On Moral Education of "Unity of Knowing and Doing"
The so-called "integration of knowledge and practice" is not a general relationship between understanding and practice. "Knowledge" mainly refers to people's moral consciousness.
And thoughts. "Doing" mainly refers to people's moral practice and practical actions. Therefore, the relationship between knowledge and action,
In other words, the relationship between moral consciousness and moral practice, and the relationship between some thoughts and practical actions. Wang Shouren's thought of "unity of knowledge and action" includes the following two meanings.
1, there is a line in knowledge, and there is knowledge in the line. The integration of knowledge and practice is a hard work.
Wang Shouren thinks that knowing and doing are the same thing, and cannot be divided into two parts: knowing is about to do, knowing is about to do, knowing is about to do, doing is about to do, and doing is about to do. He said: "knowing and doing are two words, and it takes a long time." Just say one thing and do it yourself; Just say one line. "Know the reason, know the reason, and know the secret. It is only divided into two hard work for later scholars, and the ontology of knowing and doing is completely lost, so there is a saying that one goes hand in hand. True knowledge is to do what you can, and it is not enough not to know what you can't do. "
He combines knowledge with practice, knowing is acting, knowing in action, knowing in action, knowing in action, knowing in action, knowing in action, knowing in action, knowing in action, knowing in action, knowing in action, knowing in action, being inclusive and blending with each other. This confuses the boundary between knowing and doing, denies the essential difference between knowing and doing, and denies the unity of opposites between knowing and doing, which is wrong in theory. Because knowing and doing are two different categories after all. He regards "knowledge" as "action" in the ideological category and lets knowledge act for him; He also regards "behavior" as "knowledge", which belongs to the category of practice and reality, and replaces knowledge with behavior. As a result, knowledge and practice are confused, and the relationship between knowledge and practice is vague. However, from the perspective of moral education, he strongly opposes the separation of knowing and doing in moral education, and "knowing without doing" highlights that all morality belongs to the conscious action of individuals, which is of positive significance. Because from the perspective of moral education, moral consciousness can not be separated from moral behavior, and moral behavior can not be separated from moral consciousness. The two are inseparable. Knowledge must be manifested in action, and failure cannot be regarded as real knowledge. Moral knowledge and moral consciousness must be manifested as moral behavior. If you don't act, it can't be regarded as real knowledge. Wang Shouren thought "conscience". Nothing is impossible, but doing it consciously, that is, knowing. This is undoubtedly profound.
2. Do what you know, decide what you know and sell what you think you know.
Wang Shouren said: "knowing is the idea of doing, and doing is the time; Knowing is the beginning of doing, and doing is the achievement of knowing. " He means that feudal morality is the guiding ideology of human behavior, and it is time to achieve "conscience" by acting according to the requirements of feudal morality. Ideological activity under the guidance of feudal morality is the beginning of behavior, and behavior that meets the requirements of feudal moral norms is the completion of "conscience" Wang Shouren said: "When I talk about the integration of knowledge and practice today, I just want people to know that it is enough to think about the launch site. If there is something wrong with the launch site, I will knock down this bad idea and completely inconvenience it, lurking in my chest. This is my purpose. " What he means is that the "conscience" in my heart is launched outward, and the form of expression is "action". Subjective thoughts, emotions and motives when "conscience" is launched can all be called "action". He sometimes calls a person's sincere attitude when studying "OK". This kind of thinking is "do it at first", that is, do it with knowledge, do it with inaction, and sell it as knowledge. In order to demonstrate that knowing is doing, he said: "Seeing lust belongs to knowing, and being good at lust belongs to doing; I saw that when I was horny, I had healed myself. I don't want to make up my mind after reading it. Smelling stench belongs to knowledge, and evil stench belongs to behavior; " I feel bad when I smell that stench, not when I smell it. It means,
Seeing beauty is knowledge, and loving beauty is ok; Smelling the stench is knowledge, and you can hate it. Seeing lewdness, loving lewdness, and smelling stench happen at the same time, so knowing and doing are one.
In order to carry out his moral education thought of "unity of knowing and doing", he also put forward some concrete moral education methods.
1, implemented in a quiet place
The so-called "enlightenment in silence" is actually meditation to clarify one's mind, reflect on oneself, get rid of all selfish distractions and realize one's sincerity. This is the inheritance and development of Dong Zhongshu's thought of "seeing inside and listening outside" and Lu Jiuyuan's thought of "keeping the original heart", and it is also the influence of Zen's thought of "sitting and observing its nature". As he said, "when we say meditation in the temple, we don't mean meditation, because we are always worried about things and don't know what we should do, so we want to go to primary school and rest assured for a while." He denied the influence of meditation, but he was influenced by meditation, which is the consistent method of orthodox Neo-Confucianism.
