However, oral communication and article reading and writing influence and draw lessons from each other. As mentioned above, the fluency of oral expression is conducive to the swiftness of written expression, and the standardization of written expression is conducive to the elegance of oral expression. Some people may say that many people in real life are not good at spoken language, but good at written language. Some people talk big in spoken language, but they are all thumbs in written language. Can't they give full play to their respective strengths and settle down in society? There are many such situations. However, in today's society, the demand for talents is all-round. You should not only be able to speak and write, but also be able to complete your own work independently and cooperate with others. Today's talents, especially young talents, will not have great development prospects in society and work if they rely solely on their own talents without such requirements. So it is necessary for us to turn ourselves into oral communication.
First, both of them belong to the category of Chinese education.
It is a well-known fact that China's traditional education only pays one-sided attention to reading and writing and ignores oral communication. As Zhang Zhigong pointed out:
Chinese teaching focuses entirely on written training (reading and writing) and ignores oral training.
……
What is more noteworthy is that the society is indifferent to the weak oral ability, and has not seen the relationship between oral ability and written ability, and has not seen the adverse impact of insufficient oral ability on modern life and modernization work. "
(Gains and Losses in the Teaching of Chinese Studies, Selected Works of Chinese in Zhang Zhigong, Volume I, Peking University Publishing House, 1998, 1 1 version).
Zhang Zhigong not only accused traditional Chinese education of neglecting oral communication, but also examined Chinese education from the requirements of modern life, criticizing the attitude tendency that contemporary Chinese education is still "indifferent".
Looking back on the development of contemporary education in China, the understanding of oral communication has gone through a difficult road. Before the Cultural Revolution, it was a blank. After the Cultural Revolution, it began. After entering the new century, oral communication and reading and writing are really put on the same scale and regarded as an indispensable part of Chinese education.
1963 middle school Chinese syllabus has always been regarded as the source of contemporary Chinese tool theory and ability theory, which puts forward three remarkable Chinese abilities for middle school students for the first time:
The purpose of Chinese teaching in middle schools is to teach students to correctly understand and use the language of the motherland, so that they can read and write modern Chinese and initially have the ability to read classical Chinese.
Clearly pay attention to the reading and writing ability of articles, but ignore the oral expression ability.
1978' s middle school Chinese teaching syllabus has been changed, and the ability of oral expression has been mentioned for the first time:
From junior high school to senior high school, students should gradually improve their oral expression ability and learn to speak Mandarin. ...
We have begun to pay attention to this content, but the requirements are simple and lack details.
1986' s middle school Chinese syllabus goes further, putting oral expression and written expression side by side:
Oral expression and written expression are equally important in modern life. Guiding students to tell stories, explain things and express opinions can not only improve their oral expression ability, but also promote their written expression ability.
The expression is more detailed and has certain operability.
1988' s junior high school Chinese syllabus not only embodies the importance of oral expression, but also lists "listening and speaking ability" and "oral ability" in the ability training projects of all grades, which are juxtaposed with "reading ability" and "writing ability". Since then, according to the classification principle of "listening, speaking, reading and writing", the syllabus and curriculum standards have expressed oral expression more and more clearly and in detail.
However, it is the Chinese curriculum standard for compulsory education promulgated after the new century that really attaches importance to oral communication, puts it in the same important position as reading and writing ability, and raises it to the height of educating people. Try to explain the general goal of Chinese course;
Language courses should cultivate students' thoughts and feelings of loving the motherland's language and writing, guide students to correctly understand and use the motherland's language and writing, enrich language accumulation, cultivate a sense of language, develop thinking, and enable students to have the ability to read, write and communicate orally to meet actual needs.
Four kinds of parallel abilities are put forward, and oral communicative competence and other abilities are included in the category of Chinese competence. Moreover, the teaching objectives of oral communication are elaborated in detail in every section after the curriculum standard (there are too many original texts, so I won't repeat them), which shows that after decades or even hundreds of years of exploration, the Chinese education community has really mastered the most essential laws of Chinese education.
