Punctuation marks are divided into three categories: dot, label and other labels. \x0d\ Point is: ①, period. 2. Question mark? 3, exclamation point! (4) comma, (5) pause, (5) semicolon; ⑦ Colon: \x0d\ Labels include ①, quotation mark ②, bracket () [] {} ③, dash-④, ellipsis ⑦, bullet ⑦, title ⑦, interval ⑧, hyphen-⑨ and so on. In ancient times, some words (such as Oracle Bone Inscriptions) sometimes used lines or isolation to indicate pauses, which was not common. Therefore, it has always been considered that learning to punctuate sentences is the basic requirement of reading. The symbols used in the Han Dynasty to express sentence breaks are ","and "?" . ","is used to indicate a small pause, "?" It means a big pause. This symbol was used in some simple fragments of the Han bamboo slips "The Slip of Quicksand" discovered in the early 20th century. "?" And Han called it sentence reading. These two symbols were gradually popularized and used in the Song Dynasty, but their forms changed. One is to read the number with "."and ","; The other is to read the period with the same dot, with the dot of the period next to the word and the dot of the number between two words. Books published in Song and Yuan Dynasties, especially Confucian classics, are generally read without sentences. Reading sentence symbols are mostly used for teaching or collating. There are also copies of proofreading books in Song dynasty, but it is rare. \x0d\ Novels in Yuan and Ming Dynasties are mostly circled at the end of sentences, and some of them use ","or ". Yes Some operas and enlightenment books also use this method. In addition, the Ming Dynasty added names of people and places. The former is to add a straight line to the right of the name, and the latter is to add two straight lines to the right of the place name. The word punctuation first appeared in the Song Dynasty. "History of Song Dynasty He Ji Chuan": "Everything you read is punctuated, meaning is clear, and there are people who don't have to say it." Punctuation here refers to the sentence reading symbols added when reading ancient books, that is, the so-called old-fashioned punctuation. \x0d\ New punctuation New punctuation was borrowed by imitating western writing habits, and was only used in the late Qing Dynasty. Translator Yan Fu's Annotations to English (1904) is the earliest work in China that uses foreign punctuation marks. A few years before the May 4th Movement, many writers began to use new punctuation marks. Volume 4 of New Youth Magazine (19 18) has also been partially used. Because most of the publications at that time were vertical, users changed them to varying degrees. In this way, there is a phenomenon of different standards. 19 19, Ma Yuzao,, Qian, Zhou Zuoren, Hu Shi and others jointly put forward the Proposal on Promulgating New Punctuations, which was resolved at the first meeting of the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of Putonghua and officially promulgated by the then Ministry of Education on 1920. This motion first explains the necessity of using punctuation marks, and then lists various symbols, including periods, periods, semicolons, colons, question marks, exclamation marks, quotation marks, dashes, ellipsis, brackets, private names and book titles, totaling 12. After the May 4th Movement, the published punctuation marks were gradually popularized and applied. Compared with the punctuation used in the west, there are several obvious differences: ① Use ""as a full stop. Don't use it. " ② Use ""and ""instead of ""in quotation marks. Is to adapt to the characteristics of straight text. (3) The names and place names of proper nouns in western languages are expressed in capital letters, while Chinese characters have no such marks, so there should be private names and book titles. \ x0d \1951September, the former General Administration of Publishing of the Central People's Government announced the usage of punctuation marks, and in June of the same year, the former the State Council issued instructions to require the whole country to follow them. In the past 40 years, the writing and typesetting of books and periodicals have changed from straight books to horizontal books, and the usage of punctuation marks has also undergone some development and changes. Therefore, in March, 1990, the State Language Committee and the People's Republic of China (PRC) (China) Press and Publication Administration re-issued the revised usage of punctuation marks. This standard is based on the newly promulgated usage of punctuation marks. \x0d\ This standard refers to the domestic