2. Things are tempered
Wang Shouren believes that if we blindly pursue meditation, it is easy to make people "like meditation and hate sports, and fall into the disease of dry manuscript", or make people become "ignorant people" who are silent. "Only in this way can we do some things well, and even if we are troubled, we will no longer be dominated by the economy", so he also proposed "tempering things". He said: "it is beneficial for people to exercise their kung fu in things;" If you have to be quiet, you will be chaotic when you encounter something and will never make progress; That kind of quiet kung fu, almost like convergence, is actually drowning. "What he is talking about here is" tempering things ",that is," asking scholars about their daily activities, reading and practicing, and working hard on the spot ",which means realizing" conscience "through daily affairs such as" sound, color and taste ". He opposes talking about "to conscience" without things, and thinks that it is meaningless to talk about "to conscience" verbally, while "learning without things" is empty. He advocates that moral cultivation should be closely linked with daily life and "tempered in things." , in order to implement the "unity of knowledge and action".
3. Provincial examination and treatment
Wang Shouren also inherited and developed the traditional cultivation methods of "introspection" and "private prosecution" of Confucianism, and put forward the idea of "stopping governance". He said, "There is no time to examine the merits of the rule of law. If you want to get rid of thieves, you must have a sense of sweeping. When you have nothing to do, you should pursue it one by one, looking for lewdness, good goods and good names, and you must uproot the root cause and never get up again. It is often like a cat catching a mouse. When you watch and listen, you will have an idea, that is, go with Ke, be firm, not indifferent, be convenient for him, don't hide from him, and don't let him go out. Only in this way can you really work hard and really throw caution to the wind. He also said: "Dick must be cleaned up. If there is nothing, there will be evil. " At this time, he further developed the traditional thought of "self-denial and introspection", and long emphasized "uprooting" and "sweeping and cleaning up". In his view, if we can't overcome "human desire" with what he called "justice" in the process of cultivation, even if we leave a trace, then the result will be in vain. From Wang Shouren's idealistic moral education thought, we can see that he deeply realized the significance of the struggle between two moral concepts, which is still instructive for us.
Wang Shouren said: "There is no time to examine the merits of governance. If you want to get rid of thieves, you must have the intention to clean them up. When you have nothing to do, you should investigate and search for lewd, good goods, good names and other private things one by one. You must uproot the disease and never get up again. " Advocate continuous self-reflection and procuratorial work, and consciously restrain all kinds of selfish desires. Obviously, this is the inheritance and development of the traditional Confucian cultivation methods of "introspection" and "self-denial", and the reasonable factors that emphasize the consciousness and subjective initiative of moral cultivation can be critically absorbed.
4. It's more expensive than exchange.
Wang Shouren believes that people will always make some mistakes that violate ethical norms in social life, even if they are great sages, it is hard to avoid them. Therefore, in moral cultivation, it is not expensive to make mistakes, but expensive to correct them. He said: "It is inevitable for a person to become a great sage, but it does not harm his death as a great sage, because he can change it." Therefore, innocence is not expensive, but it is expensive to change. "Although, in order to be able to mend, we must first admit our mistakes and express repentance, but repentance does not mean to mend. So he added, "Repentance is a good medicine for treating diseases, but it is more important to change it. The proposition that "reform is more important" embodies Wang Shouren's realistic spirit and forward-looking attitude in moral education, which is desirable.
On children's education: the theory of children's education with temperament
Wang Shouren attaches great importance to children's education. Starting from the requirement of "giving conscience", he believes that "conscience" is the most preserved and the least deceived in childhood, and education should start from childhood.
1) Expose and criticize traditional children's education regardless of children's physical and mental characteristics 2) Children's education must conform to children's temperament.
The contents of children's education include "singing poetry", "learning etiquette" and "reading".
Wang Shouren believes that childhood is in an important period of development, and children's energy, body and intelligence are in the process of development, that is, the so-called "full, strong and Zhi Ming". Therefore, teaching must take this characteristic into account, and to what extent children's acceptance develops, we should teach at this level. He summed up this idea of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude as "acting according to one's ability". He said: "Our generation only knows according to our limits. ? Discussing learning with others must also be restricted by people. "
1, coping with temperament and stimulating interest
Wang Shouren believes that teaching should pay attention to children's age characteristics. He said: "Generally speaking, as a boy's love, people are happy to swim and afraid of being caught. For example, plants are comfortable when they germinate, but they will wither when scratched. Teaching boys today will make them tend to be inspired and happy, so they can't get in. For example, if it rains and winds, flowers and trees will sprout and grow. Naturally, the longer it is, the longer it will be. First frost is gone, business is depressed, and the manuscript will be dry in the future. " Generally speaking, children's temperament always likes to play, afraid of bondage and imprisonment, just like grass and trees just sprout, which will develop when they meet, and decline when they are destroyed. Therefore, he advocates that children's education should be carried out according to this feature, and positive educational methods should be adopted to make children "tend to be inspired" and "take happiness as the center", so that children's learning can be improved day by day, just as the rain of spring breeze wets the vegetation and business is abundant, instead of first frost peeling off and business is depressed.