In a word, "listening, speaking, reading and writing" has entered the modern Chinese teaching dictionary as a fixed word, and the training objectives of the four abilities have been stipulated by laws and regulations such as syllabus and curriculum standards, which have been paid attention to by teachers and students.
Second, scientific training is the same for both.
Since listening, speaking, reading and writing are juxtaposed, they should all be included in the scope of Chinese training; Since oral communication is recognized as one of the basic abilities of Chinese, scientific and effective training should be carried out. The following are some general reference suggestions.
We should not only take care of a low starting point, but also pursue high goals. People's abilities, temperament and personality vary widely, and so do listening, speaking, reading and writing. It is difficult to "standardize" the practice of listening, speaking, reading and writing with a unified method and standard, but one thing is certain, that is, among different learners, we should choose a lower benchmark as the starting point in the case of uneven ability level. This is just right for middle and low level learners.
For example, the first unit of the seventh grade of the People's Education Edition comprehensively studies "This is Me" and requires students to "participate in self-introduction activities in class to let everyone know about you". There are three choices-self-introduction, self-recommendation and mock interview. It should be said that this is a low starting point activity which focuses on listening and speaking training, and everyone is willing to do it. Of course, mediocre people do mediocre things, and talented people do eye-catching.
We should not only follow common goals, but also respect individual differences. Curriculum standard is to set the teaching goals of listening, speaking, reading and writing on the basis of the level that most people should reach, and then determine the common goals. Taking the curriculum standard of compulsory education as an example, each learning segment has set the goals of reading and writing, reading, writing (or practice), oral communication and comprehensive learning, among which the oral communication goals are 6 in the first learning segment, 4 in the second learning segment and 6 in the third learning segment.
On the other hand, in the process of training, respecting individual differences and taking different paths under the guidance of a unified goal. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude has always been a matter of course. For example, Confucius said: "Seek (Ran Qiu) and retreat, so enter; Because (Zhong You) is also a person, I quit. " (Advanced Analects of Confucius) According to the different situations of students, adopt different or even opposite strategies, or teach people to make progress and retreat. This is one of the most obvious examples of Confucius teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
We take the training of oral expression as an example. Some people are born with a lack of self-confidence, so we should practice self-confidence first and then teach them skills, so that we can make faster progress. Some people are full of self-confidence and need to be guided in methods and skills to make them develop in a standardized way.
It not only trains basic ability, but also cultivates psychological quality. Ability training is a tradition of Chinese teaching, and it is still developing. At no time can we ignore basic knowledge and basic ability, and no reform can be at the expense of ability. Nowadays, Chinese teaching tends to ignore basic abilities, which is being corrected. On the other hand, non-ability and non-intelligence factors have been paid more and more attention and become the clear goals of teaching, especially emotional attitudes and values have become the goals of Chinese teaching.
Stage of compulsory education
The first lesson: "When talking with people, you are naturally generous and polite."
The third issue: "When communicating with people, we can respect each other and understand each other." "Pay attention to language in communication? Suppress uncivilized language. "
The fourth stage: "Pay attention to the objects and occasions and learn to communicate in a civilized and decent way." "Express your views confidently and responsibly ..."
High school stage
"Enhance interpersonal skills, establish self-confidence in oral communication, respect others, speak politely, behave generously, be good at listening and respond quickly." "Oral communication teaching should pay attention to cultivating civilized attitude and language cultivation in interpersonal communication, such as self-confidence, assertiveness, mutual respect and understanding, and elegant speech."
The above excerpts all reflect the new changes in oral communication teaching under the current Chinese new curriculum situation, that is, paying great attention to the orientation of emotional attitude and values, teaching students not only oral communication, but also life, cultivating students' elegant and noble temperament and style, and overcoming students' bad habits.
Oral communication can't be done overnight, but it's not impossible to practice. As long as you work hard, you will certainly make progress. The following are some suggestions for oral communication training.
Learn to listen. Generally speaking, oral communication is a problem of oral expression, that is, I just need to concentrate and speak clearly and wonderfully. Actually, this is a misunderstanding. Oral communication needs not only expression, but also listening, and in a sense, listening needs more training, because listening is always ignored. If anyone can express and listen, you should have a good image in front of others and in public. Listening means accepting others, but it is also easy to be accepted by others. Listening requires staring at each other, remembering the main points and subtext of each other's words, and quickly organizing meaning and language in your mind, which requires training.
