Artistic feature

Through the long-term stage practice of countless artists, the stage art of Peking Opera has formed a set of standardized and standardized programs, which restrict and complement each other in literature, performance, music, singing, gongs and drums, makeup and facial makeup. As an artistic means to create a stage image, it is very rich and its usage is very strict. If you can't master these programs, you can't complete the creation of Peking Opera stage art. Just as Peking Opera entered the court at the beginning of its formation, its development and growth are different from local operas. It is required to show a wider range of life, create more types of characters, be more comprehensive and complete in skills, and have higher aesthetic requirements for its stage image. Of course, it also weakens its folk local flavor, and its simple and rude style is relatively weak. Therefore, its performing arts tend to combine reality with reality, which goes beyond the limitation of stage space and time to the maximum extent, thus achieving the artistic realm of "expressing the spirit with form and having both form and spirit". The performance requires exquisiteness and exquisiteness, and it is everywhere; It is required to sing melodiously and euphemistically, and the voice is full of emotion; Martial arts is not won by bravery, but by "singing martial arts".

Traditional drama

Beijing opera inherits the artistic achievements and rich repertoire of Pi Huang's drama. There are not only Huang Er, but also Xipi, Chuiqiang, Siping Tune and Paizi, which belong to the Huang Er system. After the founding of New China, with the cooperation of opera workers and the vast number of opera actors, * * * has been sorted out and revised, and the outstanding plays have been listed as national cultural and artistic heritage in China New Culture and Art Lin Yuan, which has been preserved and continues to be widely circulated on the stage. It is estimated that there are more than 200 such dramas, such as Cosmic Front, Yutangchun, Changbanpo, Heroes' Club, Fisherman, Wuyi, Picking Chinese Cars, Playing Golden Branches, Picking up Jade Bracelets, High-five, Six or Four Children in the Snow, Searching for and Saving the Lonely, and Qin Xianglian. Various forms of drama are collectively called traditional drama.

Sichuan opera

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There are many Sichuan operas, "three thousand in the Tang Dynasty, eight hundred in the Song Dynasty and countless in the Three Kingdoms". Among them, the tenor opera has the richest inheritance and the most remarkable artistic features. Traditional operas include five robes (the story of blue robe, the story of yellow robe, the story of white robe, the story of red robe and the story of green robe) and four pillars (touching Tianzhu, crystal pillar, burning pillar and red robe) 1949. After finishing, a number of outstanding Sichuan opera operas have emerged, such as Liu Yin Ji and Yu Pin Ji.

The performing arts of Sichuan Opera have a deep foundation of life and form a perfect performance program. The script is of high literary value, real and delicate performance, humorous and full of life flavor, which is deeply loved by the masses. Some actors also created many stunts, such as lifting, opening eyes, changing face, drilling fire rings, hiding knives and so on. They are good at using special effects to shape characters, which is amazing.

In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, due to the immigrants from all over the country and the establishment of local guildhall, many kinds of North-South tune operas have spread all over Sichuan, and in the long-term development and evolution, they have merged with Sichuan dialect, folk customs, folk music, dance, rap and folk songs, and gradually formed the tune art with Sichuan characteristics, thus promoting the development of Sichuan local opera-Sichuan Opera.

Artistic feature

Face change-face change

The performance of Sichuan Opera is full of life and vivid humor. In order to better shape the characters, Sichuan opera artists have created many stunts, such as changing faces, hiding knives, drilling fire circles and opening eyes. The performance is vivid, novel and interesting, which forms a major feature of Sichuan Opera.

Changing face is one of the specialties of Sichuan Opera. It is a romantic expression of the inner thoughts and feelings of the characters in the play. There are three ways to change face shape-wiping face, blowing face and pulling face.

Wipe your face: apply oil paint to a specific part of your face, and then wipe it on your face with your hands to become another face. If you want to change everything, draw it on your forehead or eyebrows. If you just want to change the lower part of your face, draw them on your face or nose.

