The basic types of sick sentences:

1. Incorrect word order

(1) Sentences are out of order; (2) The order of sentence components is disordered; (3) The terms are reversed.

2. The structure is chaotic

(1) hybridization (sometimes with this structure, sometimes with that structure);

(2) Broken thread (the structure of one sentence is complete, but its last part serves as the beginning of another sentence);

(3) changing hands halfway (in the middle of a sentence, suddenly starting a new stove and starting a new sentence);

(4) Objection to the object (using components other than the subject of the first half of the sentence as the subject of the second half of the sentence, so it is entangled);

(5) Ambiguous structure (ambiguous structure can make a sentence have two meanings).

3. Incomplete or redundant components

(1) component is incomplete (mainly subject, predicate and object);

(2) Redundancy (overlapping, repetition, distributability, "de" redundancy, object center redundancy, pronoun redundancy, plural expression redundancy, locative word redundancy, tense expression redundancy, function word redundancy, adjective redundancy).

4. Improper collocation

(1) Improper collocation of subject and predicate;

(2) Improper collocation of verbs and objects;

(3) Improper collocation of modifiers and headwords;

(4) improper collocation of one side and two sides;

(5) Improper collocation of negation and affirmation.

5. The meaning is not clear

(1) is puzzling;

(2) Fuzziness.

6. illogical

(1) is contradictory; (2) The scope is not clear; (3) imposing cause and effect; (4) inversion of subject and object; (5) Inference is illogical.

(3) Proposition direction

The examination of ill sentences in college entrance examination includes both analysis and revision. Judging from the types of questions, there are roughly two types: one is multiple-choice questions (Volume I) and the other is subjective questions (Volume II). As far as multiple-choice questions are concerned, the key test is to choose a sentence that is not wrong, and the four options basically take into account several types of wrong sentences, with a score of 3 points. Subjective questions not only stay in discrimination, but also need to be revised. The types of ill sentences investigated are slightly expanded. Besides grammar, it also involves punctuation and words. In recent three years, some revised issues have been examined together with the simplicity, coherence and appropriateness of language. Compared with multiple-choice questions, the revised questions are more comprehensive and more difficult, with a score of 3 ~ 5.

(D) Methods to solve problems

1. Identification method

To distinguish whether there is a problem with a sentence, we must master the analysis method. Here are some common methods:

(1) language sense reading method

Mobilize the sense of language, and in the process of reading, detect the faults of sentences emotionally, that is, see if they are awkward according to the customary saying. If it is embarrassing, it is necessary to analyze and compare, find out the reasons and make changes.

(2) Structural analysis method

First, the trunk branches and leaves combing method.

There are two kinds of sentences: simple sentences and complex sentences. In a simple sentence, first remove the additional components (attributive, adverbial and complement) in the sentence, tie the trunk tightly, and check whether there is any problem. If there is nothing wrong with the trunk, check the part again to see if there is a problem between the modifier and the head word, or if there is a problem inside the modifier.

Second, the analytic hierarchy process.

Analytic Hierarchy Process is mainly suitable for complex sentences. In other words, first analyze the levels between clauses, and then see whether the meaning relationship is appropriate.

(3) Sentence analogy method

If there is something wrong with some sentences, you won't be sure for a while. At this time, imitate the structure of the original sentence to make a daily sentence. After the comparison, the problem becomes clear.

(4) Logical meaning analysis method

Some grammatical errors are not easy to find, so we should analyze them rationally. This is the logical meaning analysis method. Logical meaning analysis should consider whether it is appropriate from three aspects: concept, judgment and reasoning, and whether the sentence order and sentence meaning relationship are appropriate.

(5) legal scoring method

Some sentences themselves have certain signs, and their language diseases often appear in those marked parts. For example, sentences with multiple negative words often have inappropriate negative errors; Sentences containing words such as "can" and "whether" often make mistakes that one side does not correspond to the other; Sentences with prepositional structure at the beginning of the sentence often have prepositional structure to cover up the mistakes of the subject and so on. When doing the problem, you can follow the characteristics of this kind of sentence, find the disease accurately and get the accurate answer.

Modification method

For multiple-choice questions, it is enough to distinguish right from wrong, but mistakes need to be corrected when modifying the questions. This requires mastering the modification method. So how to modify sick sentences?