An expression of confidence. The problem of expression is not only the problem of language ability (such as Mandarin, tone, modality, etc.). ) is also a question of psychological quality. People with good psychological quality can express any meaning calmly and appropriately under any circumstances. People with poor psychological quality will "talk nonsense" because they don't adapt to people's attention and external interference, even if they want to express what they are familiar with in advance. Self-confidence is the most important psychological quality in oral expression. Confidence, speech, explanation, dialogue, etc. Is half the battle. Self-confidence comes from psychological firmness, familiarity with the topic, more expression and communication at ordinary times, and also from prior preparation and good self-suggestion when playing.
Good at communication. Interpersonal communication is a knowledge and an art. It can be said that most people have not mastered this knowledge or art, and there are always some defects. Being good at communication may be the unfinished business of our life. However, if we observe carefully, we will find that some people are good at communication, while others are not. People who are good at communication live in harmony with the environment, like a duck to water, while those who are not good at communication are in a difficult situation and their success rate is greatly reduced. Poor communication means that the expressed language information makes the other party have rebellious psychology. Therefore, before you learn to express yourself, you should learn to communicate with others and constantly reflect and adjust yourself.
A quick response. Oral communication can have different expressions and styles, can be calm and passionate, can fight back quickly, or can be quiet. However, from the perspective of oral communication training, agile response is still advocated. People who react quickly can also take their time and remain calm, and vice versa. The key to agile response lies in the expressive force of language, emotional impulse and thinking response, so it is necessary to become agile.
Third, the guiding role of reading and writing in oral communication.
Writing, reading and oral communication have completely different characteristics due to different presentation methods, expression purposes and application occasions.
One is individual, and the other is two-way communication. Reading and writing articles are mainly individual behaviors, free from external interference, focused, and immersed in the virtual space generated by language and words; Oral communication must be a two-way or multi-directional communication behavior, and three elements, namely, many people, occasions and topics, are indispensable. Places and scenes are real rather than virtual, and non-verbal factors such as expressions, movements and clothes play an important role.
One is calm, and the other is instant. The time rhythm of reading and writing articles is controlled by the actors themselves and is usually leisurely. You can stop to meditate and recall, and it may be difficult to continue reading or writing because of surging emotions and thousands of thoughts. Oral communication is linear and irreversible. Even if you make up for your mistakes, the negative effects still exist. On the other hand, immediacy equals quickness, and oral communication is much more convenient, relaxed and fast than written communication.
One is exquisite, profound and standardized, and the other is simple, natural and casual. The reading and writing of the article shows the ingenuity of human mind, profound thoughts, broad mind and rich and delicate emotions. There are not only exquisite and beautiful language, but also rigid ideas, and they are cautious about readers' understanding, reading interest and reading effect. Oral communication has no time to think carefully and often blurts it out. The language is simple and even vulgar, which keeps the original ecology of life. Combined with the scene, it has direct persuasion and touching power.
It can be seen that reading and writing articles and oral communication have their own distinct characteristics, which adapt to the different needs of social life. But compared with the two, oral communication is the lower form of human language, and article reading and writing are the higher forms. Although we need to learn from each other's strengths, article reading and writing are of greater guiding significance to oral communication. This guiding significance is mainly manifested in the following aspects.
1. Reading articles can broaden your horizons, enrich your knowledge, improve your self-cultivation and beautify your mind, which are also needed in oral communication. When listening to someone's Kan Kan, we show extensive knowledge, rich emotions and noble temperament, which may be created by the comprehensive experience of life, but it must be related to reading articles, because reading articles can promote people from a natural state to a civilized state. There are subtle changes from knowledge cultivation to personality cultivation, from external manners to internal temperament. Therefore, in order to enhance oral communication ability and improve oral image, we should read more articles to make people full, intelligent, noble and good at speaking.