literature on the use of punctuation marks, and widely listens to the opinions of scholars, journalists, publishers and educators in China. \x0d\ This standard regulates and explains the common usage of punctuation marks in Chinese written language, aiming at making people correctly master the usage of punctuation marks, accurately expressing the meaning of words and promoting the standardization of Chinese written language. This standard was put forward by the State Language Committee. This standard is drafted by the punctuation usage research group of the Language and Character Application Research Office of the State Language Committee. The main drafters are Gong and Li. \x0d\ This standard was implemented from June 1996 to June 1 day, and the original punctuation marks were abolished as of the date of implementation. \x0d\ 1, scope \x0d\ This standard specifies the names, forms and usage of punctuation marks. This standard plays an important auxiliary role in Chinese writing norms. \x0d\ This standard is applicable to written Chinese. Foreign languages and scientific and technological circles also refer to it. \x0d\ 2。 Definition \x0d\ The following definitions are adopted in this standard. \x0d\ sentence There are pauses before and after the sentence \x0d\, with a certain sentence tone, indicating the relatively complete meaning of the language unit. \x0d\ declarative sentence \x0d\ sentence used to illustrate facts \x0d\ imperative sentence \x0d\ sentence used to ask the listener to do something. \x0d\ interrogative sentences \x0d\ sentences used to ask questions. \x0d\ exclamatory sentence \ x0d \ a sentence used to express some strong feelings. \x0d\ complex sentence, clause complex sentence, clause \x0d\ organize clauses with closely related meanings to form a big sentence. Such a big sentence is called a complex sentence, and every small sentence in a complex sentence is called a clause. \x0d\ word expressions \x0d\ words and phrases (phrases). The word "x0d" is the smallest language unit that can be used independently. The phrase "x0d" is a linguistic unit which consists of two or more words and expresses certain meanings according to certain grammatical rules. Also known as phrases. \x0d\ 3。 Basic rule \x0d\ 3. 1 Punctuation marks are auxiliary symbols of written language and are an organic part of written language, which are used to express pause, mood and the nature and function of words. \x0d\ 3.2 There are 10 commonly used punctuation marks, which are divided into dot and punctuation. \x0d\ dot is used for punctuation, which mainly indicates the pause and tone when speaking. Point the end point and the middle point of a sentence. The dots at the end of the sentence are used at the end of the sentence, including periods, question marks and exclamation marks, indicating the pause at the end of the sentence and the tone of the sentence. The dots in the sentence are used in the sentence, including commas, pauses, semicolons and colons, indicating various pauses in the sentence. \x0d\ punctuation marks are used to indicate the nature and function of sentences. There are 9 commonly used punctuation marks, namely: quotation marks, brackets, dashes, ellipsis, bullets, hyphens, intervals, titles and proper names! \x0d\ Edit the format of this paragraph \ x0d \ 4. 1 period \ x0d \ 4. 1 period. " There is also a form of a period, which is a point. " ",generally used in scientific and technological literature. \x0d\ 4. 1.2 Pause at the end of the statement with a period. \x0d\ For example: a) Beijing is the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC). \x0d\ b) Modesty makes people progress, while pride makes people lag behind. \x0d\ c) Asia has a vast territory, spanning cold, warm and hot areas. Due to the different topography and distance from the ocean, the climate is complex and diverse. \x0d\ 4. 1.3 At the end of a soothing imperative sentence, a period is also used. A moment, please. \x0d\ 4.2 question mark \x0d\ 4.2. 1 question mark is in the form of "? ".\x0d\ 4.2.2 The pause at the end of the question is used for the question. \x0d\ For example: a) Have you ever seen a golden monkey? \x0d\ b) What's his name? \x0d\ c) Is it better to go or not? \x0d\ 4.2.3 The rhetorical question also ends with a question mark. \x0d\ For example: a) Don't you know me yet? \x0d\ b) How can you say that? \x0d\ 4.3 exclamation point \x0d\ 4.3. 1 exclamation point is in the form of "! ".