Met the emperor Li Zhi. Later, she was promoted to Chen Fei by Zhao Yi of Emperor Gaozong, and became a queen in 655 AD. According to calculations, she should be around 30 years old.
There is no doubt that since she met the emperor, she has the power to control him. The emperor has eight sons, the first four are from other concubines in the harem, and the last four are from Wuhou. Emperor Taizong's son 12, Tang Xuanzong's son 30, Tang Xianzong's son 20 and many other descendants of concubines, Wu Zetian is certainly pampered in the Li Zhi harem.
Emperor Gaozong died in 683. Wu Zetian first made her son Li Xian emperor, and she still claimed the status of emperor. Within two months, she abolished Li Xian as king of Luling and made another son, Li Dan, emperor. Empress Dowager Cixi said that the status of the emperor would remain unchanged. In 690, he changed his surname to "Zhou" and called himself "Holy Spirit Emperor". In this way, it is about 15 years before the female emperor ascended the throne. By 7 o'clock.
In the spring of 2005, she fell ill and was recovered by Li Xian, for the sake of Zhongzong. At the end of that year, Wu Zetian died. According to official reports, she is 8 1 year old. Some people say that her actual age is 83. In the fifth year of the restoration of Zhongzong, it was said that he was killed by Hou Wei, but Wei's plan to take Xiao San to court was overthrown by Li Dan's subordinates. Li Dan was restored in 709 AD.
, is for Zong Rui. Only in this way, Li Xian, Li Dan, Zhong Zong and Zong Rui are all sons of Wu Zetian, and other 15 emperors in the Tang Dynasty are her grandchildren and descendants. So even if the title of Wuhou is changed again and again, she is still the ancestor and mother of the Tang Dynasty. A figure who usurped the throne and opposed the DPRK enjoyed a game of cards in the ancestral temple for a long time, and also compiled national history.
In a dilemma They dare not praise or criticize more, thus creating more opportunities for many people to confuse hearsay with historical facts.
Wu Zetian also has two remarkable places: First, her politics of terror. In 686, she set copper railings everywhere to collect tips. He also appointed Lai Junchen as the deputy envoy of the imperial court. The tools he and his agents used to interrogate him were terrible, which was tantamount to forcing people to falsely accuse themselves of death. After interrogation, they were "not all of them".
In addition, it is said that Wu Zetian's private life can be compared with that of Russian female emperor Catherine. When she was in her sixties, because she loved Xue Huaiyi, she taught him to become a monk and entered the forbidden area in the name of becoming a monk. When she was in her seventies, she entertained herself with the beautiful young Zhang Yizhi, Zhang Changzong's brother "Fu Fenshi Zhu Yi Jinxiu Fu" and her daughter, Princess Yan Ju of Taiping. The judge impeached them, pointing out that "your majesty has been doing well for a long time, and he could not bear to be punished first. Changzong was guilty of rebellion and blamed himself." "Self-reliance is the love between bristles and toes. Wu Zetian ignored the question and did not pursue the exhorter. Another right-hander Zhu Jingze's carelessness is even more abrupt, citing outside rumors to criticize Wuhou for being more obscene. She replied: "I don't know. "
Words, I don't know this ",on the hydrophobic satin.
Although Wu Zetian made these immoral acts, she was still praised by Lu Zhi, a sage of Dezong. Li Zhi, who commented on history with an informal attitude in Ming Dynasty, and Zhao Yi, who commented on history with a formal and objective attitude in Qing Dynasty, all left favorable comments on Wu Zetian.
It is difficult for us to see Wu Zetian's contribution to the history of China from a close perspective. In some headstrong places, she changed the appearance and names of government agencies and various things according to Zhou Li and other reasons and personal hobbies. Luoyang is actually her capital. After monopolizing power, she renamed it from "East Capital" to "God Capital".
. Officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers are six, while heaven, earth, spring, summer, autumn and winter are six. The province under the door is Luantai, and the province in Zhongshu is Fengge. The national flag is gold, and purple curtains are hung in the Chenzi Hall of her palace. Officials below grade 8 used to wear green clothes, but now they wear blue clothes. If someone suddenly comes to Luoyang at this time, it is likely that this magnificent god is showing off, or it may be
Because the phoenix pavilion in Luantai mistook the government of a great empire for a zoo.
However, anyone who thinks that Empress Dowager Cixi in the Tang Dynasty has become the emperor of the Zhou Dynasty, just decorating the facade and adding a more distinctive feminine color and artistic atmosphere to all kinds of things is absolutely underestimating Wu Zetian's "revolution".