At present, the new Chinese curriculum for basic education attaches great importance to the ability transfer from article reading to oral communication. For example, the new junior high school Chinese textbook published by People's Education Press pays more attention to the appearance of texts and guides students' oral expression. The fifth unit in the second volume of the seventh grade is about exploration. One of the texts, The Real Hero, is a TV speech delivered by former US President Ronald Reagan on June1986+1October 3 1 and the last exercise after the text.
Go to the library or use the internet to find information, learn about the crash of the space shuttle Challenger, and communicate with your classmates.
From this, we can see the intention of transferring article reading to oral communication. Obviously, before communicating, we should fully perceive the text and read relevant materials extensively, so as to broaden our horizons, deepen our understanding and make the argument reasonable.
At the end of this unit, there is a comprehensive study of "rambling about adventure", and three activities are designed: "1. Explorer's story", "2. Chatting about adventure" and "3. Simulated recruitment for survival summer camp". The content of the second activity is as follows:
After learning several texts in this unit, Shen Xiaohao and Weifeng Lu had a heated debate on the topic of "exploration". Shen Xiaohao said that more people should be encouraged to explore, so as to better develop the earth's resources and contribute to social progress. Adventure is a challenging activity, full of excitement, which makes people live more meaningfully and proves the value of life. Weifeng Lu said that adventure is meaningless, it consumes a lot of time and wastes a lot of money. Maybe life may be in danger, which is even less worth it. In view of the above two different views, the class is divided into two teams, the pros and cons, and the main debaters are selected to debate.
This is another oral expression after learning the text of this unit. Text reading and extracurricular reading also play an important role. This kind of training is much more in the new textbook than in previous sets of old textbooks.
2. Writing articles can deepen thinking, enhance the standardization and rigor of thinking, enrich and standardize language, and make language expression more meaningful, profound and orderly. These are also needed for oral communication. We sometimes see people who can write but can't speak, so we doubt whether words can promote oral communication. Being able to write and not speak is by no means caused by training. Poor words actually stimulate the desire to write. The sinking of one end leads to the rising of the other end. However, this is an unbalanced development. It stands to reason that a superb writing skill is bound to contribute to the progress of oral expression. There is a simple reason. He just needs to turn his "belly talent" into eloquence and let his "inner talent" appear outside, which is easier to enhance his eloquence than those who brag on an empty stomach.
For example, Lu Xun's "Before Genius" was originally a speech draft, but after finishing it, it became an article with traces of speech. Lu Xun is a master of writing. He writes articles with ease, and his speeches are as profound and witty as writing articles. At that time, the literary and art circles called for the birth of genius, but Lu Xun did not directly talk about the issue of genius, but created a new story about the soil where genius came into being, that is, the social environment, which meant that genius was easy to come into being only by transforming China society.
For another example, Liang Qichao is a great scholar and his writing style should be first-class. It goes without saying that he applied his writing skills to his speech, which was as profound and fluent as learning and writing articles. "Dedication and happiness" is an example. First of all, the speech analyzes "the main focus of this topic", which is similar to the title of the article. "Dedication" and "Happiness" come from ancient books respectively. Secondly, the speech is dedicated first, then happy, with layers of reasoning and clear context; In addition, the length of the speech is not long, but 12 quotes the words and deeds of ancient people, which is handy and ingenious, showing Liang's profound knowledge and familiarity with ancient books.
It can be seen that reading and writing play a direct or indirect role in oral communication. If you want to have good oral expression, you should read more and write more. Listening, speaking, reading, writing and writing go hand in hand and complement each other.
Fourthly, the significance of oral communication in Chinese teaching today.
In the field of Chinese teaching, oral communication has never been so valued as it is today. The curriculum standard ranks oral communication ability with reading and writing ability, reading ability and writing ability as one of the main training goals of Chinese teaching. This is in line with the needs of the times, which reflects the gradual and comprehensive understanding of the literacy and ability goals in Chinese teaching, and also reflects the comprehensive requirements of contemporary society for the quality of future talents.
(1) Speaking, listening, speaking, reading and writing should be organically synthesized from the composition of Chinese literacy and Chinese ability.