The following principles should be followed when modifying ill sentences: ① Keep the original intention to the maximum extent; (2) No new language diseases can appear after the revision; ③ Keep sentences concise; ④ It should be modified according to the actual expression. The second is to use appropriate modification methods. The method of revision can be summarized as four words: ① addition (for sick sentences with incomplete components, the missing components should be completed); (2) change (use accurate words for ill sentences with inaccurate words); ③ Mood (for ill sentences with improper word order, methods such as shifting words and adjusting sentences should be adopted to make the word order reasonable); (4) Delete (for redundant repetitive sentences, delete this redundant repetitive part).

★ Dialogue college entrance examination

Example 1(2004 National College Entrance Examination Volume 1) Among the following sentences, the sentence with correct punctuation is ().

A. Before leaving for the World Cup in Athens, the leader of the China diving team said, "The warm-up match before the Olympic Games is scheduled to complete three tasks, feel the venue, observe the opponents and know yourself."

B CCTV's "3? 15 "TV publicity activities will be jointly organized and completed by the children's column of CCTV Economic Channel.

C. On the one hand, the tourist routes are aging and the reception capacity is insufficient; On the other hand, tourists have different tastes and different economic affordability. These are the two major problems that China faces in opening up its European tourism.

D Recently, many senior officials at the provincial and ministerial levels were sentenced to death for corruption and bribery, and the people applauded, but people are still concerned about how the procuratorate will deal with those bribers.

The correct use of punctuation marks is not difficult to analyze, and it is re-included in the scope of examination according to the requirements of the 2004 examination outline. "Feel the venue, observe the opponent and find yourself" has an explanatory relationship with the "three tasks" in the A quotation, so the comma after the "three tasks" should be changed to a colon. The "healthy order and healthy life" in item B is a "theme", not the title of a book or other works. The title of the book can't be used, it should be replaced by quotation marks. There are two difficulties before the colon of item C, followed by the conclusion, so the colon is used correctly and the pause inside is also correct. "Old tourist routes", "insufficient reception capacity", "different tastes of tourists" and "different economic affordability" are all the objects of "yes", so pause is used. Although the last clause of item D contains the interrogative pronoun "how", it is a declarative sentence, so a question mark cannot be used. You should change the question mark to a full stop.

Answer c

Example 2 (Hunan Volume of National College Entrance Examination in 2004) The punctuation in the following sentence is correct ().

A. The second generation cordless telephone adopts digital technology, mainly including pan-European digital cordless telephone, personal portable telephone and personal access communication system. , with two-way mutual calling and switching performance.

B. it takes skill to play the top. If the force is small, the gyro can't turn. If the force is large, the gyro is easy to "trip" and the force is symmetrical, so that the gyro can rotate evenly and quickly.

C. why does Jia mu want Daiyu to study? Daiyu said, "I have only read four books." Daiyu asked her sisters what books to read. "What book are you reading?" "I only know two words," said Grandmother Jia. "I'm not blind! '

D. there are two ways in which science affects human things. The first is familiar: science directly and indirectly produces tools that completely change human life. The second is educational-it acts on thought.

Analysis A. "..." and "etc." cannot be used at the same time, so "..." should be deleted. B. three parallel clauses, with semicolons: it is skillful to hit the gyro, and the gyro can't turn with little force; When the force is high, the gyro is easy to "fall off"; Only when the force is symmetrical can the gyro rotate evenly and quickly. C. There is no doubt about paraphrasing others' words, so don't ask questions; And "Four Books" is the title of the book, which should be added. Grandmother Jia asked Daiyu what books to read. Daiyu said, "I only read four books." Daiyu asked her sisters what books to read. "What book are you reading?" Grandmother Jia said, "I only know two words, not blind!"

Answer d

Example 3(2004 National College Entrance Examination Volume III) Among the following sentences, the sentence with correct punctuation is ().

People are familiar with IELTS test, and now a brand-new professional foreign language proficiency test, BULATS test, also comes from Britain and is introduced by the National Personnel Testing Center.

B. She walked, thought and moved alone on the forest path, and almost forgot everything: can't tell whether it is rain or snow falling in the sky? I don't know whether water or tears are slowly flowing on my face.

C. 19-year-old female college students won the championship seven times in a row in the "Lucky 52" program, which aroused the curiosity of the media. Some asked her to talk about "how to be versatile"; Some asked her: "How to wear a few hats"; Let her say anything. ...

Xinhua Dictionary is the first standardized modern Chinese dictionary in China, edited by Wei, a famous linguist in China. It is precisely because "everyone compiles small books" that a small reference book has survived for decades.