Historians in China usually think that Tang Gaozong and Li Zhi are weak and incompetent, which leads to this kind of "female misery". The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty said, "After the emperor's birthday, he went through all kinds of hardships: a hundred detailed decisions." . Now it seems that he suffers from high blood pressure, which also hinders his vision. It has a history of many years. Therefore, relying on Wu Zetian to judge the imperial edicts and bamboo slips, let her "listen to politics",
After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, he learned that Zhao's talks with his lieutenants were carried out in 650 and 660 respectively. Moreover, the existing historical data can not prove that he was a puppet emperor for a long time, and his activity and kindness were comparable to those of Wuhou. During the reign of Wuhou, the year number was changed to 16 times, and Gaozong changed to 14 times. In the last five years in office, the year number is different every year, which is from
Never. He decided to personally levy Korea, but he stopped because of fierce protests from Wuhou. He traveled to Qufu with Wuhou and sealed Mount Tai. On the day of his death, he was still preparing to climb the gate of the Sky Tower, but he finished the Amnesty ceremony in front of the temple because of asthma. He also built Penglai Palace, Hehe Palace, Jiucheng Palace and Mirror Hall, all of which broke the traditional style. His preparation for the great-grandson of the emperor is unprecedented, so he called it "self-sacrifice", which means that I should create this history as an example. Li Zhi once said, "Emperor Yangdi refused to remonstrate and died. I often thought I was going to quit.". Generally speaking, historians believe that palace examination in Wuhou is a milestone of Chinese imperial examination system. In fact, in 659 AD, Emperor Li Zhi "had 900 examiners". There are so many things.
Trace, you can see that he let Wu Zetian, let her specialize in, not even mediocre. In addition, Emperor Gaozong reigned for 34 years, and repeatedly publicized his queen as his doppelganger in front of his deputy. The two of them call themselves "Emperors and Empresses", sometimes called "Two Saints". So he had left Wu Zetian a legal status before his death. When he died, as the testamentary edict said, the prince ascended the throne, and "those who are undecided in military affairs will take the day after tomorrow to enter and stop" already had the power of an emperor's imperial edict. Therefore, some officials of Emperor Gaozong, such as Di Renjie, a judge of the Supreme Court, have been officials of Wu Zetian for decades and are not regarded as traitors.
However, this arrangement is not acceptable to the whole society. In addition, in the past, Emperor Gaozong himself was the heir of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin, and he had a lot of troubles. Only with the strong support of Sun Chang Wuji can it pass with difficulty. Sun Chang Wuji is the younger brother and uncle of Emperor Taizong's Empress Wende. In the early Tang Dynasty, he instigated the change of Xuanwu Gate and helped Li Shimin capture the emperor.
Later, he supported Gao Zongsi, a hero of three generations, a veteran of two dynasties and a prime minister for 30 years. Also, he has the reputation of being a general in the Han Dynasty. Only after he opposed Wu Zetian's establishment of political power, he was framed by Emperor Gaozong's lieutenants, fled to Guizhou, and was later forced to commit suicide. With such a thing as the background, Wu Zetian also knows that she has been here for decades.
He is good at power, "killing people depends on their mouths." Now he has to take the initiative to deal with the infighting of the Manchu dynasty alone.
Shortly after the death of Emperor Gaozong, his son Li Xian met his first problem. Although he was made emperor, he had no real power. At this time, he appointed Wei as assistant minister (director of the attendants' room), and Wei was the father of the queen (who later caused trouble). However, the important appointment and dismissal orders of the China Secretariat refused to cooperate. This is not only a question of rank, but also because Shi Zhong is an important official position.
Being with the father of another queen mother is bound to conflict with the queen mother. This is also based on China's traditional politics. The truth is from top to bottom, and imperial power can neither be rationalized nor divided. This incident really caused Wu Zetian's dissatisfaction with Li Xian, which became the main reason for abolishing him as the king of Luling. Soon, Xu Jingye fought back in Yangzhou. Dedication is the grandson of North Korean veteran Xu Maogong. He's here.
When they were demoted, they were dissatisfied, and they also corrected a group of people who were dissatisfied with the affairs of the Eastern countries. It seems that he really does not have the sincerity of "diligent king", and his rebellion cannot end in March. However, King Robin's appeal to Wu Zetian is a masterpiece of parallel prose and is widely read. It is mentioned that "your beloved son lives in seclusion in another palace, and the thief teaches the most."