2. Self-satisfaction and independent thinking
Wang Shouren believes that learning must be independent thinking, emphasizing self-satisfaction, opposing idolatry and blindly following teachers' learning methods. He said, "the study of a gentleman is based on the heart." He thinks that if children's learning is effective; On the contrary, it is impossible to master knowledge well. Therefore, teachers should guide children to "get their own hearts" in teaching, instead of suppressing and binding children's thinking with their so-called childishness. He advocates cultivating children to think independently from an early age, not blindly following, so that children can "understand deeply" when they grow up, gradually form their own views and are not easily influenced by others. He said: "The heart of learning is in one husband, not in one husband. Although his words came from Confucius, I dare not think they are right, but they are not as good as Confucius. " This is from the heart, but it's true. Although it comes from a cliche, I dare not think it is wrong, but it comes from Confucius! He emphasized that the spirit of self-satisfaction, independent thinking, courage to doubt, not blindly following superstition and not following the crowd is outstanding. He thinks learning is better than "understanding" with others. He opposed Zhu's view that "the way to learn lies in poor management, and poor management lies in reading". He believes that "the essence of the Six Classics" lies in "my heart", and it is not enough to study alone, but to take the senior high school entrance examination in my heart. "Seeking from the heart" is the foundation. Reading is just looking for tools and methods, just as bloggers need crutches just to help themselves walk. Opposing blindly following the classics and advocating independent thinking are the important characteristics of his educational thought.
Step by step, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude
Wang Shouren believes that teaching must be gradual, and children's learning should start from the existing foundation, gradually deepen, and develop in the order of "full of vitality, endless strength and smart day". A person from infancy to adulthood has its stages of development, such as
To plant trees, it is necessary to cultivate them properly and "start from the primitive and forge ahead step by step." It is impossible to say that children should be educated according to their level of acceptance. We can't ask too much, we can't be too hasty, and we can't stay at a fixed low level. If you instill a lot of profound knowledge regardless of your child's acceptance, it will hurt your child like pouring a bucket of water on a seedling.
He believes that teaching must be "different from person to person" and different from person to person. People's talents are also different, so it is an important task of school education to make them "conducive to talent". He said: "People have different qualifications and it is impossible to wait for teaching. If someone below the average level talks to him about sex, he doesn't have to save it, but he must gradually ponder. " Pay attention to everyone's advantages and disadvantages in teaching. For example, the purpose of a good doctor is not to have a prescription. No matter what the symptoms are, everyone will take this medicine. Teaching must be the same as treating diseases, and attention should be paid to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
In a word, he thinks that children's personalities are different and everyone's natural endowments are different, so the teaching methods should be different from person to person, and the same method cannot be used. He is firmly opposed to using a model to bind children, and needs to advocate the development of each child's different personality through teaching.
In terms of teaching content, Wang Shouren advocates that children should be educated in three aspects: "singing poems", "learning etiquette" and "reading" to cultivate their thoughts and temperament.
(1) Poetry of Temptation: He advocates educating children by singing and reciting poems, which can not only stimulate their ambitions, but also eliminate their playful psychology, give them an opportunity to vent their excess energy, and also relieve their inner worries and troubles, so that children can be cheerful and lively and express their feelings appropriately.
(2) "Guiding Rites": He advocates educating children by learning etiquette, which can not only make children develop certain etiquette habits, but also achieve the function of exercising and strengthening the body through etiquette actions such as "bowing" and "bowing down".
(3) "Ironic reading", he advocates developing children's intelligence, increasing children's sentence knowledge, and at the same time "deliberately promoting their own ambitions" to form children's certain moral concepts and ideals.
In addition, Wang Shouren thought that there should be a course of "taking an examination of morality" and made specific provisions. Every morning, children are required to be inspected at home and in the neighborhood for "teaching by example", "loving parents and respecting elders", "step-by-step etiquette" and "loyalty, filial piety and righteousness", and to be taught and enlightened tactfully before class. This is conducive to cultivating children's moral behavior habits from an early age.