\x0d\ 4.3.2 Stop at the end of the exclamatory sentence and use an exclamation point. \x0d\ For example: a) Strive for the prosperity of the motherland! \x0d\ B) How I want to see his old man! \x0d\ 4.3.3 A strong imperative sentence also ends with an exclamation point. \x0d\ For example: a) Get out! \x0d\ B) Stop shooting! \x0d\ 4.3.4 A rhetorical question with strong tone also ends with an exclamation point. \x0d\ For example, I can't compare with him! \x0d\ 4.4 comma \x0d\ 4.4. 1 comma is in the form of ","\x0d\ 4.4.2 If there is a pause between the subject and the predicate, use a comma. For example, most of the stars we can see are stars. \x0d\ 4.4.3 If there is a pause between the verb and the object in the sentence, use a comma. \x0d\ For example, it should be noted that science requires a person to devote his life's energy. \x0d\ 4.4.4 If there is a pause after the adverbial in the sentence, use a comma. For example, he is no stranger to this city. \x0d\ 4.4.5 Pauses between clauses in complex sentences should be comma, except sometimes semicolon. \x0d\ For example, it is said that there are more than 100 gardens in Suzhou, but I have only been to a dozen. \x0d\ 4.5 pause \x0d\ 4.5. 1 pause is in the form of ",". \x0d\ 4.5.2 Pause between coordinate words, use pause. \x0d\ For example: a) The Amazon River, the Nile River, the Mississippi River and the Yangtze River are the four major rivers in the world. \x0d\ B) A square is a quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right angles. \x0d\ 4.6 semicolon \x0d\ 4.6. 1 semicolon is in the form of "; ".\x0d\ 4.6.2 Pause between coordinate clauses in complex sentences, with semicolons. \x0d\ For example: a) Language, the language people use to express their feelings; Words are used by people to remember words and notes. \x0d\ B) In the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Qutang Gorge is like a sluice, which is dangerous; Martial arts is like a winding gallery. Every song and every turn is like an excellent landscape painting, magical and beautiful. The water in Xiling Gorge is very dangerous, and there are rapids and dangerous beaches everywhere. \x0d\ 4.6.3 For multiple complex sentences with non-coordinate relations (such as inflection and causality), semicolons are also used between the front and back parts of the first layer. \x0d\ For example, citizens who have reached the age of 18 in China have the right to vote and stand for election regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education level, property status and length of residence; Except those who are deprived of political rights according to law. \x0d\ 4.6.4 Semicolons can also be used between items listed in a branch. \x0d\ For example, the administrative divisions of People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC) are as follows: \x0d\ (1) The whole country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government; \x0d\ (2) Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities; \x0d\ (3) Counties and autonomous counties are townships, nationality townships and towns. \x0d\ 4.7 colon \x0d\ 4.7. 1 colon is in the form of ":". \x0d\ 4.7.2 is used after address forms to indicate that the following contents are mentioned. \x0d\ For example, comrades and friends, the meeting begins now. \x0d\ 4.7.3 When used after the words "say, think, yes, prove, publish, point out and disclose, for example, as follows", it means to mention the following contents. \x0d\ For example, he was surprised and said, "Ah, it's you! "\x0d\ 4.7.4 is used after the general discussion, indicating that it causes the following arguments. \x0d\ For example, the Forbidden City in Beijing has four gates: the Wumen Gate, the Shenwu Gate, the Donghuamen Gate and the Xihuamen Gate. \x0d\ 4.7.5 is used after words that need to be explained, indicating that explanations or explanations are introduced. \x0d\ For example: Foreign Language Book Fair \x0d\ Date: 10 1010/010 \x0d\ Time: 8 am to 4 pm \ x0d. \x0d\ For example, Zhang Hua was admitted to Peking University and studied in the Department of Chemistry; Ping Li entered a secondary technical school, majoring in mechanical manufacturing; I work as a shop assistant in a department store: we all have a bright future. \x0d\ 4.8 quotation marks \x0d\ 4.8. 