Analysis A. "IELTS test" and "Bos test" belong to the same test category, not books, and do not use the name of books. Quotes should be used instead; B. "Is it rain or snow dripping in the sky" and "Is it water or tears flowing on your face", although they have interrogative tone, they are used as the objects of "unclear" and "unknown" respectively in the sentence, so there is no question mark. The former question mark can be replaced by a comma or semicolon, and the latter can be replaced by a period. Remove the quotation marks and colons.

Answer d

Example 4 (Tianjin Volume of National College Entrance Examination in 2004) The following sentence is ()

A. I haven't had time to revise this script according to the requirements of the editor-in-chief For several years, I have been holding a grudge and deeply owed him.

Although the incidence of traffic accidents is getting worse, we still can't be careless.

In modern social life, television and computers, the darling of the times, are almost indispensable to us.

D. these rumors will never fall from the sky. "There is no smoke without fire, no roots and no grass."

Analysis A. "Trouble" is used here in its original meaning, and "something is on my mind". C. "indispensable", indispensable, in line with the meaning of the question. D. "There is no smoke without fire, no roots and no grass" is an idiom, which means that everything happens for a reason. B. "going from bad to worse" means that the situation is getting worse and worse, which can't be used to say the incidence of traffic accidents.

Answer b

Example 5 (Chongqing Volume of National College Entrance Examination in 2004) One of the following options is ()

A. It's getting closer and closer to the day of voting. True or false, all the old sesame seeds and rotten millet that damaged Schwarzenegger's image have been dug up.

B.do you still want your dad to make sure you pass? To tell you the truth, he has crossed the river like a clay idol-he is in danger and no one can save you!

C not long ago, Wang Gang returned to CCTV to host a program and left "animals" to find "friends", which quickly attracted the attention of many viewers.

D. You've done so much work, I can make it look brand-new with three times five divided by two! Who is like you? I can't get it off for days.

Analysis A. "Old sesame rotten millet" refers to old things, regardless of context. B. The meaning of "mud bodhisattva crossing the river-it is difficult to protect himself" is very clear. I can't save myself. Of course, I can't save you. D. "Three times five divided by two" means that officers are quick, efficient and in the right context. C. "kill the carbine" means to fight back, taken out of context.

Answer c

Example 6 (Zhejiang Volume of National College Entrance Examination in 2004) The improper use of additional words in the following sentences is ()

A. if you can't do it now, don't force it. Do it later if you can.

B. He said modestly, "I am neither good at singing nor fond of sports; There is nothing but painting. "

C with the implementation of the re-employment project, many laid-off workers firmly believe that they will earn their own living and find their own life position again.

D. In the reform of state-owned enterprises, some people "set up a plank road in the morning to hide the truth" and embezzled state-owned assets under the guise of enterprise restructuring.

Analysis A. "Reluctance" refers to doing something beyond one's power. Meet the meaning of the question. C. "Mountains don't turn into water" refers to the cycle of things. Laid-off workers who have retired from this post can still find another post, which is in line with the context. D. "build a clear road and spend an hour in the dark" is a metaphor to confuse each other with false appearances to achieve a certain purpose. This refers to someone "embezzling state-owned assets under the guise of enterprise restructuring", which is in line with the context. B. "Nothing else" means that there is nothing extra to describe poverty or thrift, which means "nothing else", so it is taken out of context.

Answer b

Example 7(2004 National College Entrance Examination Volume 1) Among the following sentences, the sentence with clear meaning is ()

A. Panasonic's new product, the thickness of 14 mm, gives people a visual feeling, unlike Sony's products, which has the illusion that it is slightly thinner than the actual thickness.

B. The U.S. government still supports a strong dollar, but this is just lip service or decisive measures, which economists think is negative.

The representatives of the World AIDS Conference include the directors of China CCTV and Dragon TV, and the president of Hong Kong Phoenix TV was also invited to attend the conference.

D. This murder happened in an ordinary family, and it is also somewhat confusing among relatives. No one believes that Xiaoli's mother doesn't love her family.

