Buyi Buyi history, the last 18 year (187 1 year), is on the way, and their academic activities have left deep regrets. Mo Youzhi's important academic achievements are: the history of local cooperation, the authentic Annals of Zunyi, and his poems include Lu Ting's Legacy and Yingshan Ci. According to the local history of the national library network, the catalogue sorts out the Buyi history, Buyi business family history, minority family history, national beauty history, national characteristics history and historical opportunities.
General situation of Buyi nationality
Buyi people have many historical names. The ancient "Pu" or "Guan" and "Ren" were all from the Tang Dynasty, and they were called "Fan" in the southwest, "Huamei House" in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, "Baci" in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, "Ode to a Beautiful House", "Beautiful Pictures" and "Loyal to the People".
Buyi people lived in today's Guizhou area in their early days, initially in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the southeast of China. The "bureaucratic style" of the homologous evolution of Buyi and Zhuang in ancient times Baiyue and Baipu tribes.
From the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty, Buyi people experienced a long primitive society and a slave society. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the feudal lords' economic dynasty began to rise to its title of leader and imprisonment policy. In the Ming Dynasty, the toast system became more and more perfect. By the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the production force was developed and entered Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan in large quantities. The increasingly prosperous market exchange rate and important cities, such as Guiyang, Anshun, Duyun, Dushan, Xingyi and commercial and trade centers.
According to population 1990, there are 2,545,059 people, mainly living in Guizhou Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Qiannan Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Anshun Prefecture of Guiyang Autonomous Prefecture in Southwest Guizhou and Buyi and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Zunyi City, Tongren District, Bijie District, Liupanshui City, DC, Luoping County of Yunnan Province, Ningnan and Huili of Sichuan Province.
The Buyi area has fertile land and mild climate, which is suitable for agriculture, which is the main rice production. Buyi ethnic minorities mostly live in pingba, river valley or yard, and are known as "Buyi water town" and "Shuibuyi". A few Buyi people have developed forestry and are important forestry areas.
Minority Buyi language
Buyi language belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family, which is a branch of Zhuang Dong language family and Zhuang Dai language family. The northern dialects of Zhuang people on the south bank of Hongshui River are roughly the same, and some of them are fluent in Chinese and Chinese. Do the three dialect areas formed in the historical development of Buyi language exist in the past scripts, which were created on the basis of the Latin alphabet of 1956?
The religious beliefs of Buyi and ethnic minorities.
Buyi people, ethnic minorities, and many gods. Mountain gods, water gods and social gods. Every village has a land temple. Ancient or strange trees or stones, cliffs and caves are considered gods. Even God cultivates rice fields, including Raytheon, Door God, Kitchen God, Dragon King and Queen. It goes without saying that there are also Buyi minority areas of Buddhism, Taoism and Catholicism. The minority Buyi people sacrificed divination "hosted by Pushan Shaman. Divination is divided into chicken bone divination, bamboo divination, egg divination and rice divination. No matter whether the gods are good or evil, the good gods bless and bless the prosperity of livestock and the bumper harvest of grains; On the contrary, it reduces the evil spirits of flirting with illness. Believing in God is a big group, and each group has a member. Weng ",the emperor's commander-in-chief of the army, law enforcement judge, ancestor worship and nature worship of many gods of Buyi nationality, has its own name and functionality, and the functional supreme god is also worshipped in Taoism, Buddhism and Buddhism." "
The Buyi History of Four Ethnic Minorities