1 quotation marks have double quotation marks and single quotation marks. \x0d\ 4.8.2 Words directly quoted in the text are marked with quotation marks. \x0d\ For example, \x0d\ A) Einstein said, "Imagination is more important than knowledge, because knowledge is limited, while imagination examines everything in the world, promotes progress and is the source of knowledge evolution. "\x0d\ B) The adage" Full strokes hurt people and moderate gains "has been circulating for at least two thousand years today. \x0d\ C) Modern painter Xu Beihong's horse, as some critics have said, is "full of vigor and vitality". \x0d\ 4.8.3 The objects to be emphasized are marked with quotation marks. \x0d\ For example, the ancients had a basic requirement for writing articles, which was called "organization". "Having something" means having content, and "being orderly" means being organized. \x0d\ 4.8.4 Words with special meanings are also marked with quotation marks. \x0d\ For example: a) Looking up from the foot of the mountain, I saw the torches arranged in many zigzag shapes, stretching all the way to the sky, connected with the stars, and I couldn't tell whether they were torches or stars. \x0d\ B) It is better to have fewer such "smart people". \x0d\ 4.8.5 If quotation marks are still used inside, double quotation marks should be used outside and single quotation marks should be used inside. For example: \x0d\ He stood up and asked, "Teacher, what does' orderly' mean? "\x0d\ 4.9 brackets \x0d\ 4.9. 1 The common form of brackets is the bracket" () ". There are also square brackets "]", hexagonal brackets "{}" and square brackets "\x0d\ 4.9.2", which are indicated by brackets. Annotate a word in a sentence, including the annotation immediately after the annotation word; Annotate the whole sentence, including the comments after punctuation marks at the end of the sentence. \x0d\ For example: a) The discovery of Chinese ape-man in China is a great contribution to paleoanthropology. \x0d\ B) Writing research articles is different from literary creation. You can't "improvise" by spreading the manuscript paper (in fact, literary creation needs literacy to have "improvisation". ) \x0d\ 4. 10 dash \ x0d \ 4.10./dash is in the form of "-". \x0d\ 4. 10.2 The explanation is indicated by a dash. \x0d\ For example, a) Walk through the Golden Gate, pass the Guangfeng Hall and the cloakroom, and you will arrive at the central hall, the hub of the Great Hall building. \x0d\ B) For the happiness of the whole people, including ourselves, each of us should be conscientious and work hard. \x0d\ 4. 10.3 The title changes suddenly, which is indicated by a dash. \x0d\ such as "it's so hot today! -When are you going to Shanghai? " Zhang Qiang said to Wang who just entered the door. \x0d\ 4. 10.4 is long, followed by a dash. \x0d\ For example, the train has started. \x0d\ 4. 10.5 List and share items, with a dash in front of each item. \x0d\ For example, according to different research objects, environmental physics can be divided into the following five sub-disciplines: \ x0d \- Environmental acoustics; \ x0d \- environmental optics; \ x0d \- ambient heat; \ x0d \- Environmental electromagnetism; \x0d\ —— Environmental aerodynamics; \x0d\ 4. 1 1 ellipsis \ x0d \ 4.1.1ellipsis in the form of "...", six dots, occupying the position of two words. If it is an omission of a whole paragraph or a line, it can be represented by twelve points. \x0d\ 4. 1 1.2 The ellipsis indicated by the ellipsis. \x0d\ For example, she gently hummed a lullaby: "When is the bright moon, when is the wind quiet, and leaves cover the window lattice. ...\x0d\ 4. 1 1.3。 The ellipsis listed is marked with ellipsis. X0d For example, in the flower market in Guangzhou, peony, bell, narcissus, plum blossom, chrysanthemum, camellia, orchid ... flowers in spring, summer, autumn and winter are crowded together! \x0d\ 4. 1 1.4 speaks intermittently and can be marked with ellipsis. \x0d\ For example: "I'm ... sorry ... everyone, I ... don't ... finish the task." \ x0d \ 4. The form of12 bullet \ x0d \ 4.12.1bullet is ".". \x0d\ 4. 12.2 Words, phrases and sentences that need readers' special attention are marked with bullets. \x0d\ For example, a career is made, not blown out. \ x0d \。 \ x0d \ 4. 13 connector \x0d\ 4. 13. 1 connector takes the form of "-"and occupies the position of a word. There are three forms of ligatures, namely "-"(the length of two words), "-"(the length of half a word) and "~" (the length of one word). \x0d\ 4. 13.2 two related nouns form a unit of meaning with a hyphen in the middle. \x0d\ For example, \x0d\ A) The area north of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains in China belongs to temperate monsoon climate zone, with high temperature and rainy summer and cold and dry winter. \x0d\ B) Compound sodium chloride injection, also called Ringlock solution, is used in medical and mammalian physiological experiments. \x0d\ 4. 