Blow face: only suitable for powdered cosmetics, such as gold powder, toner and silver powder. Actors put powdered cosmetics in containers at specific positions on the stage, or in containers such as wine glasses used by characters. When the actor does a prone position or other specific dance movements, he takes the opportunity to put his face close to the vessel, close his eyes, hold his breath, and blow through his mouth. The powder is thrown to his face and immediately becomes a face of another color.

Pull a face: a complicated way to change your face. Is to draw a face on a piece of silk in advance, cut it open and tie a silk thread to each face. Then, fold several faces together and stick them one by one. Each side has a specific silk thread, which is tied in a convenient and inconspicuous place of the clothes. With the needs of the performance, under the cover of dance movements, they were quickly torn off one by one. This method is ingenious and neat.

Face changing of masks means that actors draw different faces, that is, face shells, on different materials, such as wood, paper, cloth, silk and rubber, according to actual needs. For example, Saburo's captured character Yan Xijiao changed his face in the water drifting in the Sichuan Opera "Changing Face/Guan".

Beard, beard changes have the following two kinds: change into inaction, actors change quickly, even faster than changing face. Make a black and white one. In Wen Zhaoguan, a Sichuan opera, Wu Yuan defected to the State of Wu and fled to Zhaoguan, where his portrait was hung to be taken alive. Wu Yuan went to the hermit's house for temporary refuge. Because of his inner anxiety, his hair and beard turned white overnight. The defenders caught Huang by mistake and the soldiers were able to go through the customs.

aria

Sichuan Opera consists of Kunqu Opera, Gaoqiang Opera, Huqin Opera, Tanxi Opera and Dengdiao. Among them, except for the local lights, all the lights in other places are imported. These five kinds of vocal music and the music forms such as gongs and drums, suona music cards, piano and flute music that accompany these five kinds of vocal music. Sichuan opera music is eclectic. It absorbed the nutrition of the big cavity system of Chinese opera, merged with Sichuan local language, phonology and music, and evolved into local opera music with diverse forms, rich tunes, rigorous structure and different styles.

being master of

Gao Qiang is the most important tune in Sichuan Opera, which was introduced to Sichuan from other places in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. After Gao Qiang was introduced into Sichuan, it was combined with Sichuan dialect, folk songs, labor songs, bun rap and other forms, and after several processing and refining, it gradually formed vocal music with local characteristics.

Sichuan Opera Gaoqiang is music with Qupai style. There are many Qupai in Sichuan Opera Gaoqiang, and the form of Qupai is complicated. Its structure can basically be summarized as: opening the cavity, standing upright, singing and sweeping the tail. There are many high-pitched operas with a wide range of themes, which are suitable for a variety of literature and word formats. The biggest feature of Gao Qiang is dry singing without instrumental accompaniment, that is, the so-called "one-voice singing method", which is a combination of help and singing. That's how gongs, drums and qupai are written. Some Qupai have more voices than singing, some are basically all voices, and some Qupai only have voices in the first and second sentences. The specific form is decided by the drama party.

The high-pitched tune of Sichuan Opera retains the excellent traditions of Nanqu and Beiqu, which has both high-pitched and exciting tunes and tactfully lyrical tunes.

Melody originated in Kunshan (Kunshan)

Kunqu opera written by many literati is characterized by elegant words and strict rules. Pay special attention to clear pronunciation and mellow voice when singing. Coupled with the twists and turns of the tune and the slow rhythm, it has gradually declined. Sichuan and Kunming originated in Suzhou and Kunming. Sichuan opera artists take advantage of the characteristics of Kunqu opera, which is good at singing and beneficial to dancing. They often only select some tunes or singing sentences from Kunqu opera and insert them into other vocal cavities to sing, forming a unique artistic style of Sichuan and Kunming.

The qupai structure of Kunqu Opera in Sichuan Opera is basically the same as its parent "Su Kun". There are two forms of application: "single branch" and "library entry". At present, there are not many plays performed in the form of single Kunqu opera, and most of them are dissolved in Gao Qiang, Hu Qin and Tan Xi, or mixed with other operas.