It is clear that during the Jiaqing period, the lunar calendar began in 2002 (1797). In order to resist the heavy official exploitation and force farmers to suppress the Miao uprising, a large-scale Buyi cage government peasant uprising broke out in the south. Wang Achong (1778 to 1797, Baoxian) and Wei (1768 to 1797, Guangxian), the leaders of the peasant uprising, were called "seven-lock genies". In August of the same year, the Qing court sent heavy troops to suppress the rebel army and failed. Wang and Wei were captured, and Wei was taken to Beijing and sacrificed heroically; And the advanced Taiping Heavenly Kingdom peasant revolutionary movement. 1854, Yang Yuanyuan Paul, the leader of Buyi farmers in Dushan Prefecture, rose up for the first time and led thousands of farmers and craftsmen of Buyi, Miao, Shui and Han ethnic minorities to revolt. The attack on the south gate of Dushan Prefecture kicked off 1855, the Buyi uprising led by Zeng Yuhua broke out in Biandan Mountain, Zhenning, and the peasant uprising led by Buyi, Shui, Han and Guizhou ethnic minorities (inhabited by three ethnic Shui autonomous counties); The people took part in the peasant uprising; In addition, most minority Buyi farmers, Miao, Han, Dong, Shui and other minority farmers, such as pottery and New Year pictures, joined the revolutionary army led by peasant leaders. All these peasant uprisings weakened the power of imperialism and the Qing Dynasty to rule Guizhou. After the Opium War, the Buyi area launched several struggles against the cultural aggression of imperialist missionaries. 1906, Luo Fu led the armed struggle against imperialism and feudalism of ethnic Buyi people; 1907, led the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle in Jishan area of Zhenning, led the liberation war and led the border area of Zhenning, Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou. Enron Xingren, Xingyi Buyi youth and the 6th Guerrilla (later reorganized as the 7th detachment of Compass Guerrilla Area), and Xingyi Guerrilla19491month, "The PLA entered the Buyi area in Guizhou, from March to June 195 1 month. According to 1953, the Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Qiannan was founded in 1956.
5 Buyi literature of ethnic minorities
Buyi literature and art are rich and colorful, with a wide range of subjects, beautiful artistic conception, vivid language, rich imagination and unique rhythm. A country with a long history of folk oral literature, myths, stories, fairy tales, fables, proverbs, poems and biographies all praise the hard work and courage of the working people.
Myth: The mythical spring tide day, 12, the sun "reported that the old people covered the sky with bluestones", "Sister Husai lived on earth and instructed the sun to take pictures", "Seeds of Mangyegu" and "Three Brothers Looking for Water" and other favorite works.
According to the report, the newspaper described in "The Old Man Picks Bluestone to Cover the Sky" that the old man's picking bluestone hat became the ground of the story, covered with mud to describe the ancient spring tide days, and the flood drowned the only brother in the world. Two people sat in a big gourd, went with the flow and survived. The other rains stopped, but all the people on the earth were flooded. After many twists and turns, the brother and sister presided over by heaven and finally became husband and wife. Later, a strange meatball was born. They angrily cut it into countless pieces and threw it in all directions. Unexpectedly, these pieces of meat were alone the next day. Then, recreate the fireworks. "Mang, for corn and food. In the ancient world, the young headstrong man finally found it in a cave, brought it back and planted it for you. Long ago, three brothers looking for water described a severe drought and crop withering. Three brothers, lead the people to find water. These three demons fought a world war, killed Jingshi, won the victory over floods and droughts, and gained a bumper harvest. These myths are the indomitable struggle between Buyi ancestors and natural scenery.
The Legend of Huangguoshu Waterfall describes a beautiful, intelligent and well-known sister who is good at weaving white cloth, and escapes the kidnapping of white cloth by the leader and the arrest of the stalker by her lover De nao. The white cloth turned into a river, cutting off the route of pursuers. The longer the white cloth shakes, the longer the river becomes. The leader was helpless, so the boat continued to run and they started fighting. At the critical moment, Sister Bai cut a piece of white cloth, and the perfect storm, river waterfall and pursuers were sent to the pit and submerged. German brainless girls escaped, and they settled down under the rock opposite the waterfall. From then on, with the help of rhinoceros and kind fairy Weng, as well as Huangguo and gentle flood deity, he called this waterfall Huangguoshu Waterfall, that is, the pit below was called Rhino Lake. This reflects the ethnic Buyi people's kindness, simplicity, wit and courage, and their desire for local love and happiness. There are many similar legends, such as "West China Legend", "March" and "June 6th", the origin of "musical instruments" and the origin of sister flutes. Happy Story and so on.
