Second, the concept and form of museum social education
The educational activities in museums are completely different from those in schools. The museum uses the unique conditions of its collections and equipment to realize its social education function through special means and forms. Specifically, it is based on cultural relics specimens and carries out intuitive education according to certain themes and artistic forms. Exhibition is the main way for museums to realize their social functions. It is its unique teaching material-physical object that enables the museum to let the audience learn knowledge. The physical object is distinctive and intuitive, which is incomparable to other forms.
The social education function of the museum, its collection and scientific research activities also complement each other and influence each other. The deeper the scientific value of the collection is studied, the more fully the educational function of the museum will be played. For example, it is not enough to just introduce the time, place, purpose and age of its excavation to the audience. Experts believe that this cauldron is made of 20 molds through core assembly. Except for casting the ears first and then embedding the tripod, all the other tripod bodies are cast at one time. It is a miracle to cast such a magnificent object at one time, which fully embodies the wisdom of the ancestors of the Chinese nation more than 3,000 years ago. Showing this research result to the audience through the exhibition will definitely leave a deep impression on the audience. It can be seen that the deeper the research on the collection, the greater the enlightenment education, and the more sufficient the educational function of the museum. To do this, we must require museum professionals to have extensive knowledge, and at the same time pay attention to the horizontal connection with related disciplines, apply the new achievements of related disciplines to the collection research in time, and spread them to the audience through exhibitions.
The educational object of the museum has a wide mass. At present, the overall cultural quality of Chinese people is not high enough, and quite a few people are not interested in museum exhibitions. Even if they come, they are just curious and cursory. Some people don't know the treasure when they see it, and some people regard things as treasure. This aspect is
five
Because the audience's appreciation level is limited, on the one hand, they did not show and explain well, did not publicize and guide well, and gradually lost the audience, resulting in a cold situation in front of the door. An important aspect of the development of contemporary museums is the renewal of museum educational concepts and the innovation of educational activities. Nowadays, museum education has spread more and more knowledge and information to the audience, and the content of new technology is getting higher and higher. The spread of knowledge is no longer a one-way transmission from educators to educatees, but a two-way communication and interactive influence. Some western museum scholars believe that the purpose of museum education is not to "teach" but to help the audience "learn". Some scholars even advocate replacing education with the word communication, and think that "communication" can better reflect the essence of modern museum education activities. Scholars in China Museum also believe: "Museums achieve their educational goals by providing services for the self-study of the audience." This brand-new concept of museum education should attract the attention of museum educators and create more educational ways and methods with museum cultural characteristics with new guiding ideology.
Thirdly, the innovative development of museum service function.
A museum is a place where a country or region collects, studies and displays its own historical and cultural heritage. Because it shoulders the heavy responsibility of protecting cultural heritage and inheriting civilization, it is particularly important to maintain the diversity and uniqueness of culture under the trend of globalization in today's world. This important task is accomplished by the museum's collections and related exhibitions.
Museums should shoulder the responsibility of preserving the social history, culture and artistic development of countries, nationalities and regions. The development of social history, culture and art is an extremely complex and unique process, involving various events, people, subjective and objective factors. Recording this process is an important task for the museum to complete its own functions, and this kind of recording is most objective and direct in various ways.
2
Jiangsu Science and Technology Press: A New Edition of Museology
six
As witnesses of development and events, these important witnesses should be the objects of museum collection. With the development of the times, museums, especially comprehensive museums of history and art, need to get rid of the collection pattern formed over the years, not only focusing on historical and artistic relics of ancient and modern times, but also broadening their horizons, collecting contemporary, especially social, historical, cultural and artistic material achievements and even material carriers (all kinds of image materials) with local characteristics and regional significance in museums, and paying attention to the current development and changes. At the same time, taking the road of sustainable development and keeping pace with the times is also the inevitable requirement of museums.
The important social education function of museums is realized through exhibitions and exhibitions of collections. Of course, the museum exhibition should actively face the broadest audience, correct the tendency of over-specialization, and avoid making the exhibition a "specimen exhibition" that only serves the academic research of experts and scholars. To undertake the historical task of inheriting and spreading advanced ideas and culture requires museums to have audiences, and exhibitions can arouse the strong interest of most audiences (especially non-professionals). It requires that our exhibition should always focus on the needs of the audience from topic selection, planning, outline preparation, cultural relics selection, exhibition form design to exhibition publicity. Only by combining the characteristics of cultural relics and highlighting regional characteristics can museums become the popularization of history and culture. It has also become a historical and cultural disseminator based on local conditions and extending to the whole country and even the whole world.
China is a vast country with different historical and cultural colors, and the cultural relics collections of various museums have their own characteristics. Due to geographical restrictions, these treasures with distinctive regional colors and historical and cultural significance can only be exhibited locally, and it is basically impossible for audiences in other regions to appreciate their elegance except for a few foreign tourists. At the same time, local audiences also have the ability to enjoy it without going out of the province (city).
seven
Understand the requirements of unique historical, cultural and artistic works in other regions. At this time, the cooperation and exchange of cultural relics exhibitions among museums around the world has become another important road and inevitable choice for the development of museums. Inter-library cooperation and exchange have expanded the audience of cultural relics collection, and cultural relics and artworks have moved from the local area to the whole country, fully realizing their functions as witnesses of social history and disseminators of culture and art. On the other hand, the audience can enjoy the local cultural relics with regional characteristics, even the familiar cultural relics often mentioned in textbooks, which are deeply influenced by social history, culture and art. This is really a win-win exhibition mode, and only the cultural relics collected by local museums can not achieve the effect.