13.3 The number of connections between related times, places or numbers indicates the beginning and the end. \x0d\ For example: a) Lu Xun (188 1- 1936) is a great writer, thinker and revolutionary in modern China. Yucai was originally named Zhou Shuren and was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. \x0d\ B) "Beijing-Guangzhou" through train. \x0d\ C) Kyoho grapes planted in Liyuan Township have entered a high-yield period this year, with an yield of 1000 kg ~ 1500 kg per mu. \x0d\ 4. 13.4 Related letters, Arabic numerals, etc. , connected by numbers, indicating the product model. \x0d\ For example, in the Pacific region, in addition to the HAW-4 and TPC-3 submarine cables that have been built and put into use, TPC-4 submarine cables have also been put into operation. \x0d\ 4. 13.5 Several related projects indicate progressive development, with a connection number in the middle. For example, human development can be divided into four stages: primitive man-ape man-ancient man-new man. \x0d\ 4. 14 interval number \ x0d \ 4.14./interval number is ".". \x0d\ 4. 14.2 The boundaries of various parts in the names of foreigners and some ethnic minorities are marked with spaces. \x0d\ For example: Da Vinci \ x0d \ Aisingiorro Nurhachi \ x0d \ 4.14.3 The boundary between the title of the book and the title of the article (chapter or volume) is marked with a space symbol. \x0d\ For example: Encyclopedia of China. Physics \x0d\ Three Kingdoms. Shu Zhi and Zhuge Liang \x0d\ 4. 15 Title \x0d\ 4. 15. 1 Title adopts the form of dual titles ""and "". \x0d\ 4. 15.2 title, article name, newspaper name, publication name, etc. It should be marked with the title. \x0d\ For example, a) The author of A Dream of Red Mansions is Cao Xueqin. \x0d\ b) Have you read Kong Yiji by Lu Xun? \x0d\ c) His article was published in People's Daily. \x0d\ d) There is a China language on the desk. \x0d\ 4. 15.3 When the book title is still used inside, the outer layer uses double book titles and the inner layer uses single book titles. \x0d\ For example, China Workers was published on February 7th, 1940. \x0d\ 4. 16 proper name \ x0d \ 4.16./proper name is in the form of "-". \x0d\ 4. 16.2 Names of people, places and dynasties are marked with proper names. \x0d\ For example, Sima Xiangru, a native of Chengdu, Shu County in Han Dynasty, was named Changqing. \x0d\ 4. 16.3 Proper names are only used in ancient books or some literary and historical works. In order to match proper names, the titles of such works can use wavy lines "~ ~ ~ ~". \x0d\ For example, Qu Yuan was exiled, but he was given Li Sao, Zuo Qiu was blind and Mandarin was lost. \x0d\ 5 The position of punctuation marks \x0d\ 5. 1 period, question mark, exclamation point, comma, pause, semicolon and colon generally occupy the position of a word, which is lower to the left and does not appear at the beginning of a line. \x0d\ 5.2 Quotes, brackets and the first half of the title do not appear at the end of the line, and the second half does not appear at the beginning of the line. \x0d\ 5.3 Both dashes and ellipsis occupy the position of two words and cannot be broken in the middle. Connectors and separators generally occupy the position of a word. These four symbols are centered up and down. \x0d\ 5.4 bullets, appropriate titles and wavy titles are marked at the bottom of the characters, which can move with the characters. \x0d\ 6 Differences between punctuation marks in straight and horizontal manuscripts \x0d\ 6. 1 period, question mark, exclamation point, comma, pause, semicolon and colon are placed on the right side of the word. \x0d\ 6.2 Put dashes, ellipses, hyphens and spaces in the middle of words. \x0d\ 6.3 Quotes are changed to double quotes and single quotes. \x0d\ 6.4 Bullets are marked on the right side of words, proper nouns and wavy book titles are marked on the left side of words. \x0d\ Edit this history \ x0d \ Lines and spaces used in tracing the history of punctuation marks in China, with Oracle Bone Inscriptions as the means of word segmentation. Lin believes that punctuation in a narrow sense refers to written punctuation, while punctuation in a broad sense should also include non-written punctuation, such as spaces, capitalization, segmentation and so on. And take non-written punctuation as the research object. At least from the pre-Qin dynasty to the Han dynasty, tick marks have been used to break sentences. Shuowen Jiezi has officially listed ""and ""as entries. They are paired and are sentence reading symbols in early Chinese. Then it introduces the punctuation marks in the Tang Dynasty and the Diamond Sutra, the punctuation marks from the Song Dynasty to the middle of