1. The nuclear radiation accident is the abnormal diffusion of radioactive substances, which will pollute the environment and expose human body to radiation. The probability of such accidents is relatively high.
2. The probability of nuclear reactor accident is relatively small, but once it happens, it will do great harm to society and it is difficult to eliminate it in a short time.
3. Nuclear weapon accidents refer to the loss, damage, explosion or burning of nuclear weapons in the process of development, production, storage, transportation, preparation for use, disassembly and destruction.
Prevention of nuclear accidents
1. We should strengthen the awareness of disaster prevention at ordinary times, and don't save unknown metals casually, especially when saving some silver-gray metals, we must be very cautious.
2. Go to the hospital radiology department for medical treatment, or find warning signs on other occasions, and avoid them quickly.
3. If many people have dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, limb weakness and other phenomena at the same time without any abnormality, it is necessary to consider whether there is the possibility of radiation accidents.
4. If you are close to the reactor, you should pay attention to abnormal precursors, such as dazzling flash, bright fireball, deafening noise, mushroom-shaped smoke cloud, dust column falling, etc.
Countermeasures in case of nuclear reactor accident
When a nuclear reactor accident occurs, the following measures can be taken:
1. Hidden. Hide in the house and close the doors and windows. You can seal the window with adobe, sandbags or bricks, and cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief. Brick-concrete buildings have a good protective effect, while wooden buildings have a poor protective effect. The bigger the house, the better the protection effect. In a tall building, people can concentrate in the middle. Open the doors and windows in time after the smoke cloud.
2. Take stable iodine under the guidance of a doctor.
3. Control food and water. Stop eating after determining that food and water are polluted. If contaminated food must be eaten, it must be decontaminated and can only be eaten after reaching the allowable standard.
4. decontamination. Water can be treated by coagulation and filtration. Well water and flowing water sources will not be very polluted. Wash or peel vegetables and fruits. Buildings and roads can be cleaned, and in severe cases, the surface can be covered or scraped off.
5. Protect yourself. Self-protection mainly includes respiratory protection, body surface protection and decontamination (emergency personnel should be equipped with professional first-aid personal protective equipment).
Respiratory protection: the protective effect of dust mask can reach more than 75%, and the effect is better after soaking the mask. You can also cover your mouth and nose with handkerchiefs and clothes. (Emergency personnel should be equipped with professional emergency nuclear, chemical and biological gas masks)
Body surface protection: when you enter the shelter and evacuate, you must protect your body surface, such as wearing a hat, gloves, raincoat and rain boots, turning up your collar, wearing a scarf and tightening your cuffs and trousers. (Emergency personnel need to be equipped with professional emergency personal protective equipment)
Decontamination: The best way to decontaminate the skin is to take a bath. If you can't take a bath, wash the exposed parts with clear water, paying special attention to the places with oil sludge and around the ears, nose and eyes. It is best not to wear contaminated clothes. If you need it urgently, wash it with washing powder.
6. Organized evacuation and resettlement.
Nuclear accident warning
There are three kinds of nuclear accident early warning:
1. Early warning. When a major accident occurs in a nuclear facility, the relevant institutions will use a special alarm telephone to send an early warning to the inside of the institution, so that the institutions dealing with the accident can be prepared. This kind of alarm does not inform residents and non-designated personnel.
2. General alarm. When a major accident occurs in a nuclear facility, the safety device fails and the indicators continue to deteriorate, a general alarm will be issued by using the whistle alarm network. The nuclear power plant issued a general alarm to the residents in the inner area, and the command organization issued a general alarm to the residents in the central area. After hearing the general alarm signal, residents should pay attention to the emergency notice on radio and television.
3. Radiation warning. If the core is seriously damaged and the release of a large amount of radioactive materials is inevitable, the whistle alarm network is used to issue a radiation alarm, and its signal is different from the general alarm. After hearing this signal, residents should immediately enter the room to hide, close the doors and windows, and residents in the inner area had better enter the basement or shelter to hide.
Precautions after hearing the nuclear alarm
When residents hear the warning of nuclear accident, before the arrival of radioactive smoke (radioactive dust, radioactive dust), the main preventive measures are as follows:
1. Indoor concealment preparation. According to the building structure and shielding performance. Brick-concrete structure of the house itself is better shielding, just close the doors and windows. If there is a big gap between the door and the window, paste the gap. The wooden house has poor shielding, so it's best not to hide in it. If you have to hide in a wooden house, you must surround the walls with bricks, earth bags or sandbags.
2. Reserve food and water. To store some grain and vegetables, farmers can cover the vegetables in the field with plastic film. If they drink surface water, they can store some indoors and cover the manhole cover.
Pay attention to your family. Residents had better concentrate at home so as to hear further warnings in time.
4. Distribute iodine tablets. Communities and collectives should quickly distribute stable iodine tablets to residents.
5. Prepare for evacuation. Residents near the nuclear power plant should prepare the materials needed for evacuation.
Principle of iodine tablets against nuclear radiation damage
During the operation of nuclear power, a radioactive substance iodine-13 1 is produced, which is a radioactive isotope of iodine, and the thyroid gland is damaged after absorption.
Taking tablets containing stable iodine isotopes in advance can block the absorption of radioactive iodine-13 1 by human thyroid. Because iodine is not easy to accumulate in the thyroid gland, it can be excreted in a short time, thus reducing the radioactive harm of iodine-13 1 to human body. The dosage is one tablet for adults 24 hours before (equivalent to 100 mg iodine equivalent) and half a tablet after one day. The specific time and administration method are directed by the dealer.
Medical research has found that iodine can inhibit the function of tonsils. If people take 100 mg iodine tablets within 5 hours after receiving nuclear radiation, it can prevent tonsils from absorbing radioactive substances, thus effectively avoiding tonsil canceration.