It is the basic educational content of official learning in the Western Zhou Dynasty, namely etiquette, music, archery, imperial examination, calligraphy and mathematics, which are divided into "big art" and "small art". Calligraphy and mathematics are small arts, mainly primary school courses, while etiquette, music, archery and imperial art are university courses as big arts. After the Han Dynasty, poems, books, rituals, changes, music, spring and autumn which were compiled by Confucius and used as teaching materials were also called "six arts".
2, Ming ethics
"Ren Ming Theory" is the purpose of school education put forward by Mencius. The so-called "Ren Minglun" means "father and son are close, the monarch and the minister are righteous, the couple are different, the young and the old are orderly, and friends are trustworthy". Later generations are also called "five virtues". Mencius focused on five basic interpersonal relationships, with the aim of maintaining social order and moral concepts of inferiority.
3. Empty silence
It is Xunzi who advocates the cultivation of learning attitude, emphasizing that learning should be concentrated and persistent. Virtual is modesty, that is, don't be preconceived; First, concentrate, don't concentrate on two things, and don't use existing knowledge or viewpoints to exclude the research and mastery of new knowledge or viewpoints; Quiet, that is, meditation, can not use paranoia or emotional impulse to disturb people's reason and normal thinking activities.
4. Three major procedures and eight items
This is the program and goal of university education put forward by Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty. The so-called "three programs", that is, showing virtue, being close to the people and stopping at perfection, embodies the ideal goal of Confucian self-cultivation and governing the country. The so-called "eight items" are the eight steps of "respecting things, knowing things, being sincere, upright, cultivating oneself, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world". In fact, the first five are the principles and measures of self-cultivation, and the last three are the expansion and progression of self-cultivation, first to the country, then to the whole country and then to the whole world.
5. Teaching and learning learn from each other
It is the teaching principle summarized in Xue Ji, that is, teaching and learning are two aspects of the teaching process, and they complement each other. It shows that teachers' own learning and teaching are two different learning forms, which promote each other and make teachers make continuous progress. "Learning" makes progress day by day because of "teaching", and "teaching" benefits from "learning".
6, the second stage of giving and receiving
It is a teaching method or system of private schools in Han Dynasty. That is, the teacher teaches the first high-footed disciple first, and then the high-footed disciple teaches other disciples separately. Dong Zhongshu was the first master to adopt this method, which was nearly two thousand years earlier than the tutorial system in Britain.
7. Six study rooms and two libraries
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, official studies developed well. On the basis of the Sui Dynasty, the central government has six schools, namely, Guo Zi, imperial academy and four schools, namely, calligraphy, arithmetic and law. Of the six schools, the first three seem to belong to universities and study Confucian classics, while the last three seem to belong to junior colleges. Six schools belong to the direct line, belonging to imperial academy. In addition, there are Chongwen Pavilion, Hong Wen Pavilion and Medicine in the Tang Dynasty, which belong to collateral departments. Hong Wen Pavilion and Chongwen Pavilion are trinity places for collecting books, collating, researching and teaching Confucian classics.
8. Xuetian
It is the land owned by academies in feudal society in China to maintain running schools, and it is also an important source of running funds. The field of study became popular in the Song Dynasty and was generally given to colleges by the government. In particular, some famous academies generally have a large number of fields of study.
9. Su Hu teaching method
It is a teaching and teaching management method adopted by Ai Hu, an educator in the Northern Song Dynasty, when giving lectures in Suzhou Lake. The main methods are: setting up "Jing Yi Zhai" and "Shi Zhi Zhai" and creating a separate teaching system.
10, three-shed method
It is a teaching management method founded by Wang Anshi when he reformed the Imperial College system in the Northern Song Dynasty. That is, the students of the Imperial College are transferred to the outer court, the inner court and the upper court according to the arithmetic.
1 1, the history of Guo-Jian diploma
It is a teaching practice system in imperial academy and an important measure to train officials. This system was established in the fifth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1372) to meet the needs of the shortage of officials at that time. It stipulates that anyone who has been in prison for more than 10 years will be assigned "six ministries to experience political affairs", and each department will teach political affairs and investigate its laziness. After three months' experience, diligent workers will be sent to the official department for filing candidates, and they will still be required to take turns when they encounter official vacancies; The usual re-education experience: inferior students are sent back to imperial academy to study. The supervision system is of positive significance to improve the ability of officials to manage affairs.