Poetry: There are many kinds of Buyi poetry, which can be summarized as labor songs, narrative poems, folk songs, ballads, love songs, bitter songs, children's songs, yangko songs, cotton songs, embroidery batik songs and so on. Customize the song "Brewing", "Toast Song" and "Song of Future Relatives" to send a farewell song. The love song "Song of the Moon" and children's songs "Little Frog", "Bashan Bean" and "Brother Yan" of True Brothers. Hedong Hexi narrative poems, Wang Shixian Valley, South River.
6 Buyi drama of ethnic minorities
Drama: Performing on the plain without a stage is called drama. Buyi minority's speech and drama, folk customs, and understanding other ethnic groups. Buyi opera of ethnic minorities is more popular in front of it. It is mainly distributed in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, with Anshun being the most popular. The main means is gongs and drums, which are usually performed during the Spring Festival. During the concert, the actors wore costumes and masks, put them on their foreheads and hung them on a blue cloth that covered their faces. The main and backup plug-ins of legionary teleplay's performance are surrounded by the shielding hair of Xiaoling Banner, wearing combat shirts and holding weapons such as swords and guns. The theme of the concert in China is the stories of several Han people. Traditional drama Legend and Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Seven. Buyi music
Colorful Buyi folk music. According to the performance content, singing occasions can be divided into Daqu, Xiaoqu, major and minor, folk songs, suona and bronze drums. The types of musical instruments include bronze drum, gong, hairpin, musician, pen container, sister flute, oral string, suona and konoha.
Eight multi-ethnic Buyi dances
Buyi dance is a group of dances, such as weaving dance, accompaniment dance, lion dance, dragon dance, bronze drum brush dance, flower bag dance, transition dance and so on. Buyi people's production, life, customs and arts are diverse and lively, which are deeply loved by the broad masses of the people.
Nine Minority Buyi Art
Batik Batik enjoys a long-standing reputation and its production history is over 1000 years. The hometown of batik in Shitou Village, Biandan Mountain, Zhenning, western Guizhou Province is called "batik". The production method is to dip the copper wax knife in wax, paint it into various white geometric shapes, and remove the solution dyed with indigo by herbs. The characteristic batik pattern is elegant and quiet, good, very popular and deeply loved by the people. Rosa roxburghii, flowers, flowers, water, waves, eddies, chains, etc.
Brocade, also known as "Jinna, Buyi language", is the most famous in Zhenning, Guizhou and Guangxi. There are generally two kinds of Boko, which are made of silk or silk width interwoven with cotton. Many colorful tapestries, such as "Lamb Brocade" and "Butterfly Brocade", have diamond, square, triangle or special-shaped patterns. Several compact Buyi brocade patterns are magnificent.
Buyi embroidery has a long history. Flower embroidery is called Wangmo in Zhenning and Guanling in southwest Guizhou, and ancient embroidery in Luodian. Your independent velvet, your unique cake, your miscellaneous Mary's mother, dozens of expensive Shao Ping embroidery, crepe embroidery, winding embroidery, pick embroidery and embroidery methods. Embroidered clothes, quilt cover, suspenders, uppers, curtains, handkerchiefs.
Woodcarving: Buyi people's woodcarving art has a long reputation, and the most famous is the woodcarving mask and Nuo opera in Anshun County. The log of lilac wood or poplar wood is broken in half, and an arc is carved. According to the personalized nature and characteristics, only the different knife methods of soft, thick, thin, yin and yang are used for carving.
In addition, Libo Dyeing Mat, Dushan Hat, Yazhou Pottery and Huishui Fengxiang are also famous.
Buyi people and entertainment
The lost flower bag: a fixed venue and rules. The play is divided into flat bubbles, turning off light bulbs and pumping bubbles. A duel between doubles and singles teams. Traditional sports and recreational activities, which are very popular among young Buyi men and women, are popular in the poor areas of Buyi people in southern Guizhou and southwestern Guizhou. It is held during the Spring Festival every year. Rice bran, red beans, cottonseed, shaped like fennel, and citrus flowers are the contents of the software package. In the past, it was generally stipulated that the flower bag could not be picked after it was thrown over the shoulder. If there are no epaulettes, when they are not received, then both men and women should give gifts to each other, such as collars, bracelets, rings and other ornaments. Nowadays, as a game, throwing flower bags is generally open and equal, generally mixed with men and women, but there are individual free throws by men and women. Some people lost their flower bags and chose a flat and wide place near the village. Young men and women began to throw flower bags at each other, secretly looking for "opponents." Then they stood in a row, about 78 meters away. They turn left and right with flower bags in their hands and throw away their own flower bags. When carrying them, girls throw away their beloved girls, throw away, throw away, which shows your love for young men and women. Therefore, a way to express the loss of Buyi youth in ethnic minorities with love flower bags.
