First, the rule of Wen Jing

1. Social conditions in the early Western Han Dynasty

Third, the rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

● Activities and surveys

Short play: "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone"

Objective: To make students truly understand that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone".

Performers: representative of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty 1 person, representative of Confucianism 1 person, representative of Taoism 1 person, representative of France 1 person.

The first step: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty came to power and frowned to express the new crisis faced by the Western Han Dynasty at that time and how to overcome it.

The second step: the representatives of France and Taoism came to power to express their opinions, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty hesitated.

The third step: Confucian representatives came to power and expounded their thoughts on governing the country (note: Neo-Confucianism). Emperor Wu nodded in agreement and frowned one by one.

Stretch gradually.

The fourth step: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty explained the reasons for choosing Confucianism as the guiding ideology of governing the country and issued the order of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone".

● Lesson preparation materials

First, the early Western Han Dynasty faced social problems and the restoration of feudal order

At the beginning of the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, it faced three major social problems: social chaos, economic depression and restless frontier. At that time, some kings with different surnames ceded territory to dominate, right?

National unity and centralization pose a threat. A large number of farmers have become exiles outside the control of ten houses. "There are several accounts available, ten.

Pack two or three. "("Hanshu Gongren Table ") Food is scarce and food prices are expensive. In Xingyang and Guanzhong areas, "the welcome meter is worth ten thousand yuan". ("History"

Remember, leveling book ") court financial constraints," the son of heaven can't have wine, but will or ox cart ". ("Hanshu Shihuozhi") Xiongnu

The constant invasion of the south threatened the peace of the Western Han Dynasty. In order to get rid of this dilemma of internal and external troubles and seek long-term stability. Liu bang let the liegeman go first.

Summarized the lessons of Qin's death. One of the scholars, Liu Jia, wrote an article about the experience and lessons of the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty and the previous dynasties, which was awarded by Liu Bang.

Knowledge. According to the theory of Huang Lao and the actual situation at that time, Lu Jia wrote 12 papers. He thought: "Qin Fei didn't want to rule, but he lost."

It is a violent attack on the public, and it is too cruel to use punishment. "The paper emphasizes:" Things are more complicated and the world is more chaotic; "Law is more than a child, rape is more than blazing; Military power benefits from the establishment of

There are more enemies. Therefore, he advocated not using extreme force or punishing Tai Chi, but using force in words, that is, ruling by doing nothing.

"。 (Xinyu Wuwei) This 12 paper was merged into a book, and Liu Bang named Xinyu as the theoretical basis for formulating various policies in the early Han Dynasty.

During the Chu-Han War, in order to concentrate on defeating Xiang Yu, Liu Bang had to take Han Xin, Peng Yue and others as kings in exchange for their joint attack on Chu. Liu bang

Han Xin, Peng Yue, Ying Bu, Han Wangxin, Zangcha, Zhang Ao, Wu Rui,

Counting seven kings. In 202 BC, the prince Zangcha rebelled and was captured, and Liu Bangli made Lu Wan the prince. These recruited kings cover a wide range and carry a lot of weight.

Soldiers seriously undermined the unity and stability of the Western Han Dynasty. Therefore, shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Liu Bang began the struggle to eliminate the recruited king. Different surnames

Han Xin, the king of Chu, is the most powerful king. In 20 1 year BC, Liu Bang pretended to cruise Yunmeng (Dongting Lake Area) and ordered the vassals to join forces with Chen Huishi and take Han Xin.

Go on a pilgrimage, capture Luoyang, and be beheaded as Huaiyin Hou. A year later, Wang Zhao Zhang Ao was abolished. Three years later, Han Xin was beheaded in the bell room of Changle Palace.

Accused of colluding with Zhao Xiang and Chen Yi. Soon, Peng Yue was killed, three families were punished, and Peng Yueqin (H m: i) was given to the king. Ying Bu suspected disaster.

Rebel, defeat, be killed. Liu bang got rid of several other kings with different surnames, leaving only Wu Rui, the king of Changsha with little land and weak strength. At the same time, Liu Bang also realized that

Qin's short life is because there is no packet. Thus, the child with the same surname was made king. And "the punishment and alliance of the white horse", vowed: "The king is not Liu, and the world is common."

Let's begin. "("Historical Records of Lu Benji ")

In addition, after the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang thought that the past "three chapters about the law" was not enough to prevent traitors, so Xiao He formulated the Chinese law.

On the basis of the Six Laws of Qin Dynasty, Xiao He abolished some cool laws in Qin Law, and added three chapters: promoting law, Hu law and stabilizing law.

Nine chapters ",known as the" nine chapters ". Later, Uncle Sun Tong supplemented the Nine Chapters Law with chapter 18. He also used Shu to make courtiers and establish the ruling order.

The upper and lower levels within the level. The feudal ruling order was gradually restored.