The main instrument of Kunqu Opera is the flute. The accompaniment of gongs and drums is the same as other tunes, such as Gao, Hu, Dan and Deng. Because of the special monochromaticity of gongs and cymbals, it is different from the accompaniment of gongs and drums in other vocal cavities.

huqin

Huqin is the collective name of Huang Er and Xipidiao. Because its main accompaniment instrument is "Little Huqin", it is collectively called Huqin. The fifth volume of Lan Yan Xiaopu records: "Shu Ling's new Qin Opera, ... its musical instrument is mainly Hu Qin, and Qin Yue echoes it, and the scale of its works is not as good as that of words", which can be said to be the footnote of Sichuan Hu Qin Opera. Huqin cavity was formed in Qianlong period.

Huang Er includes three basic tunes: positive tune (Huang Er), negative tune (anti-Huang Er) and old tune. Zhengdiao is good at expressing deep, serious, euphemistic and light emotions; Anti-Huang Er should show desolation, bitterness and indignation; The old tune is mostly used for high-pitched and passionate emotions. Contrary to the musical features of Huang Er's plays, Xipi Opera is bright, natural and unrestrained, intense, concise and fluent. Xipi and Huanger are mostly used alone, but there are also many plays that contain two voices at the same time.

Put on a play

Sichuan Opera Tanxi is a kind of traditional opera singing with the cover huqin as the main accompaniment instrument. Shaanxi's Shaanxi opera belongs to the Bangzi system, so it is also called "Chuanbangzi". Although Tanxi originated from Qin opera, it was combined with Sichuan local language and influenced by Sichuan gongs and drums and folk music. After a long-term evolution, it is different from Shaanxi Opera in terms of tunes, singing methods and singing structure, and has formed its own unique artistic style with strong Sichuan local color. Although the relationship between them is not very close, their origins can be found from the aspects of musical structure, modal characteristics and the charm of the whole aria.

Tanxi includes two tunes with completely different emotions: one is called Sweet Ping (also known as dessert, sweet skin and sweet cavity), and the other is called Bitter Ping (also known as bitter taste and bitter skin), which is good at expressing sad feelings. They are relatively independent, but the mode, style and structure are the same. Even if they sing in the same way, the skeleton of the tune is the same.

soft voice

Lantern Opera is quite distinctive in Sichuan Opera, which originated from Sichuan folk song and dance performances to meet the gods, and can also be said to be the product of the traditional Lantern Festival in ancient Bashu. The performance is a life drama, singing folk songs and village tunes, which embodies a strong local life atmosphere.

The characteristics of operetta vocal cavity are: short music, lively rhythm, relaxed and lively melody, and strong Sichuan local flavor.

Light tuning cavity is mainly composed of "fat tube", hair tuning cavity and "divine comedy cavity" The "fat pipe" accompanied by the Lantern Opera is a kind of piano with a thick stem and a large body, which is slightly louder than the "buzzing" sound emitted by the erhu.

Character; function

Sichuan Opera is divided into five industries: Xiao Sheng, Shoujiao, Shengjiao, Huahua and Clown. All walks of life have their own achievement program system, especially the performances of Wen Sheng, Clown and Dan Jiao. There are many outstanding creations in drama expression techniques and performance techniques, which can fully reflect the aesthetic characteristics of China's operas, such as the coexistence of reality and reality and freehand brushwork.

musical instrument

Sichuan opera gongs and drums are an important part of Sichuan opera music. There are more than 20 kinds of musical instruments. The commonly used musical instruments can be simply drums, hall drums, big gongs, cymbals and small gongs (also hinges), which are collectively called "five parties". Strings and suona are six parties and are played by small drums. This is a light band that performs in the countryside. There are about 300 gongs and drums. "Install a dragon like a dragon and a tiger like a tiger", which describes and requires Sichuan opera performances, has been passed down from generation to generation among Sichuan opera actors. The performance of Sichuan Opera has a deep tradition of realism, and at the same time, a lot of artistic exaggeration techniques are used to make the performance real, delicate, beautiful and moving.