Stick dance: popular in Pingtang, Huishui, Guizhou. Dancers with bamboo or wooden tools and inlaid with bamboo or wood dance to all parts of the body, tapping bamboo sticks and ancient coins and making rhythmic sounds. Dance can be divided into straight-line marching steps and turning steps. The formation of the shuttle crossing to the main double-row circular phalanx is constantly changing.
1 1 Buyi costumes
The traditional clothing styles of Buyi nationality are complicated. Different places have formed several typical national costumes. Buyi men and women along Zhenning like to sew with blue, green and white cloth. Men's styles are basically the same. Young adults wear headscarves, double-breasted jackets (or long-breasted robes) and trousers. Old people wear big-breasted coats or dresses. There are many kinds of women's dresses. Women in the Shoudan Mountain area, Zhenning Chengguan and Anxi parts wear large-breasted tops, batik pleated skirts and lace corsets. Coat with black background, brocade and batik cuffs, clothes and feet, two lapels. Flowers made of neckline and advertising shoulder prints. Clothes without buttons, take her to the right. Unmarried girls wear square brocade handkerchiefs, and wigs and black hair are tightly woven around their heads. On the right is the magician's floating spring, which needs flowers and various small flowers. Married his head and wore a bamboo shell. Improve labor and women wear blue closely in the Longjiang area-Xie Jin batik pleated skirt with blue flowers under a white shirt and skirt that is long to the heel. Colorful brocade pattern blue cloth apron. Unmarried comb arched bun stands at the back, and then blocks Yinzan from front to back. Change to a silver bowl after marriage. New york, an elderly man, went to the arch bridge without any girl's brocade head and long braid. Decorate the women in the mountains in Chengguan District and Guanshan District. Yi Long crosses the river, wearing long-sleeved robes, shoulders and trousers, a white belt around her waist, and a short green waist cloth embroidered with various patterns, cuffs, trouser legs and apron. A girl with a tail fiber before marriage, a bun and a hairpin after marriage. Liu Ma district to improve the labor field? Women in sand, cattle and cattle wear wide-breasted straight-breasted tops and wide-leg pants. Circuit red and green short apron, wearing white round shoes or embroidered shoes. In the Badatong River area of Luoping County, the elderly women still retain the traditional Buyi costumes of ethnic minorities. Sporting goods wear blue collarless double-breasted shirts and blue-black cloth bags. The wide collar with big sleeves is inserted into a two-inch wide side along the right knot, and the coat at the lower corner around it is embroidered with various colors. Wearing a blue and black pleated skirt. In Baotou, middle-aged women have changed into white towels. Shirts are decorated with their favorite buttons in front of the neck by wearing a stand-up collar or a short-necked big-breasted dress, and they will wear pants in the future. The clothes of unmarried young women are generally similar to those of middle-aged women, but they also like the bright embroidered patterns embedded in the headcloth at the end of the year. On grand festivals or banquets, women like to wear all kinds of earrings, rings, collars, hairpins, bracelets and silverware.
12。 Buyi people eat
Buyi people's staple food is mainly rice, corn, wheat, millet, sorghum and sweet potato, so Buyi people like drinking most, especially on festive days such as festivals and weddings. Vegetables, such as hydrochloric acid vegetables, spicy fermented bean curd, lobster sauce and pickles, are several kinds of wine that cannot be separated from wine, which are more common than rice, sorghum, wheat, potatoes and other raw materials. Buyi people, including the famous Buyi people with Huaxi Rosa roxburghii wine, men, women and children drink tea every day, which is the most common basic essential drink in their lives. BR p> "Maiden Tea": Buyi people are picking tea, and its components include honeysuckle and other plants. The tea made by Buyi people is a valuable "girl tea". Tea girl is a tea carefully made by Buyi unmarried girls. Good tea is not for sale, but as a gift to relatives and friends, or as a token of love for girls on Valentine's Day. A symbol of virginity and pure love, pure and exquisite tea.