Analytic ambiguity is one of the types of ill sentences listed in the examination syllabus, which can usually be divided into semantic ambiguity and structural ambiguity. Item A is semantically ambiguous, which readers can understand as "Panasonic's new products have the illusion that the thickness of 14 mm is slightly thinner than the actual thickness", while Sony's products do not have this illusion-they are different in this respect: they can also be understood as Sony's products have the illusion that the thickness is slightly thinner than the actual thickness ",while Panasonic's new products have the illusion that the thickness is slightly thinner than the actual thickness. Which product "has the illusion that it is slightly thinner than the actual thickness"? The reader can't understand. Item B also belongs to semantic ambiguity, because the word "this" in the last clause is a pronoun, and the last sentence it carries is a sentence related to yuan and metaphysics, so the reference is unclear, and the reader can't figure out whether "economist" denies "just paying lip service" or "taking decisive measures". Item d belongs to structural ambiguity. The last sentence can be understood as "saying that Xiaoli's mother doesn't love her/her family doesn't trust anyone" or "saying Xiaoli's mother doesn't love her family/doesn't trust anyone". Different pauses have different meanings.

Answer c

Example 8 (National College Entrance Examination in Spring 2004) Among the following sentences, the one without language barrier is ().

A. The modern history of China since the Opium War is familiar to most middle school students, and major historical events can be described clearly.

B. In order to maintain the style of Beijing's ancient capital, in the transformation of Beijing's old city, new buildings should be gradually upgraded with the Forbidden City and the Imperial City as the center.

C. When she first entered the literary world, her first debut was such a meaningful masterpiece that she couldn't help but be impressed.

D Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft successfully sent China's first astronaut into the vast space and returned safely, which is another remarkable achievement of China's space industry.

The analysis of the misuse of "right" in item A should be placed before the sentence "Opium War". What is checked is the defect of incomplete components. Item b "new construction" is inconsistent with "gradual improvement" and should be changed to "gradual expansion" or "gradual expansion" to repeat item C. The first novel in her first novel is the first novel.

Answer d

Example 9(2004 National College Entrance Examination Volume II) Among the following sentences, the one without language barrier is ().

A recently, the new district court concluded the case, and Xiao Zhang, who breached the contract, ordered him to compensate the plaintiff, Hao Luyuan Trading Company, for economic losses and legal costs of three extra yuan.

B in B.2003, the United States adjusted its visa policy, stipulating that the application time for studying abroad visa should be within 3 months to 2 weeks before the start of school.

A recent social survey shows that many online games contain violent plots and pornographic content, which will undoubtedly seriously affect the physical and mental health of teenagers.

D facing five American teams with NBA experience, China didn't get cold feet, but played like a rainbow in the whole game, and finally beat their opponents by three points.

Analyze a. the repetition of "multiple" and "redundant" and remove any one of them; Add "payment" before "legal fees". B the phrase "the time should be in ……" In addition, "3 months to 2 weeks" should be changed to "2 weeks to 3 months". D. The part "Facing Team USA" is incomplete and should be changed to "Facing Team USA composed of five players with NBA experience".

Answer c

Examples of common punctuation errors

1. Use question marks in non-interrogative sentences.

"I don't know who can get through this road? But I must go on unswervingly. "

Although there is doubt about "who can go this way", it is the object of "I don't know", and the whole sentence is a declarative sentence with verb-object structure, so a period cannot be used.

2. put the question mark in the inverted sentence.

"Go or not? My nephew. " This is an inverted sentence, "my sister-in-law", which is the subject of the whole sentence. In all inverted sentences, the question mark should be placed at the end of the sentence, so as to accurately express the tone of the question or rhetorical question. You can't ask questions as soon as you see them.

3. Use pause between clauses

"Pudong has spread its wings. She is so cheerful, high-spirited, working hard and flying to a brilliant tomorrow. "

There are actually three clauses here. Between the second clause and the third clause, a comma is used instead of a pause. "Cheerful, high-spirited and energetic" is a joint phrase. Pause cannot be used after the last component of a joint phrase.

4. Use pause between different levels of joint phrases.

"Shanghai's Yue Opera, Shanghai Opera, Huai Opera, Anhui's Huangmei Opera and Henan's Henan Opera all brought new plays in this performance." "Yue Opera, Shanghai Opera and Huai Opera" is a level; It is another level to form a joint language with Anhui Huangmei Opera and Henan Henan Opera. The use of pauses between different levels is inevitably unclear. The second level should be changed to comma.

5. Use pause before conjunctions

"The audience waited for a long time just to see her style or sign an autograph."

"Or" is a conjunction. You can't use pause before conjunctions that don't mean coordinate relationship, whether they are "or", "and" or ". Depending on the situation of different sentences, you can delete pauses or use commas.