Restoring the economy and developing agricultural production was another important measure in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang ordered the exile of Zhao Fu, the restoration of the old Jue and Tian Fu, and made

Landlords and yeomen returning from exile regained their lost titles and farmland houses. And ordered the army to stop production. In order to increase the agricultural labor force, Liu Bang

Ordered the liberation of people who sold themselves into slavery because of difficulties in life, granted civilian status and encouraged them to return to their hometowns to give birth. There is also a light business to curb business and stabilize prices.

Stabilize social order. Liu bang stipulated that businessmen and their descendants should not be officials; Businessmen are not allowed to own land; Businessmen are not allowed to travel in clothes and silk. Shanghai

Taxes are twice that of ordinary people, and so on. This played a positive role at that time.

Second, China Emperor Baling

Baling: the mausoleum of Liu Heng, the founder of "The Rule of Wenjing". Liu Heng is the third son of Liu Bang. After Qiu and the Prime Minister put down Zhu Lu's rebellion, there were

In view of the lessons of the post-Qi government, Ji Bo's son, who was very weak in the post-Qi family, was especially welcomed as the emperor. The layout of ancient imperial tombs mostly followed the Zhao Mu system. That is, the father is Zhao,

Son is Mu, Sun Fu is Zhao, and Zhao Dong is Mu, in that order. Both Huidi and Wendi are the sons of Gaozu, and Hui Di has been buried on the right side of Changling, so Wendi is here.

When camping and guarding the mausoleum, we had to find another cemetery. Baling is located in Yang Jiayi, Maosi Township, Baqiao District, the eastern suburb of Xi. NFDDF？ Villages in the southeast of Chang 'an, the capital of Han Dynasty.

50 miles from White Deer Plain. Bailu was originally sandwiched between Ba and Sushui, and its northeast corner has an abrupt triangular peak named "Phoenix Mouth". Cut the original tomb.

Taking Cui as the tomb, it became the first tomb in the history of our country to dig six mysterious palaces on the mountain. Because it is on the west bank of Bahe River, "because of its water name, it is thought to be mausoleum.

No ",the history of Baling Cemetery is called" Shengdeyuan ",and Fiona Fang is 200 feet. Cypress trees are widely planted in the mausoleum, and buildings such as sleeping halls and toilet halls are built. Right in the middle of the wall.

There is a high door. In the north of Baling, there is a "filial piety temple". In order to be frugal and prevent being poached in the future, Vandit ordered "to buy all Baling."

Pottery must not be decorated with gold and silver. "However, when it came to Emperor Wu of Jin Chen, it was stolen on a large scale. There is also the tomb of Emperor Xiaowen Dou ten miles southeast of Baling. bale

There is also the Nanling of Empress Dowager, the mother of Wendi.

-He Benfang and Yue Qingping's Dictionary of China Court Knowledge.

Third, the measures taken by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to strengthen centralization.

1. Weaken local separatist forces and strengthen centralization and unification.

Promulgated the favor order and the left official law. 127 years ago, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Zhu's suggestion and promulgated the Order of Granting favors: After the death of the vassal king, except

Except for the eldest son who inherits the throne, other children can divide part of the land of the kingdom to Liehou, and Liehou is under the jurisdiction of the county magistrate. In this way, we can turn the kingdom

The territory was greatly reduced to disperse its power. "A big country is only a dozen cities, and Hou Yaozong is only dozens of miles"; Let these children "unite"

Filial piety ""Everyone is happy in his place ",which supports the central government and further strengthens the central political power. At the same time, he borrowed Huainan Wang to stay in an and Hengshan.

Liu Wang gave the opportunity to plan a rebellion and ordered the arrest of two kings. The two kings committed suicide for fear of sin, implicating tens of thousands of slain princes, officials and guests. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took this road

Formulate the left official law and the supplementary welfare law. The former indicated that the officials of the kingdom were "left officials" to show discrimination, while the latter restricted seven people from making friends with princes.

. Princes are not allowed to invite guests. Some vassal States were abolished by gilding and titles. Among the 143 people who were blocked in the last year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty,

Only five days left; Of the 75 people who were awarded meritorious service by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, 68 were lost. Of the 65,438+075 people who were given the seal of grace, 65,438+065,438+03 were left behind. At this point, the early Han Dynasty was enfeoffed.

The problem of separatist forces has been fundamentally solved.

Secondly, reuse cruel officials and attack local strongmen. While weakening the princes, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty tried to monopolize one party and hinder the unification of government decrees.

Local strongmen cracked down hard and ordered them to be moved to Guanzhong and monitored nearby, in order to achieve "honest capital, treacherous export" and "harm without punishment"

The purpose of the biography of Xu Wangjia, the father of Yan Zhu Wuqiu.

2. Reform the political system and strengthen the imperial power.

There are mainly the establishment of "China-DPRK system" to weaken relative rights; Set up the secretariat of thirteen states to curb local strongmen and strengthen the control of local officials by the central government.

Control of officials; Establish service troops and guards to strengthen the emperor's defense and military defense; Implement an inspection system and select officials through inspection and recommendation.

Members.