Ren, clearly divided the positive and negative lineup with "pseudo-martial arts", which was very effective in propaganda. The article also urged the old ministers of the Tang Dynasty to liquidate Wu Zetian with their affection for the monarch's father, who lived in Li Zhi. The article said: "Words are still in my ears, and loyalty does not forget my heart? A pou's soil is still wet. What is six feet of loneliness? "More inflammatory. This makes Wu Zetian more extreme.
Her regime is the only guarantee for the safety of herself and her cronies, and her own son is also the object of enemy contention, so she has only one step to push. Li Xian and Howie were both exiled and detained. When they came from Wuhou, they were very scared and thought that their mother was going to commit suicide for him. Another son, the so-called Prince Xian, may have been killed by her cronies.
Whether Wu Zetian's will is true or not cannot be verified. Another son died young, leaving a son, Li Dan, who dared not come forward even if he wanted to be emperor. Later, her liquidation of the imperial clan in the Tang Dynasty intensified, which forced many princes of the Li family to rebel, so they were all killed, except some young children. Of course this kind of thing can be shown to her.
On the other hand, bad temper is also caused by many complicated factors. Her spy politics and terror politics are also the products of this era, and its purpose is to let the Korean people go or stay between disobedience and obedience. Even Di Renjie, who was loyal to his motherland, was sentenced to death. This kind of development is hard to find in Wu Zetian and the "Shunsheng Queen" of the Tang Dynasty who she experienced personally.
To the consistent logic, but it can only be seen as a movement beyond personal experience in this political environment, which has its ins and outs.
So Wu Zetian also wants to make her logic. She found herself the Empress Dowager of the Tang Dynasty, and she couldn't control the present situation. Even though her son is a puppet emperor, she still can't solve the problem. She only has a suitable suit, and claims that Wuyuan comes from Zhou Wenwang, and she herself is the "Emperor of the Holy Spirit". Fortunately, Zhou Li, a pseudo-historical classic, fully praised the utopia created by China tradition that the country is king and inherits natural laws and regulations, and so on, which can be fully utilized (for example, the official department is in harmony with the sky, the household department is in harmony with the land, the ceremony is spring, the soldiers are in summer, the punishment is autumn, and the work is winter, and so on). Buddhism, which she admires, virtually advocates the equality of all beings, and men and women have no basics.
But she still advocates filial piety to her parents. When she was Emperor Gaozong, her parents were forbidden to salute monks, and the Buddha statue in Longmen Grottoes prayed for her parents. It can be seen from Da Yun Jing that the emperor of Zhou Dynasty may be resurrected as Maitreya even if he is a woman.
Wu Zetian's curiosity among historians lies in her success despite unfavorable conditions. She was queen for 28 years, empress dowager for 7 years, and then became emperor 15 years in her own name. Apart from her own problems, no major changes have taken place in this country. After she slaughtered Lai Junchen in 697, her rule has been
More gentle. There was only a small amount of blood in the restoration of Zhongzong. It's easy to say that "the flag in the suburb of the ancestral temple mausoleum in the country is based on the official name of the temple of heaven, earth, sun and moon, and is based on the story before Yongchun (AD 682)". It can be seen that these nominal and superficial things are just the tools of Wu Zetian as a great dictator, not the essence of her administration.
Whether Wu Zetian was born beautiful or not is impossible to tell today. To put it simply, her talent, appearance and knowledge can't be the golden mean. She has the ability to "cover her ears and charm the Lord", which can only be regarded as a means to seize power at the beginning, and its importance in history has long been submerged by her later actions. We need to determine her place in history.
Still have to consider her time and environment. And her longevity is more important than her appearance and courage.
The second half of the 7th century can be regarded as a period when the Second Empire was adjusted and re-equipped with the appearance of Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties. The Second Empire was forced by Tuoba people to transform some nomadic tribes into agricultural societies, which first formed the core of the Northern Wei regime, extending from Shanxi to Henan and even infiltrating into Shaanxi. Its predecessor experienced the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
At every stage, it is inseparable from the political power of the Hu people and Han people, and the "Zhou Li-style" character design controls the attitude of a large number of small farmers. Therefore, the three systems, the equal land system, the tenancy system and the government military system all focus on controlling the population of tens of millions of managers with a very simple mathematical formula. The second empire, Sui and Tang Dynasties, inherited this system. They met the biggest
First, because of the expansion of the country, this primitive organization should be pushed from the loess area and the North China Plain to areas with complex terrain, disordered land ownership and different products and transportation. Its management principles are too simple, but the objects it tries to manipulate are too complicated.