Fourthly, the development direction of museum social education service.
I think the following points are worth discussing about how to attract different levels of audiences and give full play to the social service and educational functions of museums.
(1) scientific and popular display. The theme of the exhibition is distinct and the form design is pleasing to the eye. The social education services of museums are mainly carried out through museum collections, exhibitions and various activities organized by museums. The main form of museum information dissemination is exhibition, mainly in kind. Through the exhibition and combination of cultural relics, express and convey the intention of the exhibition designer and carry out intuitive education. This feature accords with people's learning psychology of "seeing is believing" and "seeing is believing" and is the advantage of museum education. However, it is difficult for the audience to grasp the main points of the exhibition by simply displaying items and stacking exhibits. Thousands of cultural relics are piled together in an exhibition, and the audience is at a loss in front of a large number of physical objects. They were at a loss after visiting the exhibition. In front of a large number of novel and unfamiliar objects, the audience often feels "information overload", which makes learners unable to sort out, understand and remember, and the learning effect is greatly reduced. Exhibition design is one of the important links for museums to realize social services and educational functions.
eight
According to the exhibition theme, the design of exhibition form, the capacity of exhibition information and the form of information transmission should be considered from the standpoint of the audience in order to obtain the best communication effect. The designer of the exhibition content needs to seriously consider what kind of interpretation method to adopt in order to express the exhibition theme more accurately, vividly and vividly. In addition to text descriptions, there are images and auxiliary facilities, so that the audience can not only see and hear, but also touch the exhibits and participate in the operation. Only by integrating various interpretation methods can we achieve the best educational effect.
(2) The forms of explanation given by people enhance the communication between the museum and the audience. For a successful exhibition, the museum must communicate with the audience through the explanation of the lecturer and convey the information of museum education. The narrator should prepare the explanation on the basis of fully understanding the theme of the exhibition. We should not only be familiar with the cultural relics on display, but also grasp the historical development and horizontal comparison of cultural relics, which requires in-depth excavation and high generalization of cultural connotations of cultural relics, and spread them in a way that the public can understand through effective explanations by commentators, so that all kinds of information transmitted to the audience can be fully accepted by the audience. At present, various modern explanation tools have been widely used in museums, such as small automatic tape recorders, new broadcast amplifiers, and recording and explanation equipment with computer remote control. The continuous application of modern science and technology in museums will push the interpretation work of museums to a new stage.
(3) Holding special exhibitions and mobile exhibitions. Museums can also organize special exhibitions to introduce the latest scientific and technological achievements to the audience, answer social problems that people are generally concerned about, and meet the learning requirements of the audience for "self-education and self-improvement". Temporary exhibitions are small in scale, diverse in forms and simple in production, which can not only broaden people's horizons, but also train museum professionals. The large-scale archaeological excavation photo exhibition held by our unit on the occasion of the fourth World Cultural Heritage Day this year has played a very good role, not only enriching the cultural life of the masses, but also taking the opportunity to publicize nearly 30% of our city.
nine
The major archaeological excavations in 2000 showed the rich cultural heritage of our city and reproduced the prosperity of the past. During this period, blood shed experienced ups and downs, which not only increased the historical weight of Taiyuan today, but also witnessed the glory of Taiyuan in the past.
Diversification of educational services. The basic propaganda form of the museum is exhibition, but it is by no means limited to exhibition. Museums must keep up with the pulse of the times, conform to the requirements of the times, and conduct publicity and education by means consistent with the times. With the development of society, the educational function of museums has also changed and expanded. Museum education has expanded from a single exhibition explanation in the museum to a mobile exhibition explanation outside the museum, tutoring teaching, holding lectures, organizing special tours, holding summer camps, and carrying out patriotic education and ideological and moral education. The educational activities of museums have penetrated into various undertakings. The social color of museum education is more vivid, and the focus of work is no longer limited to the scope of museum collections. Museum education is not only the imparting of knowledge, but also the development of learners' multiple intelligences and the improvement of learners' learning ability, social life ability and comprehensive quality. The development of museum education puts forward new and higher requirements for museum educators' own knowledge structure and work skills. Museum educators should not only understand the knowledge of collections, but also learn the theories, knowledge and skills of contemporary museum education, and learn the knowledge of research psychology, social psychology, education, information communication theory, management and other disciplines. Facing the development and change of museum education, the importance of museum education department is increasing day by day. Its guiding ideology, work content and working methods should also be changed accordingly to adapt to the new working situation: we should consider how to effectively use and expand museum educational resources from the overall situation; To participate in the formulation of museum education policy, museum education development planning and other guiding work, and actively provide reference materials, scientific data and feasibility study reports for museum leaders to make decisions, and assist museum leaders to make decisions.
10