Paper Keywords: Existentialism Enlightenment Freedom Education
Abstract: Existentialism is the main representative of western humanism. It emphasizes that the essence of education is to realize the individual. Self-realization? Pay attention to human dignity and value, realize freedom through individual's free choice, independent action and certain moral responsibility, and establish a democratic and equal relationship between teachers and students. These are of great enlightening significance to correct the current educational authority problem in China and advocate free education.
Existentialism is the main representative of modern western humanism. It is not only the product of the unbalanced development of social material civilization and spiritual civilization, but also the result of the alienation of human nature caused by the negative influence of contemporary scientific and technological development, which embodies certain characteristics of the times. In this context, the tension, pessimism and loss between people fill people's inner world, causing a serious mental crisis. Therefore, people's survival, value, meaning of life and other issues have become the focus of general concern of all sectors of society. Existentialism research? Human philosophy? In order to flaunt, put people first, respect people's individuality and freedom, and advocate that people are absolutely free in essence, which can be realized through individual's free choice and action? Self-realization? .
First of all, the existential concept of liberal education.
1. Existence precedes essence: human existence is personal existence.
? Existence precedes essence? It is an existential philosophical proposition, which takes people's subjective choice as the starting point and emphasizes? Man is a playwright of his own existence? Is human existence an individual? Do it yourself? Existence is a subjective and irrational psychological experience, and true knowledge and truth are the result of free choice through personal intuition. Sartre explained this in Existentialism is a Humanism:? Existence precedes essence. First, people exist, appear, appear, and then explain themselves. Existentialists can't define people, because there is nothing in The Beginning of Life. Only future generations want to be something, so people create themselves according to their own agreements. So there is no humanity in the world, because there is no god who sets humanity. Man is not only the man he imagined, but also the man he voluntarily became after he devoted himself to existence. ? It is a contempt for human subjectivity to regard human nature before human existence. Existentialists emphasize understanding the world through self's inner experience and seeking it through personal experience? Primitive? , beg? Really? The existence of, can become a real person, find the real thing from the person. So, oppose traditional education to instill uniformity in students? Knowledge? There is a standard model for cultivating students, and there is a lack of spiritual life? Tools? Advocate free choice? Save yourself? Thinking about seeking truth from personal direct experience, inventing and creating in free choice, paying attention to life and realizing individuals? Self-realization? .
2. Free education is the education chosen by individuals themselves, and bears corresponding moral responsibilities.
Man's existence is free, which is manifested through his own choices and actions. People can only achieve it through their own choices? Freedom? . Ya Bei Ya said? The so-called personal freedom is to think independently and act according to your own opinions, so as to live in the continuation of your own essence. A free man is a man who knows himself in history and has his own choices and their consequences in an environment doomed by his fate. ? In education, both teachers and students have the freedom of choice. If one party's interests are sacrificed to fulfill the authority of the other party, the result of this choice can only lead to the loss of humanity and authenticity. Teachers and students exist as independent spiritual entities. Dewey pointed out: We should give individuals more freedom and liberate their potential. This concept and ideal is the core of the eternal existence of the spirit of freedom. ? As the main body of educational activities, learners will have more and more freedom with the maturity of non-intellectual factors such as knowledge and emotion.
However, freedom is not an arbitrary choice, but should be accompanied by corresponding responsibilities. The responsibility here is not a legal responsibility, but a moral responsibility, a moral judgment issued from the inner spiritual source of people, awakening the initial self-consciousness and then pursuing it? Natural? The truth. Therefore, while individuals are free to choose, they should also be brave enough to take moral responsibility, so that moral responsibility and discipline can be rooted in their hearts, which will not only restrain and stifle students' personality, but will enhance students' self-control ability and gain spiritual freedom to a greater extent.
3. Free education is democratic, equal and harmonious.
The relationship between people is another important topic of existentialism, and there are different views on it within existentialism. Kierkegaard believes that man has a unique subjectivity, he can only be himself, and he is alienated from others after all; Sartre thinks? Is he hell? Others exist, right? Me? Pose a threat. Me? Became someone else's property. Me? You lose your subjectivity, and you are against others after all; Although Heidegger thinks the world is far away? Me? There are others, but what does it have to do with others? Trouble? Or? Trouble? , that is? Me and him? My relationship with things; And Bubel and Marcel hold another optimistic attitude, namely? Me and you? Dialogue relationship, that the relationship between people is a heartfelt friendship, requires enthusiasm and understanding, and connecting yourself with others is sympathy and love, which is a necessary condition for social life. In education? Me and you? The relationship between teachers and students. Existentialists believe that the relationship between teachers and students is the relationship between personality and the key to realize free education. Me and you? Dialogue, criticizing tradition? Me and him? Materialized relationship advocates the establishment of a democratic, equal and harmonious relationship between teachers and students, mutual participation, equal cooperation and common growth, thus promoting the harmony of each other's spirit and soul.
Second, the contemporary enlightenment of existential liberal education thought
General education is an eternal topic. At different historical stages, people's understanding of general education varies from place to place. Although existentialist educational thought has an extremely personal and irrational tendency, which is almost an ideal state and even goes to nothingness, it pays attention to right and wrong. People? Pay attention to and respect the individual's value choice, take cultivating individuals with rich thoughts and feelings as the core, in order to realize people's? Self-generation? Taking this as a foothold has reference and enlightenment significance for trying to avoid the current educational deviation in China.
Revelation 1: What does general education advocate? People-oriented? Returning to the education of free people
Paying attention to human problems is the main topic of existentialism. People-oriented? It is also the ultimate concern for education. At present, it is the general trend to cultivate students' sound personality and implement quality education. People-oriented, people-oriented is the foundation of everything in the world. Taking people's own existence and needs as the ultimate basis and standard for our understanding of problems and value choices, we cherish people's right to exist, because truly happy people are rich in spirit and material. Today, with the development of students' subjectivity, we should provide students with free development space. People-oriented? As a goal, respect students' personalities and choices, and let education return to the right path? Free man? Call for cultivating new people with free personality and harmonious development in all aspects.