12, Wobei
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, local official schools had strict learning rules. For example, during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, twelve bans were issued and engraved in schools. Among them, students are forbidden to ask politics, respect teachers unconditionally and study hard. This is the famous "lying tablet". Children in the Qing Dynasty "love to play and are afraid of being caught", so they pay attention to their temperament and stimulate their interest. (2) In terms of educational methods, it advocates "cultivating self-restraint" by means of "induction", "guidance" and "irony"; (3) In terms of teaching content, it advocates giving full play to various educational functions of poetry, calligraphy, ceremony and other courses; (4) Teaching activities should be carried out in various forms, and in the form of teaching organization, class teaching should be advocated.
13, Shi Jing Wentong Museum
It is the first modern school in China, founded by 1862 Westernization School. It was originally a specialized foreign language school, aiming at cultivating foreign affairs professionals needed by the Qing government. After 1867, modern subjects, including mathematics, astronomy, geography, mining and so on, were added one after another, and it became a veritable modern school. 190 1 was incorporated into Shi Jing University Hall.
14, Nanyang public school
It is a new school that appeared earlier in modern China. It was arranged by Sheng Xuanhuai in Shanghai 1897. There are normal colleges, outer courts, intermediate courts and upper courts, which are normal education, primary education, secondary education and higher education respectively. Nanyang Public School is the earliest educational institution in China, including universities, middle schools, primary schools and normal schools. In the Republic of China, it was rebuilt as Shanghai Jiaotong University.
15, department
It was the central educational administrative organization in the late Qing Dynasty, and was established under the background of the promulgation and implementation of the first modern academic system. The academic department is juxtaposed with other government departments, and the chief is called Shangshu, which consists of five departments: General Affairs Department, Specialized Department, Comprehensive Department, Industry Department and Accounting Department.
16, education policy in the first year of the Republic of China
19 12 In September, under the auspices of Cai Yuanpei, the Ministry of Education promulgated and implemented a new educational purpose, that is, "moral education is the mainstay, utilitarian education and military education are supplemented, and aesthetic education is used to complete its morality". This purpose embodies Cai Yuanpei's educational view of paying equal attention to four educations and developing in an all-round way, and embodies the political principles and moral concepts of the bourgeoisie, which is an essential progress compared with the educational purpose of the late Qing Dynasty.
17, work-study program
19 15, Cai Yuanpei and others founded "work-study program" to attract young people with aspirations to study in France, with the aim of learning advanced western civilization and technology. After the May 4th Movement, the nature of work-study programs changed, and a group of early communist party member participated in the work-study programs. Work-study program has trained a group of early proletarian revolutionaries and educators with communist ideas. Through the practice of work-study program, it has made a useful attempt to combine intellectuals with workers and education with productive labor.
18, Workshop on Peasant Movement
This is the school that trained peasant cadres during the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. The workshop took the form of short-term training courses. From 1924 to 1926, six sessions were held in Guangzhou, and then the seventh session was held in Wuhan. The sixth and seventh sessions were presided over by Comrade Mao Zedong. The peasant movement workshop has trained 65,438+0,600 graduates and made outstanding contributions to the peasant movement in China.
19, college and university district system
1in June, 927, the Kuomintang government decided to try out the big college system in the whole country, taking the big college as the national academic and educational management institution and appointing Cai Yuanpei as the president of the university. Universities have university committees, subordinate committees and directly affiliated national academic institutions. The college system had to be abolished after one year of implementation.
20. Mr small
It is an educational organization form advocated and popularized by Tao Xingzhi in the practice of life education, that is, the method of teaching the big and teaching the small can teach the poor. From 65438 to 0932, Tao Xingzhi organized the Shanhai Engineering Corps between Shanghai and Baoshan, and Mr. Xiao was adopted in the Children's Engineering Corps. Tao Xingzhi regards "Mr. Xiao" as an effective means to "break the teacher barrier" in universal education. "Mr. Xiao" also played an active role in the popularization of education in the liberated areas.