The second is that the chiefs of ethnic minorities intermarried with Han people with family background, and after various stages of the Northern Dynasties, they became new aristocrats, and they also tended to monopolize political affairs. People nearby don't say that Li Tang themselves are affected by this genetic factor. Such as Emperor Wende of Emperor Taizong and Shi, the mother of Emperor Taizong. Her ancestor was the younger brother of Emperor Tuoba Hong of the Northern Wei Dynasty. His house
During the Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties, people changed their surname to their eldest grandson only after the Duke of Zhou came of age. Before the establishment of Emperor Gaozong, another prince of Li Shimin, Li Chenggan, was also born to his eldest grandson. He likes to speak Turkic, wear Turkic clothes and practice Turkic customs. Wu Zetian's biological mother, Yang, is also with the Sui Yang family. Emperor Yang Di also has a daughter, who is a princess in Li Shimin. Where did Emperor Yang Di come from?
Dugu is also the most popular name in Xianbei. At that time, there were so many Koreans and China people. The emperor's uncle Sun Chang Wuji has been mentioned above. This new aristocracy is not only incompatible with the system in which a large number of small farmers are organized by civil servants, but also involves ethnic minority factors and is more divisive. Before the fall of Sun Chang Wuji, some people said that he was "Wang Mang Sima Yi". The reason is.
Not just one end.
Moreover, since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the clan of the Han people "can neither give orders nor be ordered", which has created a social force beyond political authority in various regions, and has not stopped talking until the early Tang Dynasty. Tang Taizong's Genealogy hopes to overwhelm those clansmen who "only future generations can be weak, their titles will be changed, but they are proud of their family status". However, his own officials, such as Fang and Fang, still marry these clans, so they are "old-fashioned". Therefore, in 659, Emperor Gaozong issued a decree forbidding 1 1 clan children to marry themselves.
These situations summarized the background of Wu Zetian before and after her debut, so her 50 years in power, including the period after Emperor Gaozong, was indeed the second empire that needed to be adjusted and re-equipped.
From this perspective, we should appreciate Denis Twitchett's statement in The History of China Cambridge that the management of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin is actually personal politics, not institutional politics. Li Zhi and Wu Zetian, who called themselves "emperors of the emperor", changed a temporary system into a permanent one. Before the establishment of Wuhou, the emperor had promulgated the Five Classics Justice, which was published in AD 6.
In May1year, a new legal format was promulgated (according to the imperial edict of Emperor Taizong, the law of Zhenguan was changed to Yonghui), and he and Wuhou took Luoyang as their capital, which had already changed with the people. Later, when I arrived in Qufu, I was lucky to get the Confucius Temple and ordered all counties to build Confucius Temple. At the same time, I continued the trend since the Southern and Northern Dynasties, advocated Buddhism on a large scale and systematically, and worshipped Laozi, which led to the "integration of the three religions".
On that day, the system created a new ideology. It's just that after a long time, it's not easy for us to imagine its far-reaching influence now (this is similar to the influence of western culture on modern China, and the new insights injected have broadened the horizons of ordinary people).
Different from the past, the politics of the Tang Dynasty was that local governments were also organized by the central supervision. In addition to central Guizhou, Lingnan and Fujian, state and county officials are also supplemented by the official department. Qian Mu mentioned the scholars in the Eastern Han Dynasty, saying that their moral concepts were narrow and narrow. When talking about the Tang Dynasty, he also said that "the liberation of political power is endless". Although one is ideology and the other is bureaucracy, there is no common relationship between them, otherwise there would not be such a big difference before and after. Buddhism has always been worshipped by ethnic minorities. It can not only cater to intellectuals with wisdom and meditation, but also guide ordinary people with pure land. Therefore, it is easy to confuse the upper and lower in the case of "officials are more ancient, fewer scholars and more officials". The emptiness of Taoism is natural, and it also has the intention of becoming bigger. These ideas
Belief factors can only be popularized by the government as the spiritual support of the new society in the era of block printing, universal education, water transportation and active gentry. We have no way to "prove" that without some arrangement between Tang Gaozong, Li Zhi and Wuhou, the Tang Dynasty could not continue to send lower-level bureaucrats to a wide range of areas. only
On the other hand, if these bureaucrats, like celebrities in the Eastern Han Dynasty, regarded narrow moral concepts as the basis of social order and private feelings as law enforcement, then the whole organization would have collapsed long ago.
