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The Chinese version of Random Talk on Education was first published by the Commercial Press in 1937, translated by Fu Rengan. 1957, People's Education Publishing House requires the translator to modify the translation slightly before publishing it. 1963, the translator made individual revisions and reprinted the translation, with a total of about 140000 words.

Locke systematically put forward the following educational ideas in his book Random Talk on Education:

(a) The role, purpose and methods of education

As a materialist empiricist, Locke resolutely opposes the idealistic theory of innate ideas and places high hopes on the role of education in the cultivation of gentlemen. On the role of heredity, environment and education in human development, Locke insists on the "whiteboard theory", thinking that children's nature is like a seamless whiteboard or soft wax block, and educators can scribble and shape it at will. Although he admits that some people have made great achievements by virtue of their natural talent and physique, he thinks that such people are very few. For most people, human development is not determined by innate endowment, but by acquired education: "I dare say that nine tenths of the people we meet every day are determined by their education." The reason why humans are so different is because of education. " Giving children a good education is not only the responsibility of parents, but also of great significance to the happiness and prosperity of the country. "The happiness and prosperity of a country also depend on children receiving a good education."

Good education is to make children grow into gentlemen, and the purpose of education is to cultivate gentlemen. What is a gentleman? A gentleman must be a "virtuous, useful and capable person" and must have four qualities: "virtue, wisdom, courtesy and knowledge". "What a gentleman needs is an understanding of his career and behavior suitable for his position; At the same time, we must be able to make ourselves a famous and useful person in China according to our own identity. " In short, a gentleman should have the thoughts and behaviors of the upper class; Have the knowledge and skills of business administration, be alert and confident; With sober reason and strong will and other personality qualities, diligent, brave and resourceful; Treat people well, advance and retreat properly, behave moderately, behave gracefully, be familiar with the world, and be good at dealing with public and private affairs. Therefore, to cultivate a gentleman is to cultivate bourgeois entrepreneurs who can meet the needs of a happy life and promote the development of capitalism. The educational purpose of a gentleman reflects the requirements of the British bourgeoisie and new noble for the standards of training new people.

On the road of cultivating gentlemen, Locke insists that the cultivation of gentlemen can never be carried out through school education, but only through good family education. At that time, the grammar schools attended by upper-class children were classical, and they only taught some knowledge of Greek and Latin, without paying attention to the training of courage and methods in managing affairs and the cultivation of morality, etiquette and modesty, so they were not practical. Many students in grammar schools are mixed-race, and their family habits and parents' personalities are also very complicated. The young gentlemen here "associate with urchins every day, and do everything they can to crack down on fakes". Being in cahoots with them not only failed to develop good ideology and morality, but also made their characters rough and surly, not only failed to cultivate morality, but also corrupted morality. There are a large number of students in grammar schools, so it is difficult for teachers to conduct individual and detailed investigations, which is not conducive to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Moreover, young gentlemen can easily learn vulgar "words, tricks and bad habits" in frequent contact with uneducated and immoral servants. Therefore, Locke strongly advocates that all families who have the ability to hire tutors should pay a large price to hire people with good character, rich social practice experience and good cultural literacy as tutors, so as to achieve good educational results. Locke firmly believes: "A tutor will definitely make his son more elegant and resolute than anyone in the school, and at the same time know what is valuable and appropriate, easier to learn and more mature."

(2) The contents and methods of gentleman education-physical education, moral education, intellectual education and exercise.

Based on Locke's understanding of the purpose of gentleman education, the content of gentleman education is divided into three aspects: physical education, intellectual education and moral education, and the practice exercise method is implemented in the three kinds of education respectively.

1. Sports. Locke clearly put forward the problem of physical health at the beginning of his book Random Talk on Education: "Only a healthy body can have a sound spirit, which is a short and full description of a happy life." (page 4) "If we want to be able to work and be happy, we must first have health; If you want to be hard-working and get ahead, you must first have a strong body. " Locke directly linked a gentleman's ability to "bear hardships and stand hard work" and "get ahead" with his physical fitness.

