography of the Spring and Autumn Valley Liang. Taixue, Dajing and Classic are compulsory courses, Xiaojing is optional, and The Analects of Confucius and Xiaojing are public compulsory courses. In addition, the Imperial College also stipulates that calligraphy is a homework that cannot be delayed every day. Students must write a piece of paper every day and read books such as Shuowen, Zilin and Erya. It can be seen that the teaching plan of imperial academy in Tang Dynasty was very strict. ?
Editing and publishing unified teaching materials?
The rulers of the Tang Dynasty attached great importance to the construction of teaching materials, hoping to achieve the goal of unifying thoughts and consolidating political power construction through the construction of teaching materials. Emperor Taizong entrusted the prime minister to hold a textbook review meeting, organized Confucianism to discuss gains and losses, and published his book to the world in the seventh year of Zhenguan (633) for scholars to learn from, so that the Five Classics of Yan School was published in the form of legal classics and became the standard textbook that imperial academy and other central official schools must adopt. ?
Although the final version of the Five Classics was promulgated, imperial academy and other teachers of central government schools were still influenced by the Confucian Classics in the Han Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and their explanations were different, which led to the rise of heresy, so Emperor Taizong [wrote the Five Classics and the Book of Changes with various Confucianism, with complicated chapters and sentences, and wrote a letter to Confucius and other Confucianism]. Due to the complexity of the project, the imperial edict of Emperor Taizong, led by imperial academy Kong, who offered wine, organized Yan Shigu, Sima, Wang Gong, Wang Yan and other contemporary famous Confucian scholars, and hired 29 people including imperial academy, teaching assistant, Dr. imperial academy, teaching assistant and four doctors and teaching assistants to participate in the textbook editing Committee. It lasted for three years and became a book 180. The book was named "Five", and Emperor Taizong was very satisfied with the book and gave it to Kong. Special gift hole [paragraph 300], and personally proposed to change the original title of "Five Classics" to "Five Classics" and deliver it to the central official school for trial use. It was revised twice in the 16th year of Zhenguan (642) and the 2nd year of Yonghui (65 1), and finally published in the 4th year of Yonghui (6 53). Justice of the Five Classics has not only become a standard textbook commonly used by imperial academy and other central official schools, but also become a compass for intellectuals and ordinary readers to understand Confucian classics. The state holds the Ming Dynasty Imperial Examination, which is also the standard for marking papers. ? Establish a strict examination system?
There are fewer tutors and more students in business schools, so it is necessary to pass strict examinations and strengthen the management of teaching work. At the same time, according to the test results, decide to upgrade, repeat, become a full member or drop out of school. All kinds of examinations organized by Imperial College are not only a test of students' academic performance, but also an evaluation of the teaching effect of doctors and teaching assistants. ?
There are three kinds of imperial academy exams in Tang Dynasty: ten-day exam, year-old exam and graduation exam. The ten-day exam is held every 10 day, before the ten-day holiday. /kloc-The courses learned within 0/0 days are presided over by the doctor, and the test scores pass and fail within 10 days, and there are rewards for passing and penalties for failing. The annual examination is the annual examination, which is conducted before the end of each year to test the courses that students have learned within one year. Presided by a doctor, the exam passed 10, with 8 students in the front, 6 in the middle and 5 in the back. The next step is to fail, and you must repeat, that is, repeat the grade. If he still fails after failing the grade, he will be fined for nine years, and if he still doesn't improve after nine years, he will be expelled from school. The graduation exam will be held before the end of the study period. The graduation exam is given by the doctor and invigilated by the national son offering wine. Anyone who knows two classics or three classics is allowed to take the graduation exam. Those who pass the examination can take part in the provincial imperial examination, or enter Chinese studies from imperial academy, or directly assign various official positions. ?
Tang Taixue strengthened the examination link and made the whole teaching management system more perfect. By organizing rigorous examinations, it urges students to study hard and become talents as soon as possible. At the same time, as a means of teaching inspection, teachers are also urged to study textbooks and strive to improve the teaching level, thus delivering high-quality qualified officials for the country. These are its successful experiences. At the same time, it should be noted that the frequent and complicated examination system of Imperial College also makes students breathless. In order to get good grades and become an official, students can only turn a deaf ear to things outside the window and concentrate on reading sage books, which should be taken as a warning. ?
Generous and restrained vacation system?
Students have holidays during their studies. There are three kinds of regular leave: one is ten days' leave, the other is field leave, and the third is clothing leave. Ten-day holiday every 10 days 1 day; Arrange a field vacation every year [when people are twice as busy in May], which is a busy holiday for students, and the duration is 1 month; Clothing leave is arranged in September, which is crisp and chilly every autumn, and the cycle is 1 month. In addition, in addition to these three fixed holidays, central official schools such as Thailand Canxue also give temporary holidays according to the actual situation of students. Students can take home leave once every three years. In case of special family circumstances, such as the death of parents, or unexpected natural or man-made disasters, students can ask for leave, and the school must not make things difficult. Under special circumstances, students can also ask for an extension of their holidays. When the school gives you a holiday, you can consider the time limit according to the distance of the journey. Generally speaking, the base for extended holidays is 200 miles away from the school. The farther the road, the longer the time. According to "Selected Records of the New Tang Dynasty": [Give Cheng 200 Li. He was not handsome enough to teach, and he had an accident in more than 30 days 100 days, and his relatives were sick for 200 days, all of which stopped. It can be seen that business schools implement strict leave cancellation system. If the leave is overdue, it will be regarded as "not handsome" and "violating the process" and ordered to drop out of school. ?
It should also be pointed out that in the Tang Dynasty, the management of imperial academy and other central official schools was accomplished through educational legislation. For example, the Law of the Tang Dynasty stipulates that when students and disciples beat teachers, hell will pay the price. Generally, the hands and feet are beaten, then stick 40; If there is no doctor in the battle, the punishment will be increased to second class, staff officer 60; Beat the doctor with 80 sticks above grade 9; If Dr. Wu Pin is injured, it will accumulate on this product; Kill the instructor and I'll kill you. Tang law also stipulates that students and apprentices are not allowed to go home to visit their parents for three years. Schools must exhort them with morality and encourage them to return to pilgrimage.