Li Yu, one of the four flags of graceful and restrained school, is a medium-sized "mourning Sect". He is good at calligraphy, painting, melody, poetry and writing, especially at words. The content can be mainly divided into two categories: the first category was written before the Song Dynasty, which mainly reflected the palace life and the love between men and women, and the subject matter was narrow; The second category is that after the Song Dynasty, Li Yu's memory of the past was full of his own feelings because of the deep pain of national subjugation. The achievements of his works in this period far exceeded those in the previous period, which can be described as "excellent works". Famous articles throughout the ages, (for its desperate words), Langtaosha, Tiao, Yinghuan and other words. All at this time. Most of the ci works in this period are mainly sad, mainly describing the scene of dreaming back from afar and expressing infinite nostalgia for "the old country" and "the past" Li Yu occupies an important position in the history of China Ci, and is called "the Emperor of Ci through the ages". It also has a great influence on future generations. He inherited the tradition of Huajian poets since the late Tang Dynasty, but through the concrete and sensible personality image, he reflected some universal artistic conception in real life, promoted the creation of Ci, and expanded the field of expression of Ci. Li Yuwen is rich in writing, poetry, books and painting. His ci poems are mainly included in two major ci poems in the Southern Tang Dynasty (including the works of his father Li Jing). Li Yu, formerly known as Li, is a brave man. Later, it was renamed Li Yu, which means "the day of the day is Yu, and the night of the month is Yu". According to historical records, he is the sixth son of Yuan Zong Li Jing in the Southern Tang Dynasty. He is good at writing, painting and calligraphy, and is rich in forehead, teeth and eyes. Because Li Jing's second to fifth sons all died early, Li Hongji, Li Yu's eldest brother, was actually his second son when he was the Crown Prince. Li Hongji was a "suspect". At that time, Li Yu, who was steady, was afraid that Li Hongji would doubt him and did not dare to participate in politics. He reads just for fun every day. In 959, Li Hongji died shortly after trying to poison Li Jing. Excavate intends to make Li Yu a prince. Zhong You said, "Fear of obeying Guardian is cool, faithful to the stone, and not the master. Being kind, courageous and dignified, it is appropriate to be an heir. " In a rage, Li Jing made an excuse to demote Zhong Mo as a national son and exiled him to Raozhou. Li Yu was made king of Wu, a scribe and a politician, so he lived in the East Palace. 96 1, in the second year of Song Dynasty, Li Jing moved to Nanchang, made Li Yu the crown prince to supervise the country, and left him in Jinling. After the death of Li Jing in June, Li Yu ascended the throne in Jinling. Li Yu is "arrogant and extravagant, good at showing off, talking loudly and not caring about political affairs." Li Yu's Calligraphy In 973, when Song Taizu ordered Li Yu to go to Kaifeng, he could not go because of illness. Song Taizu sent Cao Bin and his army to attack Nantang. In 9741February, Cao Bin conquered Jinling. After fifteen years in office, he was called Li Houzhu and the Queen of Southern Tang Dynasty. In 975, the city was broken, and the queen came out naked, and was taken to Bianjing, where she was sealed by a letter. Emperor Taizong ascended the throne and became the Duke of Longxi County. In 978 (the third year of Taiping and Xingguo), Xu Xuan was ordered by Song Taizong to visit Li Yu, and Li Yu sighed at Xu Xuan: "I regret killing Pan You and Li Ping by mistake!" . Song Taizong was very angry about Xu Xuan's withdrawal. According to Wang Luo's memoirs in the Song Dynasty, Li Yu was finally poisoned by Song Taizong for writing such words as "The old country is unbearable to look back on" and "A river flows eastward". Some people say it's Chinese medicine, nux vomica. After taking it, the central nervous system is destroyed, the whole body twitches, and the head and feet shrink together, which is extremely painful. After Li Yu's death, he was buried in North Mangshan, Luoyang. He was heartbroken a few weeks later and died soon after. Li Yu "was born in the palace and grew up in the hands of women", "sexual forgiveness and injustice", and he gave up killing. After his death, Jiangnan people heard that "all lanes are crying and fasting." Li Yu is brilliant, skillful in painting, good at poetry and ode, and is a generation of poets who have been told through the ages. It is entirely accidental that Li Yu, who has no intention of fighting for power and profit, longs for seclusion. He is helpless, and he is also the king of national subjugation engraved on the historical archives. He hates that he was born into a royal family. Merits and demerits have become the track of history. When he ascended the throne, the Southern Tang Dynasty had served Song Zhengshuo, paid tribute to the Song Dynasty many times and settled in a corner of the south of the Yangtze River. In the seventh year of Song Kaibao (974), Song Taizu sent