What is a "strong body"? "The main criterion of good health is being able to bear hardships and stand hard work", so Locke resolutely opposes the upper class's pampering of children and advocates that physical exercise should start from an early age. Children should pay more attention to outdoor activities and start breathing fresh air from an early age. Locke said: "breathe more fresh air, exercise more and sleep more;" Food should be light, no alcohol or strong drinks, and drugs should be used very little, preferably not; Clothes should not be too warm and tight, especially the head and feet should be cold, and feet should be used to cold water. "Locke believes that children's clothes should not be too tight, so as not to bind the body and affect development, and clothes should not be too warm, so that the body can adapt to climate change and enhance its cold resistance. Washing feet and bathing with cold water is a good exercise method, which can restore the weak to health and enhance the physique of healthy people. In terms of diet, we should eat more coarse grains and light drinks, and eat less greasy and meaty foods. The best food for children is milk, porridge, bread, vegetables and fruits. Sleep is of great significance for improving children's health and growth. Therefore, children should have enough sleep, get up early and go to bed early. We should choose a hard bed for our children to exercise. If children are allowed to sleep in duvets, their bodies will be melted, which is "the cause of weakness and the omen of short life".

Because Locke has high attainments in medicine, rich experience in family education, and is familiar with children's physiological and psychological characteristics, these sports ideas expressed by Locke in "Random Talk on Education" are generally correct, and there are some things for reference.

It is worth noting that Locke did not put forward the specific content of school physical education in his Random Talk on Education, which is related to his view that children's education can only be carried out in the family.

2. Moral education. Locke regards good moral quality as the soul of a gentleman's personality. Therefore, in Random Talk on Education, he attached great importance to the moral education of gentlemen.

In Locke's view, virtue constitutes the core of a gentleman's ideological quality: "I think virtue is the first and most indispensable of all qualities of a person or a gentleman;" Virtue is absolutely indispensable if a person wants to be valued, loved, please or get by. Without virtue, I don't think he will be happy in this life. " "The higher the virtue, the easier it is to achieve all other achievements." Therefore, he believes that only "putting children's happiness on virtue and good education is the only reliable and safe way." "

The key to the formation of virtue lies in guiding life with reason and restraining desire with reason: "The important principle and foundation of all morals and values lies in that one should be able to restrain one's own desires, regardless of one's inclination, and obey the guidance that reason thinks is the best, even though desire points in another direction". In Locke's view, the innate moral concept does not exist, as long as it can bring people pleasant feelings and happiness, it is good, and vice versa. However, human beings have a nature of indulging in the enjoyment of the present, which often leads to self-indulgence, greed, rampant selfish desires, lack of progress, and forgetting long-term happiness and happiness, which is not allowed by the character of a gentleman. Therefore, the education of children must begin with resisting children's various addictions and cultivating children's rational spirit and self-restraint ability as soon as possible. To realize the educational ideal of subordinating desire to reason, we must cultivate the virtues of not "taking other people's things for ourselves", not "violating justice", "being willing to give to others", not "distorting facts" and "speaking absolutely true" in children. We should start this work at the early stage of children's mental disorder, and firmly "hit their hearts" with reason and self-restraint. The second virtue of a gentleman is politeness. "Virtue is a kind of spiritual wealth, but it is good manners that make it shine." Therefore, I am familiar with accidents, advance and retreat properly, behave gracefully, be good at talking, and have a gentle temperament. It is an essential external and internal quality for an educated gentleman. A gentleman's demeanor is first manifested in specific behaviors such as being handsome, gentle, and taking off his hat when he sees people. Then, "appearance, voice, words, movements, posture and even the whole appearance should be elegant and polite, so as to win the praise of friends", and then "keeping respect and distance according to his status and identity", and finally forming a polite, worldly, elegant and friendly person with firm thoughts.