Chinese literacy and Chinese ability are inherently comprehensive and compound, and are composed of various literacy and abilities. In this complex, although each component can be divided into primary and secondary levels, it is not advisable to choose one instead of the other. Any part is the foundation for the existence and development of other parts. For example, reading and writing skills promote each other and enhance synchronization. Reading and writing skills are also helpful to listening and speaking skills. Of course, on the other hand, listening and speaking ability can promote reading and writing ability. From the perspective of educational psychology, human language has internal language and external language. Internal language is a vague psychological language formed by people's inner thoughts, emotions and will when they are stimulated by the outside world, that is, internal language. Internal language is oral expression, and resorting to words is written expression. The presentation of spoken and written language is very different. But the root cause is internal language. Both spoken and written language can be used to train the depth and breadth of the internal language, or both can help each other improve and progress consciously or unconsciously while training the internal language. Without one of these abilities, the overall language literacy and language ability will be incomplete, and other aspects will rarely make smooth progress.
From the origin of human language, human language begins with spoken language, which is the initial form of language and the most applicable form. People communicate information and express their thoughts and feelings in spoken language every day, and choose appropriate speech content, speech style, tone, intonation and body language according to the needs of communication objects and occasions. The variety is endless, showing the most distinctive features of human language. Since spoken English has such a great advantage, there is no contempt. It not only maintains the survival and development of mankind, but also promotes the richness and prosperity of written language.
This gives us an inspiration: while training reading and writing, we should not neglect listening and speaking training, and we should get resources from reading and writing while training listening and speaking. All-round development of listening, speaking, reading and writing and common progress are the right way to build a complete Chinese literacy.
(2) According to the needs of contemporary society and future society, teenagers should become a new generation of people who are good at communicating with others and have a good spirit of cooperation.
Oral communication not only trains oral English and oral skills, but also trains people's socialization ability to integrate into the collective and society. Of course, bad words prevent people from engaging in any individual or collective cause. The key is that they are not good at communicating with others and society, which affects the full use of social resources. The society of 2 1 century can be said to be a cooperative society. It puts forward higher requirements for people's communication ability and cooperation spirit. The education revitalization action plan for 2 1.998 1.02.24 promulgated by the Ministry of Education points out that Chinese teenagers should "learn to be human, learn to study, learn to work, have a sound personality and a healthy personality, learn to cooperate and learn to appreciate beauty". This new generation has been fully socialized and fully developed. In a sense, in today's era, a person's career development depends partly on his lofty ideals, endurance and learning ability, and partly on his attitude and ability to communicate with others. The so-called ways of treating people and things are mostly presented in the form of speech acts. The ancients said: "The debate between one person is more important than the treasure of Jiuding; A three-inch tongue is better than a million teachers. " (Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long") A three-inch golden tongue is better than a million-strong army? Exaggerated and true. In our real life, isn't it often the case that a word is successful or a word is not good, a word becomes a friend or a word becomes an enemy?
This gives us an inspiration: training oral communication should not only stay in "spoken language", but also pay attention to "communication", that is, dialogue, listening, communication, being human and dealing with the world.
(3) In terms of personal accomplishment and personality taste, oral communication embodies humanity and humanity.
On the shallow level, oral communication is to train oral expression and oral communication, on the deep level, it is to cultivate civilized temperament and noble manners, concentrate humanistic spirit and enhance spiritual realm. There is a well-known truth that a person's speech reflects his personality, knowledge and hobbies, a gentle person's speech is also gentle, a bold person's speech has its own atmosphere, and a humble person's speech is always timid and knowledgeable. People who have no ink in their chests are either conceited or humble ... Therefore, oral expression and oral communication have become the characteristics and roots of human nature. The best way to know a person is to listen to him and communicate with him orally. However, people's personality, temperament and feelings are not static, especially teenagers. Everything is in an uncertain state, which can be developed in a good way or in a bad way.
This gives us an inspiration: to train oral communication well, we must strengthen personality cultivation and lay a good spiritual foundation for oral expression. Rich in spiritual foundation, oral communication naturally has an inexhaustible source.