letters to the north many times, but he refused to leave. In October of the same year, Song Bing went south to attack Jinling. Next November, when the city is broken, the queen's flesh will come out naked, and she will be caught in Bianjing and sealed there, and she is not allowed to disobey her orders. Emperor Taizong ascended the throne and became the Duke of Longxi County. Taiping rejuvenating the country for three years (978), and Qixi was his 42nd birthday. According to the records of King Song, the beggars' sect was poisoned by morning medicine. Queen Wu was sealed and buried in Mangshan, Luoyang. He is good at painting and calligraphy, melody and poetry, especially in the Five Dynasties. In the early stage, most of his poems were about the pleasure and quiet life in the palace, with a soft style, but this is not the life he yearns for, but mostly emptiness and helplessness; The later ci poems reflect the pain of national subjugation, with expanded themes, profound artistic conception, sincere feelings, fresh language and great artistic appeal. Later generations compiled his and Li Jing's works into two major ci poems in the Southern Tang Dynasty. In the early days of his reign, the style of his poems was beautiful and soft, and he did not get rid of the habit of "flowers". After the national subjugation, during the house arrest of Lacrimosa every day, the monarch of national subjugation became the "Southern King" of the eternal ci circle (in the words of Qing Shenxiong's Ancient and Modern Thorns). It was these late ci poems, which were desolate and tragic, and had far-reaching artistic conception, which laid the foundation of Su Xin's so-called "bold and unconstrained" school and started in the history of ci. As Wang Guowei said in Ci on Earth, "Ci came to Li Houzhu and began to have a broad vision and deep feelings." As for the beauty and harmony of his sentences, it is unprecedented. The late Lord has a collection that has been lost. There are 46 words, of which only 38 words can be confirmed by previous works or others. After being captured, he was named the disobedient Hou of Kaifeng Prefecture and worshipped General Zuo as a bully. According to historical records, Zhao Kuangyi repeatedly forced Zhou Xiao to stay in the palace. Every time I go back after Xiao Zhou, I cry and scold. In pain and depression, Li Yu wrote famous songs such as Looking at the South of the Yangtze River, Midnight Song and Young Beauty. Ancient painters also painted Xiao Zhou after Xiling was lucky. In Ming Dynasty, Shen Defu wrote Xiao Zhou after Xiling was lucky: "In Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizong painted Xiao Zhou after Xiling was lucky, with a hoe on his head, pale face and fat body. After the worship, the limbs were delicate, and several imperial envoys held them and frowned after a week. " Feng Haisu of Yuan Man wrote a poem on the map: "Li Huakai, left in the south of the Yangtze River, was also forcibly folded by the king; Blame the golden wind rushing to the ground, and the imperial garden is full of red and purple. " (Zhou Xiao is E Huang's younger sister. Later, she was named Mrs. Zheng and ordered to visit the palace regularly. Zhou Xiao is a stunning beauty, and Zhao Guangyi (Song Taizong) is drooling over her beauty.
The phrase "the old country can't bear to look back on the bright moon and bright moon" expounds the rise and fall of a pronoun emperor, bent on diving into the deep sea of poetry and literature. As a member of the royal family, he has never been as outstanding as an emperor. However, history always likes to make jokes like this: among the heirs of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Li Jing, the leader of China at that time, made an oath of "brotherhood" before the death of his fierce ancestor Li Bian, that is, passed the throne to his younger brother Jing Sui. However, because Hong Yi, the eldest son of Li Yu's brother Li Jing, made him a prince at that time, the matter of "brotherhood" was not mentioned for many years. However, Li Yu's brother Hong Yi and his father Li Jing have completely different personalities. Hongyi is decisive and resolute, and has a strong desire for power. Therefore, as an emperor, Li Jing will always be dissatisfied, and Li Jing will also think of brotherhood. Li Hongyi was worried that his father would pass the throne to his uncle according to his oath, so he secretly killed his uncle Jing Sui. However, Li Hongji failed to become emperor. Why? Because history is history after all. He was bent on becoming an emperor, and went with him a few months after his uncle died. Then our hero Li Yu complied with the overall situation, took over the mess of the later Tang Dynasty and became emperor. After Li Yu became emperor, he wrote a letter to the Northern Song Dynasty, called "Song Taizu Promotion Table". As can be seen from this article, Li Yu's next step is really a mess, which also shows that he has no intention of becoming an emperor. This can also be reflected in the later emperor's career, because Li Yu's indecision made him make many political mistakes-killing people who should be killed and killing people who shouldn't be killed is one of the important points. Although