Hydrochloric acid dish: Hydrochloric acid was originally called Tansuan, and later renamed Hydrochloric acid, which is a famous dish of Buyi people. Dushan hydrochloric acid dish is the most famous. Wash the vegetables, cut them into strips, mix them with rum, garlic, Chili powder, rock sugar and salt, and put them on the altar. Vegetable-flavored hydrochloric acid is sweet, slightly bitter and delicious.
Glutinous rice food: eat glutinous rice and glutinous rice cake. China's New Year's cakes, "Pillow wrapped in jiaozi", "March 3rd", "Five-colored glutinous rice on April 8th, Dragon Boat Festival, June 6th", triangular zongzi, and July and a half hinge cake. Tangyuan glutinous rice, flowers, rice and sesame oil group DCB is the most famous, and more ancestral banquets.
Carnivorous: Buyi livestock and poultry, as well as predatory squirrels, bamboo rats and bamboo worms. Cooking methods include roasting, boiling, frying, frying and pickling. Processing bacon, blood tofu, sausage. Frozen vegetable with moss mixed with pork liver, stewed bamboo shoots with glutinous rice fried with snail mantis meat, sour banana tree heart, Toona sinensis tadpole's children, fried bamboo worms, soft fried Sabah worms, mixed with pig blood, blood rice soup, bacon and pickled chicken. Buyi people like to eat dog meat. When guests come to their homes, they kill dogs every March 3rd and June 6th. Sheep don't deserve a thin dog. It is said that the first two black flowers of yellow dog are picked, and white dog meat is the lightest. Dog stew, dog enema, Huajiang dog meat, gathering friends.
73. Life
Buyi Buyi folk houses have three main forms, namely, walking on stilts, villas, folk houses, wooden structures and slates.
Slate houses: Slate houses can be seen everywhere in Zhenning, Anshun and Guiyang Huaxi, especially the Biandan Mountain in Zhenning. It is characterized by horizontal purlins and wood, and the rest of the stones or stones are built on the roofs of all slates, and even the windowsill of the house is carved with stones. This house is cool in summer and warm in winter, moisture-proof and fire-proof, with good lighting.
A variant of stilt architecture. Create steeper terrain areas. There are two, three, up and down the bottom of the floor, with a difference of five or six feet. Through the hillside hut on one side, the infrastructure station reached a new level in the first half of this year. Between the house and the semi-support. Generally, bamboo is used in front of the door during the day, which is convenient for hanging clothes on the balcony and can rest and enjoy the cool at night.
Folk houses or wooden and stone bungalows are permeated with the cultural blend of ethnic Han architecture and ethnic Buyi architecture. Generally, there are three rooms, five rooms and seven rooms. In the middle is the main room, and behind the main room is the bedroom or storage room for the elderly. The pharynx outside the main room. Bedrooms, rooms and kitchens on both sides of the main room. The roof is herringbone, which is beneficial to flood discharge. Cool in summer, warm in winter, comfortable life, easy to build, this kind of house is the most popular form of Buyi residential area.
14。 Love and marriage of Buyi people
Series: Buyi people and their father's family are rich in colors. In a state where there are more women than men, widows can inherit property, but if you want to remarry, you are not qualified. Family structure includes small families and large families with three or four generations living under one roof.