Emperor Gaozong's "rebellion" in the Qing Dynasty was left to his relatives, and then Wuhou slaughtered a large number of imperialists and ministers. That is to say, whether this was fair or not was related to their motives at that time, and the resulting result was a great blow to the imperial nobles. As Richard Guisso said, hundreds of people are involved, and bureaucrats are generally officials with more than five capitals, and their descendants are not allowed to take the exam. During the 50-year reign of Wu Hou, the upper class in China will undergo drastic changes.
Setting up a copper railing to tell stories is not something we can admire today. It's just that ordinary bureaucrats at that time really needed to be purged. For example, I told Liu that every time the people in a county join the army, the rich will be free to spend money, the poor will levy the old and the weak, and some will flee to harm themselves (it can also be seen that the officer-soldier system will only be effective once in a short time). Wuhou was established as the capital of Guangzhou.
Du Lu was killed by foreign businessmen in Nanyang, and China's records also said that it was because Lujia invaded fishing boats, and the businessmen who complained to Guanting were flogged. After a period of severe punishment in Wuhou, at the end of her life, Wenchang Zuocheng (Prime Minister of the Cabinet) and Zongchuke brothers committed crimes. The splendor of their home made Princess Taiping, the daughter of Wuhou, sigh and say, "Our ears are empty."
. "And the most heinous thing is that the loyalist in Hebei can't resist the Khitan to protect the people. When they returned to Kouguan Hall, they caught those people and began to kill them. Only Di Renjie can report these things to Dawu. Therefore, judging from all kinds of deeds, it seems that a large-scale organization of bureaucratic system in the early Tang Dynasty encountered numerous technical problems, and the crux of it was that it could not manage the number of people.
Need more discipline. Both the environment and the facts are looking forward to the emergence of a great dictator, and the military is at the right time.
Although Wu Zetian was not the first person to initiate the court examination, she was the first person to stand out as a regular counselor, which was incomparable with her family. She is full of energy, many bureaucrats have been exiled, and she usually makes up for it. Some people say that when she was in office, "even the gaps in the car were filled by her, the leftovers were picked up by her, and the buckets were balanced by her", which shows that there are many new employees. That is to say, as far as the situation of the emperor era is concerned, the official
Employees13,400 people, absorbing about one tenth of the new employees every year. So she manipulated the industry for decades. Then only one personnel arrangement can be seen, which also shows the great influence of her strength.
Wu Zetian is a special figure in the extraordinary period of traditional politics. It is easy for us to see what China looked like that day from her deeds, but it is not easy to get a glimpse of her true character under the same circumstances. For example, it is not easy for us to assert her sexual life from the existing data (on the contrary, Catherine's sexual life is not only hearsay, but also the doctor's evidence in books).
Wu Zhi quoted the Zhang brothers and gave them the names of "crane control supervisor" and "Chen Ling", which turned over the official position of the Tang Dynasty women's history book. She may even think she is an emperor with a woman. Why not talk about male concubine? However, such things can only be imagined by ourselves. Her reaction to Zhu Jingzefeng also had a stubborn air, as if to say that she had already criticized these criticisms.
I don't care anymore. It's just that when she was with the male attendants, she "laughed at the officials and thought they were laughing", which shows that she has completely seen through their weakness in dealing with bureaucrats for half a century.
Wu Zetian created a new bureaucratic group. Her success is partly due to the power she accumulated when Emperor Gaozong was queen, but it is also due to her practical understanding of the true characteristics of bureaucracy. The emperor is the chairman of the civil service group. He or she creates myths and legends with ideal perfection as the basis for manipulating power. Since it is a myth, no one can answer it.
Very carefully investigated. It's just that all officials take the fake as the true, or hold on to this starting point between the fake and the true, that is, give public support to the absolute imperial power, which has made it impeccable and inviolable. Under this condition, even in the future, it is impossible for the emperor to take Tang as the week. She "lost her teeth" with the mysterious arrangement of "The Book of Hutuluo" and the loud titles such as "Long Live the Sky".
Resurrection "and other miracles that will not be old, to cultivate the above myths. On the other hand, she also admitted that in the final analysis, the true face of traditional politics is nothing more than strength. She told Ji Xiang that there are three things to be a horse: a iron whip, an iron railing and three daggers. Whip over your head if you don't accept it, and cut your throat if you don't accept it. In this regard, she also admitted that she still could not handle this difficult liegeman.
Quite far. But by then she was almost 80 years old. On the one hand, she has felt safe and can speak frankly. On the other hand, the new civilian group she runs has laid a solid foundation. As long as you use iron whip frequently and iron occasionally, you don't need a dagger.
Yes, I copied it. . These detailed historical facts are true, and they will help you understand a female emperor who ruled for half a century. Let's see what is special about her.