6. Use pause to indicate approximate figures

"I look seventeen or eighteen years old and skinny." "Seventeen or eighteen years old" is a combination of two adjacent numbers, indicating the approximate age. Since it is an estimate, we can't pause. Because it is estimated that there is no need to stop; One plus pause becomes "seventeen" and "eight", which are juxtaposed and do not conform to the original intention of expression.

7. Use pause to set words.

"The success of this crackdown is inseparable from the efforts of public security cadres and police, and it is inseparable from the support of public security cadres and police families."

"Policeman" is a collective word, "cadre" refers to cadres, and "policeman" refers to police. Collective words are compact structures and cannot be separated by pauses. Don't use the pause in the words "primary and secondary school students", "institutions of higher learning" and "commanders and fighters".

8. Use semicolons instead of commas in sentences.

"The key to this campaign is: first, mobilize the masses; Second, we must find the right target; Third, we must do it quickly. "

Pause, comma, semicolon and colon are all periods in a sentence, but the pause time is different. Use a comma to add a short pause, and then use a semicolon to lengthen the pause, so as not to disturb the order. Semicolons can only be used directly between items listed in a branch.

9. Use a semicolon after a period in a sentence.

"First, learning is conscious. Have the spirit of stupid birds flying first, self-pressurization; Second, hard work is the key to learning. Have the spirit of perseverance, perseverance ... "

A period is a dot at the end of a sentence, and a semicolon is a dot in a sentence. Now that the period has been used, it means that the whole sentence is over, and it is neither fish nor fowl to use a semicolon again. Either change the period to a comma or change the semicolon to a period.

10. The range displayed after the colon is unclear.

"Mao Zedong has two poems:' A unique hero drives tigers and leopards, and no hero is afraid of bears', from which I feel the fearless spirit of people."

On the surface, the content after the colon is the full scope of the prompt. Actually, it is not. There are only two poems here. Either change the colon to a comma or change the comma to a period in quotation marks.

1 1. Pause briefly with a colon in the sentence.

"Three outstanding women in this city's literary world: Wang Anyi, Wang Xiaoying and Cheng Naishan are talking and laughing together."

"Three outstanding women" and "Wang Anyi, Wang Xiaoying and Cheng Naishan" are appositive phrases, with only a short pause in the middle, so punctuation is not needed. If you must use it, just use dashes to let Wang, Wang and Cheng be the explanatory words of the "Three Masters".

12. Use two colons in the same sentence.

"At the meeting in the evening, Secretary Zhang announced that the factory should implement two reform measures: one is to work with certificates, and the other is off-the-job training."

"Announcement" is followed by a colon, and "measures" is followed by a colon, which is not in line with the habit of punctuation. Generally, only one colon can be used in the same sentence, otherwise it will be difficult to identify. There should be two colons.

Change one to a comma.

13. Use a colon after "XXX" in the quotation.

"This bridge is about to open to traffic," he said, looking around the venue. "Please bite the bullet and make the final sprint."

Whenever "so-and-so" is inserted in the middle of a quotation, only commas can be used after this "so-and-so", not colons. The purpose of the colon here is to prompt the following. With a colon, the words in front are nowhere to be found.

14. The point at the end of the sentence in the quotation is misplaced.

How heroic is Li Bai's poem: "Didn't you see how the water of the Yellow River went out of heaven into the ocean and never came back?"

For the sake of future generations and the Chinese nation, they became "Prometheus who stole fire".

After quotation marks are used, whether the point at the end of a sentence is inside or outside quotation marks depends on whether the quoted part is independent or subordinate to the reference. The last sentence of Li Bai's poem is complete, and the point at the end of the sentence should be put in quotation marks; The next sentence "Prometheus who stole the fire" is only the object part of the sentence, and the point at the end of the sentence should be put outside quotation marks. Generally speaking, as long as a colon is used in front of it, it means that the references behind it are independent.

15. Straight quotation marks are used for horizontal arrangement.

"A stone stirs up a thousand waves, and people lend a helping hand. This is really the case in the world. "

Quotes can be divided into vertical and horizontal rows. Use ""horizontally ""and ""vertically, and don't use them indiscriminately. Some advertising designers mistakenly think that straight quotation marks are "". Antiques are more valuable than horizontal symbols, which is wrong.

16. This is not the title of the book.

Lida apartment is on sale today. ...

Book titles are used for titles of books, articles, newspapers and publications. "Lida Apartment" is the name of the commercial house, and the book name cannot be used. You can't abuse the title of a book in order to highlight an expression object.