Qing Dynasty, the punctuation marks from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, and even the usage of punctuation marks in New China, which is a concise and systematic history of punctuation marks. Sentence reading is a traditional punctuation mark in China, so "Sentence reading and punctuation mark" was set up in the first article for special discussion. \x0d\ Western punctuation originated in ancient Greece. Zhu Lin said that in the 5th century BC, Greek inscriptions were written in words, and only occasionally words were separated by two consecutive points and three consecutive points. The great scholar Aristotle (384-322 BC) mentioned in Rhetoric that the works of the philosopher Heraclitus (540-470 BC) are difficult to break sentences because of continuous writing. Zhu Lin pointed out that the founder of the western new punctuation system was Italian jurist and publisher A Manutius (about 1450 ~ 15 15). He used grammar principle instead of reading principle, and made five kinds of printed punctuation marks: comma (,) and semicolon (; ), colon (:), period (. ) and question mark (? )。 His family published nearly a thousand books in a hundred years and sold them all over Europe. These basic punctuation marks are widely used in various languages. European languages gradually formed their own punctuation system, and English punctuation was not completed until the late18th century. \x0d\ For thousands of years, there are great differences in the development and changes of punctuation between Chinese and some western languages, and there are similar progress tracks from a macro perspective. That is, through the connection of words, words and sentences, punctuation or non-punctuation is gradually used to break words and sentences; Different regions, different viewpoints and different schools use different punctuation marks, and gradually seek common ground while reserving differences by putting aside differences, and adopt a unified or basically unified punctuation system within a language. \x0d\ What is intriguing is that human beings have created splendid civilizations in ancient times, but it is difficult to create a few punctuation marks. China created the Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Yin and Shang Dynasties, and the unearthed Oracle bones have about 4,500 words (about one third of which are recognizable). Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty collected 9 353 seal characters. From then until the late Qing Dynasty, there was only one sentence (. ), read (,), to emphasize (. ), which means proper noun (-), and so on. , and these punctuation marks are often mixed with other symbols, such as comment symbols. It was not until 1920 that the Ministry of Education of Beiyang Government published the Proposal for Promulgating New Punctuation that it became a punctuation series of 12. \x0d\ Ancient Greek civilization is dazzling. Around the 5th century BC, a large number of philosophers emerged, leaving a lot of literature on philosophy, history, literature and natural science for later generations. However, it was not until aristophanes (257 BC ~ 65438 BC+080 BC), the director of the Alexandria Library in the Hellenistic era, that three-level dot numbers were created: the middle point (), the upper point (_) and the lower point (), which were out of nothing and precious in order. Punctuation marks in several major European languages were not finalized until the end of 18 and the beginning of the 20th century. \x0d\ Punctuations are much simpler in shape and fewer in number than words. Why can you create words a long time ago, but the systematic punctuation is late, so is the East and the West? This is a question worthy of consideration by researchers in the history of civilization. The exclamation point "x0d" is the creation of Italian humanists in the second half of14th century. The earliest exclamation point in the existing literature can be found in the Latin book On the Nobleness of Law and Medicine (1399) written by Colutjo Salutatti, the consul and writer of Florence (see Chapter 2.2). Books published in Germany began to use exclamation marks in the16th century. Interjections in English and Russian appeared in1at the beginning of the 7th century. Shakespeare wrote The Story of Winter at1610 ~1611,and called it an exclamation point. Ben Jonson, a contemporary playwright of Shakespeare, said that when a sentence expresses admiration, an exclamation point is used. 1657 English exclamation point begins to use modern name exclamation point. \x0d\ 1897 written by Wang himself in pinyin Zipu.