Locke pointed out that those who violate etiquette requirements, behave rudely, despise others, tease others, criticize others and even deliberately make things difficult for others, and so on. Are impolite, incompatible with the "most lovely social virtue". Polite people are more popular with others than useful people. Therefore, Locke regards etiquette as much more important than knowledge. He even thinks that for future gentlemen, the first virtue is etiquette, which is the key to determine whether a person is valuable or not.

Locke put forward some positive and even correct views on the methods of moral education.

(1) do morning exercises. Locke said: "I think all the principles of virtue and kindness are of course the ability to restrain the desires that reason does not allow." The acquisition and improvement of this ability depends on habits; The ability to play easily and skillfully depends on early practice. "Locke believes that it is often ineffective to rely solely on memory rules to cultivate children's good behavior habits. Therefore, "we should make use of every opportunity, even create opportunities when possible, and give them an indispensable exercise to fix them", because "once this habit is cultivated successfully, it can play a role easily and naturally without the help of memory". Therefore, when children's thoughts are budding and just exist, they should be strictly controlled, and through continuous practice of moral rules, children should be accustomed to restraining their desires and obeying moral requirements.

(2) early discipline. Locke believes that children can't be spoiled, and spoiling will only make children become arrogant and indulgent, do whatever they want, and lack self-discipline. Children are not open-minded, lack the ability to judge right and wrong, and have strong plasticity. Therefore, it is not only possible but also necessary to discipline them at an early age. Children form the habit of obeying their parents' will when they are young, so the cultivation of self-restraint ability will naturally come naturally when they grow up.

The key to disciplining children is to let them know the rules and restrain their desires. According to Locke's understanding of human nature, desire itself is not evil, but once desire breaks away from the rules of reasonable requirements, desire becomes evil. Therefore, restraining desire is not to let children eliminate all desires, but to let children give up unreasonable demands. "It's not our fault that we humans have different desires at all ages; Our mistake is that we can't let our desires accept rational norms and constraints. " Therefore, on the one hand, as parents and teachers, never satisfy their unreasonable demands because their children are crying. On the other hand, they should be treated as children. Children are children after all. "They should play games and have toys", and their reasonable demands should be met.

Discipline must adhere to the principle of combining leniency with severity. Too strict with children, regardless of details, makes children tremble all day and walk on thin ice. Children are bound to be depressed, depressed and demoralized, forming a timid slave character, which deviates from the personality ideal of gentleman education.

(3) Model demonstration. Among the ways to educate children, "the simplest, easiest and most effective way is to set an example of what they should do or what they should avoid". The educational power of example to attract or prevent children from imitating is greater and deeper than any preaching. To form a good moral character, "it is better to follow the rules than to set an example" and "nothing can be deeply rooted in people's hearts like an example".

Therefore, parents and teachers must attach importance to the important educational role of role models. As direct educators of children, parents and teachers must set a good example for their children. In addition, we should pay attention to the influence and role of children's partners. If children often stay with some good partners, they will be well influenced, thus playing an auxiliary role in teachers' education. In addition, domestic servants have a great influence on children, so we should not be careless when choosing servants.

(4) convince people by reasoning. Good moral education is to cultivate a gentleman with independent personality, not a slave. Therefore, children can never be forcibly subdued by power or command. People are rational animals, so "reasoning is the real way to treat children", "whatever virtue they should maintain and what mistakes they should avoid, they can be persuaded by reasoning", and in general, gentle reasoning is often much better than using power and command.

When reasoning with children, be gentle and calm, don't be aggressive and yell at them. Reasoning should consider children's understanding ability, use clear words, be simple and easy to understand, and avoid "long speeches and philosophical arguments". Reasoning can also be combined with some rules to give children rules to follow. However, there should not be too many rules, and the key point is to make rules become people's behavior habits.