his journey to the emperor was not smooth and quite bad, his position in the history of poetry was extraordinary. After the national subjugation, he wrote his own tragic feelings of national subjugation in Bianjing without fear. The heroic feelings of homesickness, "how much sorrow, just like a river flowing eastward", created a precedent in which words can also be lyrical. A poem "Young Beauty" ruined a generation of great poets, but at the same time it also created the eternal spread of this tragic poet. Artistic Achievements Li Yu has made great achievements in art, the most famous words are Yu Meiren and Langtaosha Ling. Calligraphy and painting: He is good at calligraphy and painting. As for his calligraphy, Gu Tao's "Qing Louis", Ceng Yun said, "The late master is good at calligraphy, vigorous as cold pine and frost bamboo, which is called" Jin Cuodao ". If you write in big letters and don't write in silk, you can be satisfied. It is called' pinch of books' in the world. " As for his paintings, Guo's Painting Knowledge and Experience in the Song Dynasty said: "Li Yu, the queen of Jiangnan, only knows Qing and is good at painting and calligraphy. It is far better to taste the forest stone birds than the regular flow, higher than the accident. " Unfortunately, there are no calligraphy and painting handed down from generation to generation. Ci: The style of Li Yu's Ci is divided into two periods, one before and the other after 975 AD. His early ci style was beautiful and soft, and he didn't break away from the habit of "flowers". According to the content, it can be roughly divided into two categories: one is to describe the magnificent palace life and the affair between men and women, such as Bodhisattva Man and Ying Huan. Due to the great changes in life, his later poems made the king of national subjugation become the "southern king" in the eternal ci world (in the words of Qing Shenxiong's "Ancient and Modern Ci"), which is exactly "the unfortunate poet of the country is fortunate, in terms of it. These sad and tragic late ci poems with profound artistic conception laid the foundation of Su Xin's so-called "bold and unconstrained" school and became a great master in the history of ci poems. As for the beauty and harmony of his sentences, it is unprecedented. For example, Yu Meiren, Langtaosha order ... Wang Guowei thinks: "Wen Feiqing's words are beautiful; Wei Duanji's words, bone show also; Li Shiguang's writing is also beautiful. "Moreover, he also said," Ci has become a master's word and a scholar-bureaucrat's word. Zhou Jie Village is placed under Wen Wei, which can be described as reversing black and white. " This last sentence is aimed at what Zhou Ji said in "Miscellaneous Poems of Xiecunzhai": "Heshi is a beauty on earth, who is good at strict makeup and light makeup, and rude does not hide the national color. Fei Qing, strict makeup; End yourself and make up lightly; After the Lord, rude and confused. ".Wang believes that this kind of comment is in Yang Wen's suppression of Wei. There is also a view in academic circles that the original intention of Zhou Ji is that Li Yu is not as good as Wen Listening Cloud and Wei Zhuang in terms of neat words and sentences. However, as far as the vividness and fluency of ci poetry are concerned, the former is obviously more vigorous and natural, and "carelessly does not cover up the national color." Li Yu's ci got rid of Hua's frivolity. His words are true, his language is vivid, his image is vivid, his personality is distinct and his feelings are sincere. After the national subjugation, his ci poems have a wide range of themes and profound meanings, surpassing the five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty and becoming the pioneer of the graceful ci school in the early Song Dynasty. Later generations respectfully called him "Ci Emperor". Li Yu's Ci has inherited the tradition of Hua Jian Ci poets such as Wen and Wei Zhuang since the late Tang Dynasty, and was influenced by Li Jing and others, which promoted the creation of Ci. Its main achievements are as follows: ① Expanding the expression field of words. Li Yu's previous writings were mainly erotic and shallow in content. Even if it contains a little hug, it mostly adopts figurative techniques, which are hidden but not revealed. However, most of Li Yu's works are straightforward, pouring out his life and feelings of the country and expressing his true feelings. Therefore, Wang Guowei said, "When Ci came to Li Houzhu, its vision began to widen and its feelings deepened, so it became a musician's ci and a scholar-bureaucrat's ci. "(Shi Shuo Xin Yu) ② has a high generality. Li Yu's ci often reflects a certain realm of universal significance in real life through concrete and sensible personality images. Famous sayings such as "The small building was easterly last night, so my country can't bear to look back at the bright moon in the middle of the month" ([Yu Meiren]), "When the water goes and spring comes, it's all in the world" ([Langtaosha]), "People naturally grow up and hate the water longer than the east" ([Meet each other]) and "If you hate it like spring grass, you can live farther" ([Qingpingle]) are all profound. Of