Marriage: Monogamy of Buyi people. * * * The ancestors of the same family are not married, and different generations cannot marry. Before liberation, Buyi people generally did not intermarry with foreigners. The father of the Buyi family has absolute power. Buyi young men and women are generally scrambling to find a partner. If you are satisfied with the songs on the mountain. Buyi people are called "Boshao". Wave whistle means making friends. Unmarried men and women who participate in social activities are not limited to eight marriages. The old marriage system of Buyi people, because early marriage "does not leave the husband's family" is actually just participation. Lang Shao, the first activity attended by unmarried young people in love, has been married. If his (her) parents arrange the satisfaction of marriage, it is just to show off singing skills. On the contrary, the resistance of arranged marriages. In addition to singing love songs, bitter songs, complaining songs and running away from marriage, some young people and women in the past fell in love during the Chinese New Year, so they fled their hometown and settled in distant places to escape the feudal system, and they all became sentimental.
I'm very picky about it. Generally, I have to go through four stages: mate selection, participation, personality and marriage. In the process of getting married, both spouses and matchmakers can freely agree, and marriage must be an engagement ceremony. When the marriage is negotiated, the man immediately sets a date and invites two or three people to the woman's house to hold an engagement ceremony with gifts. This is called "eating engagement wine". In the early days of liberation, Buyi people "never went out to wear fake shells." After getting married, the bride went back to her parents' home for a long time, some lived in 20 12 or 2035, and some went back to her husband's home every year as long as 10, so before going back and forth, they all settled down and stayed with her husband until his wife became pregnant or grew up. A woman wearing a fake shell "husband" does not fail, and her husband "a way of life ends early. The wife is wearing a hat with a bottom shape, a bamboo shell and a green cloth lining. If the wife is a fake shell, the husband can solve it. This marriage custom mainly exists in Biandan Mountain.
45. Funeral of a few people Buyi people
Buyi people, ethnic minorities, died after wooden coffin burial. The obituaries of ately's friends and family at the funeral home were widely spread, and the three men were immediately full of gunpowder. The country should be asked to choose the auspicious Mr. Pumo for the funeral. The rights of some prominent local uncles, if their relatives are women, can only be buried in coffins to rescue the scene. According to the funeral scale of family economy. Stop the ceremony brought by relatives and friends in Zhai village and end the meat before the family vegetarian funeral. Two days ago, the third day after the funeral, I went to pay homage to the grave. Then, worship the burnt necks of pigs, chickens and tofu. Well, paper horses are called "complex mountains". The funeral is coming to an end. Every year in the future, the Qingming family will prepare a tomb to sweep the grave.
16 Buyi Festival
China New Year: In the past, in 1 1 month or1February, at the beginning of the year, the Buyi minority gradually changed the first month of the year. At the end of each year, every household is busy making wine, making glutinous rice cakes, curing meat, making blood tofu or sewing new clothes. On New Year's Eve, rich food and wine are given to ancestors, firecrackers are set off, and vigils are held at home until dawn. On the first day of the first month, just before dawn, girls scrambled to pick Dan's "New Year's water" to go home. This kind of water is called "smart water". The boy rushed to a small stone next to the earth temple and pulled up the animal pen with a rope, which means "six animals flourish" During the Chinese New Year, young people nearby came to whistle "Happy New Year to middle-aged and elderly people, drinking and working in the fields for the sake of * * *, until after the Lantern Festival on the fifteenth day of the first month. Thousands of people took part in dozens of competitions, such as suona on bronze drums, dancing, kicking clamshell, spinning top and throwing stones. In some places, dragons can be played, lions can jump and play, and they can sing lanterns.
March: a festival to worship gods and mountain gods. The country god is a village or several neighboring villages that set up a country temple to worship, and some funds, funds or temporary fund-raising festivals are not allowed to enter the village on the day of killing pigs for sacrifice. On this day, some local ethnic Buyi people eat three-color glutinous rice. On the same day or the next day, the Buyi family decoration festival of ethnic minorities in the western regions. Luodian Festival March God may also be held on 13. /kloc-On March 3rd, 0/5, a sacrifice was held for the gods, the only ancestor worship of Ziyun. In Huishui Kowloon, ethnic Buyi youths sing interesting wrestling competitions on this day. As young men and women in Panxian, this day is a day, and their social activities have to rest for three days in some areas. The holiday in the south of Ceheng county also means that the busy farming season is coming, and the investment in agricultural production is coming. Wangmo, Ceheng County, in some places, one day, if you want to kill a dog, the butcher will treat you.
April 8; Also known as "