(5) Appropriate rewards and punishments. Rewards and punishments are another way to educate children. Whether this method can achieve good results depends on whether the rewards and punishments are appropriate. Reward is necessary, but it should be based on spiritual reward, not material stimulation. Respect, praise and praise are good rewards, but it is wrong to reward children with their favorite things, sweets and beautiful clothes, which will only help children develop psychological qualities such as pursuing material desires, luxury and greed. Among all kinds of rewards, the sense of honor is the most powerful way to reward. Children are very sensitive to praise and praise. Giving timely praise to children's good behavior in public places will make children respect themselves, restrain themselves and consciously maintain their honor.

Punishing children is a helpless way and should be used as little as possible or not. Punishment will have many side effects, which will often make children develop a slave-like character, which is not conducive to making children smart, virtuous and aboveboard. However, those children who refuse to turn over a new leaf and make "stubborn" or "rebellious" mistakes must be whipped until they "know that they should not make mistakes and melt into sincere sorrow and regret before they can stop."

3. intellectual education. The second half of Random Talk on Education focuses on children's intellectual education. Intellectual education includes learning problems such as knowledge, knowledge and skills. In Locke's view, a gentleman should have all kinds of knowledge and insight, so intellectual education is very important for children. However, knowledge is in a secondary position compared with virtue, and moral education must be above intellectual education. Locke said: "I think if someone doesn't know that a virtuous person is more valuable than a scholar, you will think he is a big fool." I don't just think that knowledge contributes to virtue and wisdom for kind people; At the same time, I have to admit that for people who are not so kind, learning can make them more stupid and become worse people in vain. " "Learning should be available, but it should be placed in the second place and can only be used as an aid to more important qualities."

This "auxiliary" function is manifested in that knowledge and knowledge help to develop rationality, increase the ability to handle affairs, and develop children's intelligence, wisdom and talent. Therefore, Locke insists that the purpose of intellectual education is not only to impart knowledge, but more importantly to develop children's abilities in all aspects. Intellectual education must be combined with practicality. The teacher's job is "not to teach students everything that can be known in the world, but to make students love and respect knowledge, so that students can use proper methods to seek knowledge and improve themselves".

Locke's understanding of intellectual education function is various. Intellectual education should not only help to cultivate children's thinking ability, but also help to form a gentleman's character and master practical knowledge in daily life. Therefore, Locke proposed a broad curriculum system. These courses include: reading, writing, painting, foreign languages (French, Latin, Greek, etc.). ), composition (writing), theology, arithmetic, geometry, geography, astronomy, history, ethics, law, logic, rhetoric, chronology, natural philosophy, shorthand and so on. In addition, you should also learn dance, music, fencing, horseback riding, various manual skills (painting, gardening, joinery, incense, oil decoration, sculpture, iron, copper, silver work, shaping, polishing, matching gems or polishing optical glass, etc. ), business calculation, and finally travel abroad.

In terms of teaching methods, Locke advocates that teaching must pay attention to stimulating children's desire for knowledge and cultivating children's habit of loving knowledge. Teachers should not only explain the importance of learning to students, but also pay attention to children's age characteristics in teaching, so that children can realize that reading is a glorious and glorious thing, and make children interested in reading and have a touch of pleasure and pleasure. In addition, the teaching materials should be as interesting and easy to read as possible, and learning should be included in the interest, so that children can "pursue learning as another game or entertainment" and "ask for learning by themselves."

Secondly, we should pay attention to cultivating children's curiosity. Children's curiosity is a desire to pursue knowledge. With curiosity, children will naturally be eager for knowledge and take the initiative to seek truth. Therefore, teachers should guide and encourage children's curiosity. In order to cultivate children's curiosity and make them develop in the right direction, teachers must follow children's age characteristics and knowledge level. Answer all their questions seriously; Be sure to praise your child's thirst for knowledge in front of people you admire, and encourage older children to teach their younger brothers and sisters what they have learned; The answers to the questions must be true, and they should all be "inviolable" truths, and so on.