course, there is also a poem about cheating, such as "rowing socks and walking golden shoes" (Bodhisattva Xia), which is also very famous. ③ Language is natural, refined and expressive. His writing is not gorgeous, but touching; Not vague, but meaningful; Form a fresh and beautiful artistic feature. (4) originality in style. Hua and Southern Tang poets are generally good at euphemism, while Li Yu is good at euphemism. For example, Haodang in Yulouchun, Wu Ye Tune, Androgyny in Xiong Qi and Kuyin (see Tang Fu Thorn by Tan Xian), and If a pony is born in Yu Meiren (Zhou Jiru said by Nalan Xingde, "Flower words are like ancient jade, which are valuable but not applicable, but Song poems are applicable. "(Miscellaneous Notes of Lushui Pavilion) Li Yuji has been lost. There are forty-four words. Only 38 works can be confirmed. His veteran said that he had 30 volumes of anthology and 100 essays. Li Yuji 10 is included in Reading in the County Zhai, and Nan Tang 10 is included in History, Art and Literature of Song Dynasty, both of which have been lost. The two main scripts in Southern Tang Dynasty were 1 volume, which solved the problems in Records of Zhi Zhai. At present, there are 34 Li Yu's poems in Mohuazhai Edition in the forty-eighth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1620), among which "Looking at Jiangnan" can be divided into two poems. Shao Changguang recorded another 65,438+0 poems in the post-Qing period, and Wang Guowei supplemented nine poems of the Southern Tang Dynasty in modern times, but there seem to be many problems. According to the opinions of most modern scholars, only 32 poems can be identified as Li Yu's. In Qing Dynasty, Liu Ji wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, Tang Guizhang wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, and Wang Zhongwen wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty. Zhan Antai's Li Jing Li Words has detailed annotations. For his deeds, see History of the New Five Dynasties, History of the Song Dynasty, Book of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Ma Ling and Lu You, and Chronicle of Two Masters of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Xia. Complement the "colorful feathers" with big weeks.
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Li Yu (Queen of Southern Tang Dynasty) and his confidante left a vivid impression in the minds of later generations, that is, he left us a lot of fragrant, gentle and sad words. His ci did cause him indelible greatness, so later generations evaluated him not only as a former monarch, but also as an "emperor in ci". But we should know that his success-the success of literature-can't forget a woman he is obsessed with-a few weeks later. A few weeks later, E Huang was born in 936, one year older than his late master. In the records of literature and history, she is indeed an affectionate and wise woman, because most of the ancient emperors had other ladies in his court, and the rare beauty in 3,000 years rarely put all their souls on one empresses, and rarely did not change their love, but expressed it in literature. A week later, she was loved by an affectionate emperor and showed her love in literature. Of course, she is a well-qualified and talented woman. According to Lu You's Book of Southern Tang Dynasty, she is proficient in book history, melody and especially pipa. Yuan Zong (the late father) appreciated his art and gave him a traffic pipa. My late master missed my hometown, and then invited me to dance drunk. They have re-lit the colorful feather, which is the most popular music in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty. The music is unique to the later masters, but it is easy to be mistaken for the later generations, and it is quite gloomy, complicated, novel and clear. She often plays the music of her former teacher and is highly praised by her former teacher. This is the driving force behind her lyrics. Li Yu's first work "Huanxi Yarn": the red sun is three feet high, the golden stove adds fragrance to the beast, and the red brocade lichen wrinkles with the step. Beauty dances with golden hairpin, wine can't smell flowers, and other halls can smell flute and drum. Write down the feelings after infatuation and the romantic scenes in the deep palace. Look at his "A Tiger Pearl": Xiao's makeup just came off, and Shen Tan paid a little attention, revealing a few lilacs to people, singing a clear song, and temporarily leading the cherry to break. The sleeves are worn out. The cup is deeply whirled by the fragrant mash, and the embroidered bed leans against jiao, chewing red velvet and laughing at Tan Lang. This intimate ambiguity and the tenderness of children are really written naked. "Chewing red velvet and laughing at Tan Lang" is not strange to modern people, but it was strange enough in feudal society thousands of years ago. After the sentimental week, the poet's pen of my late master was moved to launch the sentimental week to pay tribute to eternity. Literature is the product of environment and emotional communication, which has been completely confirmed here. Life always has a happy ending, and unfortunate things will come to the happiest people one day. When