3. Reform finance and strengthen the central government.

Unify the currency, return the right to coin to the central government, and cast five baht as the national unified legal tender; Specializing in salt and iron equal loss leveling method. Yantieguan

Managing and regulating traffic and stabilizing prices have played an important role in stabilizing the economy; Crack down on wealthy businessmen and strengthen centralization.

4. Respect Confucianism alone and practice cultural autocracy.

"oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone." After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion: "Except for the six arts, Confucius' skills are all unique."

The way, not enterprising ",("biography of Han Dong ") that is," oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone ". After that, Dong Zhongshu reformed Confucianism.

Family thought becomes the dominant thought. Dong Zhongshu of Confucian Ram School is dominated by Confucianism, mixed with some elements of Yin-Yang, Five Elements and Legalism.

Neo-Confucianism has developed into an objective idealistic ideology. Dong Zhongshu's thought provided a theoretical basis for Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to strengthen centralization. Dong Zhong

Shu also actively advocated respecting the heaven, that is, respecting the king, and put on the coat of "divine right of monarchy" for feudal imperial power. Dong Zhongshu advocates "taking education as the main task"

And advocate "proper power and law", the essence of which is "Confucianism outside". Dong Zhongshu advocated the "Three Cardinals and Five Permanences" and emphasized the "combination of morality and punishment" in governing the country.

"。 Therefore, it was praised by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and proclaimed to the whole country. This ruling thought of kingly hegemony has always served the feudal rulers of later generations.

All right.

In order to cultivate the talents of ruling the country according to Confucianism, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion: "Develop imperial academy, set up famous teachers and cultivate the people of the world." (

"Biography of Han Dong's Zhongshu") Therefore, imperial academy was set up in the central government, and a doctor of the Five Classics was set up to teach Confucian classics. In addition, schools have been established in counties and villages,

The Five Classics are also used as teaching materials to teach students.

It is an important measure for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to strengthen centralization in the ideological and cultural field to establish imperial academy and county schools through "ousting hundreds of schools and respecting Confucianism alone"

Measures.

-Wang Shili's Ancient History of China, abridged.

Fourthly, Dong Zhongshu and his main thoughts.

Dong Zhongshu (BC 179 ~ BC 104) and Guang Chuan (now Guang Chuan Town, Zaoqiang, Hebei Province) were young and studious, and did not peek into the garden for three years. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recommended sages.

A literary scholar was chosen as the first column. Since then, he has written many articles and put forward countermeasures, and then he has written books and given lectures, reinterpreting them according to the political needs of the middle Western Han Dynasty.

The interpretation of Confucian classics has formed a set of new Confucianism with "the feeling between heaven and man" as its core. He is the author of Spring and Autumn Stories. His thoughts are mainly as follows

: (1) Theory of the Induction between Heaven and Man. Dong Zhongshu believes that heaven has a will. God's will gives the king of the world, which is called "man's deputy heaven", that is,

"harmony between man and nature"; Emphasize that all changes in nature and society are the embodiment of providence. "The country will lose its way, and the first day will be a disaster."

Tell it; I don't know how to introspect, but I am weird and scared; I still don't know how to change, but I am hurt and even defeated. "("Han Dong Zhongshu Biography ") thus putting Confucianism

The theory of "the unity of heaven and man" has developed into "the induction of heaven and man". On Dong Zhongshu's thought that "the son of heaven makes heaven, and the world makes the son of heaven" is

The "divine right of monarchy" has found a theoretical basis. (2) He advocated "unification". Dong Zhongshu declared that the theory of "great unification" was "learning from heaven and earth"

The friendship between ancient and modern times also means "safeguarding national unity and strengthening imperial power." He said, "A monarch is his person, and a country is his yuan".

People are the relationship between stem and branch, root and end, yang and yin. Must be "strength, size, yang dominates yin." (Note: All the above materials are given.

(3) Put forward the ethical principles of "three cardinal guides and five permanents", that is, "the monarch is the minister, the father is the son, and the husband is the husband."

The wife's program "and" the three programs of kingcraft can be sought from heaven "; The "five permanent members", namely "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith", are regarded as "five permanent members"

Can be used to adjust the three cardinal guides within the ruling class. Three cardinal guides and five permanent members, plus providence, feudal regime, clan power, theocracy and husband power.

, became the theoretical basis of China feudal society. (D) "Combination of Morality and Punishment" Dong Zhongshu suggested to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that "morality is the highest priority"

Lord, supplemented by punishment "as a means of governing the country and the people. (5) the "multi" point of view. Dong Zhongshu insists on the form of "the sky remains unchanged, so does the Tao"

The world outlook of going to school is to demonstrate the eternity and rationality of the feudal system. At the same time, he also admitted that regime change was normal and providence.

Make up for the disadvantage. It is believed that the Qin dynasty is in troubled times and the Han dynasty is bound to prosper. Successive dynasties must change their tune, change the new moon, change color easily and establish a new system.

Only by replacing the old government with reform can "good governance" be realized. He called it "more". Many reform measures of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty are based on his theory.

And make suggestions.

file:/sfja/uploads files/200504/200504 1 13 1332 55 1 . doc。