Thirdly, we should pay attention to cultivating and maintaining children's attention. "The great skill of a teacher is to concentrate the students' attention and keep his attention; Once this is done, he can move forward as soon as possible within the ability of the students. " In order to concentrate and keep children's attention, we should try to choose some interesting stories or teach them in the form of telling stories. In addition, teachers should try their best to make students understand the usefulness of what they have learned and let children enjoy learning.

Finally, teaching should be from easy to difficult, from simple to complicated, step by step, and go hand in hand with Yingke. Teaching should be simple and easy to understand, and the weight of one teaching should not be too much, especially for very young children. Only when children fully master the materials taught can they teach new content. "We should start with the knowledge that psychology already has, and then explore the knowledge adjacent to it, so that it can achieve its goal from the simplest and purest separable parts of things." In this way, the child's "temperament can be developed and his thoughts can be improved."

The book Random Talk on Education reflects Locke's ideological system of gentleman education and is the most concentrated embodiment of Locke's educational thought. Locke's educational thought expressed in "Random Talk on Education" was put forward on the basis of summarizing and summarizing the education practice of British gentlemen since the Renaissance. Compared with Comenius's religious "Great Teaching Theory", it is more contemporary and practical, and more suitable for the requirements of British bourgeois new noble for gentleman training at that time. Therefore, Random Talk on Education occupies an important position in the history of modern education.

On the role of education, Locke resolutely opposed the genetic determinism advocated by feudal nobles in Random Talk on Education, and put forward the famous "whiteboard theory", which placed high hopes on the role of education in cultivating talents and strengthening the country, showing that the emerging bourgeoisie attached great importance to education, which was undoubtedly of progressive significance. However, Locke did not realize the dialectical relationship between education, environment and heredity, let alone that education is restricted by economy and politics and has a theoretical tendency of omnipotence, which is obviously wrong.

In the way of education, out of dissatisfaction with the classical humanism of British schools at that time, that is, attaching importance to ancient prose, ignoring practical knowledge, attaching importance to form, ignoring content and ignoring children's age characteristics and personality characteristics, Locke believed that gentleman education could only be carried out through family education, and categorically denied school education. Although Locke's thought has its objective reasons, it does reflect the class prejudice that British aristocrats have attached importance to family education and neglected school education since the Middle Ages. Of course, it also includes Locke's correct thought of attaching importance to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude in education.

In the content of gentleman education, Locke, after Comenius, put forward a curriculum system based on practical subjects in an all-round way, aiming at meeting the practical needs of bourgeois entrepreneurs in dealing with public and private affairs, exploring overseas and enriching their lives; It reflects the urgent demand for education from the trend of the times of capitalist production development and scientific and technological progress.

One of Locke's great contributions in "Random Talk on Education" is to put forward an educational system including physical education, moral education and intellectual education. Locke attaches great importance to sports. At that time, under the rule of scholastic philosophy education, which regarded the human body as a prison of the soul, thus ignoring physical health and opposing physical exercise, Locke's sports thought was as refreshing as breaking ground. Locke became the first bourgeois educator to put forward the theory of precise sports. In terms of moral education, Locke emphasized that moral education should be practiced as soon as possible, children should be disciplined as soon as possible, moral education should dominate other education, moral education should live and practice moral norms, and moral education should be self-disciplined, and it should be transformed from external heteronomy to children's internal self-discipline. These are all of positive significance. In intellectual education, Locke attaches importance to cultivating and developing children's thinking ability through learning and knowledge learning. Later, the so-called dispute between "formal education" and "substantive education" was obviously influenced by Locke's thought. Locke emphasized the practicality of intellectual education and opposed the lofty idea of school education. In terms of teaching methods, Locke proposed to pay attention to children's age characteristics, teach students in accordance with their aptitude, from easy to difficult, and pay attention to cultivating children's curiosity and thirst for knowledge, which fully demonstrated the respect of the emerging bourgeoisie for people.

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