he was twenty-eight, he fell ill a week later. After the Lord sees food day and night, he can't taste the medicine until it's close, and those who don't take off their clothes are tired, such as waiting on their parents. However, a few weeks later, it was finally blown away by the autumn wind. At that time, the late Lord stood up in grief, and his staff was later raised. Just like his mourning, he jumped into the well to be martyred and survived. He also invented thousands of words, all of which were extremely sour. It was a great misfortune for the deceased. Later, she was buried in Yiling, Zhao Hui, posthumous title. You can see the mood of the deceased from the following words. Please look at the following song: pearls are precious in front of you, flowers are carved in the world, but I hate them in my heart and lose my palm. Jade barnyard grass is still full of medicine, and the incense has been stained with dust. There will be feelings before and after the funeral, and there will be no tears when touching the towel. Beauty is like a fragrant tree, but the dangerous road is similar. It is sad to practice spring, but it is also bitter and rainy. Where is Lily today? What is lost is empty. Nowhere to ask, the Millennium thanks the east wind. This word expresses the late master's deep affection for Zhou Zhou and his deep sorrow and great pain. After the death of his beloved wife, this kind of pain and stimulation has been deeply rooted in his heart, dragging him from a gentle and intoxicated country to a sad and miserable situation, so his words have changed from "chewing red velvet" to "who leans on the railing with tears" and "the autumn wind is many ... the night is long and people are helpless", which gives him a lot of material for words. After Zhou Zhou's death, she was able to make her late master make fragrant remarks, but after her death, she was influenced to make sentimental remarks. This achievement is something that future generations should thank her for. Since ancient times, literati and beautiful women have been inextricably linked; How many great literary and artistic works have the theme of vanilla beauty. "Twelve Women in Jinling" and "Twelve Women in Jinling" in A Dream of Red Mansions are both peerless beauties. A week after her death, Li Yu married her sister Zhou Zhou and became queen. Indeed, the magic of beauty is enough to induce the hearts of literati and make them write literature with blood and tears. The late Lord won't be an emperor, but he inadvertently became an emperor between the lines and was praised by later generations above all emperors. Who says this is not the power of Zhou Zhou? Li Yu's maid of honor. It is said that she was the first woman to bind her feet. Tao's "Dropping Farming and Binding Feet" quoted Daoshan News: "Li Houzhu Palace is graceful and good at dancing. The queen is the golden lotus, which is six feet high ... so that girls can wrap their feet with silk, make them slim, bend over to make a new moon, dance clouds with plain socks, and spin like lingyun. " The main documents and biographies studied by Li Yu are: Li Jing's Li Yu Ci, Chen's Mo Hua Zhai Ben, Lv Yuan's Ten Nouns Collection, Hou Wencan's Interpretation of Two Nouns in Southern Tang Dynasty, Fu's and Liu Xiao's Li Jing Li Yu Ci, Zhan Antai's Study of Southern Tang Ci, and Xie Shiya's.
Semen Strychni and the Death of Li Yu
Traction poison, also called traction medicine, is a poison used by the ancient emperors of China to execute male and female servants. Dragging poison is the three most famous poisons in history, which is as famous as Gelsemium elegans and Astragalus membranaceus. This poison is actually the traditional Chinese medicine Semen Strychni. Semen Strychni, also known as Semen Strychni, mainly contains brucine and brucine. Its seeds are cold and bitter, and it has the effects of dredging collaterals, relieving pain, dispersing stagnation and reducing swelling. It is used in Chinese medicine to treat rheumatism, numbness, paralysis, traumatic injury and carbuncle. Due to the strong affinity of nux vomica to the central nervous system, it is difficult to distinguish. Excessive use of nux vomica may cause symptoms such as stiff neck, dilated pupils, shortness of breath, difficulty, and even convulsions. If not rescued in time, you may die of respiratory paralysis. According to legend, Li Houzhu was famous for poisoning him in the Southern Tang Dynasty. Li Yu began to write "The Young Mermaid", a masterpiece that has been told for ages. This poem is undisguised, revealing the undisguised yearning for the old country. Because of this word, Song Taizong thought Li Yu was a "fairy" and wanted to restore the weather, so he gave Li Yu "morning medicine" to commit suicide. After taking the medicine, Li Yu convulsed all over and couldn't stand up straight. Finally, his head and feet met and he died like a tractor. It is precisely because the posture of death after taking this medicine is that the head meets the feet. Li Yu took the medicine after drinking and helped the medicine, causing convulsions all over the body. In the end, the head meets the foot and dies like a tractor, so later generations also call it "tractor medicine."