Kunqu opera

Artistic feature

Kunqu opera, as a kind of drama that once had a great influence in the whole country, can be miraculously revived after suffering, which is closely related to its superb artistic charm, and its artistic achievements are first manifested in its music.

Kunqu opera has beautiful lines and melodies, and is good at touching and feminine. In singing skills, we pay attention to the control of sound, the ups and downs of rhythm and speed, the articulation and pronunciation, and the complete accompaniment of the scene.

"Water mill cavity". This new tune has established the singing characteristics of Kunqu opera, which is fully reflected in the slow tune (that is, the "fine tune") of Nanqu. It is embodied in slowing down the beat and delaying the rhythm in order to use more decorative coloratura in the melody. In addition to the usual one-sided and one-sided approach, there is also a kind of "free board tune", that is, the tune of 4/4 beat is slowed down to 8/4, and the tone is soft and euphemistic. Pay attention to the head, abdomen and tail of articulation, that is, enunciation, over-cavity and radio reception, which increases the space and diversity of music layout, and its lingering and soft characteristics become more and more prominent.

Relatively speaking, the voice and emotion of Beiqu tend to be ups and downs and bold, with strong jumping ability. It uses a seven-tone scale, which is different from the five-tone scale used in Nanqu (basically no semitone). However, during the long-term absorption of Beiqu, Kunshan Opera gradually merged the characteristics of the original Beiqu into a "Nanqu" singing style. Therefore, in Kunqu opera, Beiqu is used as a complete set, and there are also singles and "the combination of North and South".

The application of "North-South Combination" is very distinctive: generally speaking, the Northern Song Dynasty is sung by one role, while the Southern Song Dynasty is sung by several different roles. The combination of these songs is entirely based on the plot, so that music can obey the needs of drama as perfectly as possible.

According to the changes of the North-South songs themselves, there are many techniques such as "borrowing the palace", "breaking the tune" and "picking songs". The original set of songs, regardless of the North and South songs, has the problem of songs belonging to that palace tune. When singing songs needs to obviously change the mood, the songs in the same palace tune are not competent, so you can borrow suitable songs in other palace tunes. For example, in Peony Pavilion, the qupai used successively are [goat] (up-regulated), [mountain peach red] (Yuediao), [Bao Lao Cui] (Huang Zhonggong) and [Miandai Flour] (Yuediao).

In singing skills, Kunqu pays attention to the control of sound, rhythm and pronunciation speed, with the distinction of "gap", "overlap", "sigh" and "wow" and the individual singing methods of various roles. In addition to the slow beat of four beats, the slow beat of music is slowed down by two beats by the "gift board" in Nanqu, and it also includes the three-eye board, one-eye board, running board and scattered board commonly used in Nanqu and Nanqu. There are many changes in their actual singing, and everything is subject to the plot and the emotions that the role should have.

The instruments of Kunqu Opera are relatively complete, generally composed of wind instruments, stringed instruments and percussion instruments. The main musical instruments are flutes, as well as sheng, xiao, sanxian and pipa. Due to the soft-voiced flute as the main accompaniment instrument, the extensive use of gift boards, the way of pronouncing words at the abdomen and tail, and its own "beautiful" characteristics influenced by Wuzhong folk songs, Kunqu music has been crowned as the "graceful charm, singing and sighing" pear garden for hundreds of years. Accompaniment has many playing cards, which are suitable for different occasions and later used by many operas.

The music of Kunqu Opera belongs to the antithetical couplet structure, referred to as "Qupai Style". There are more than 1000 kinds of qupai used in it. The sources of North and South Qupai include not only ancient song and dance music, Daqu and Ci tune in Tang and Song Dynasties, singing and earning in Song Dynasty, but also folk songs and ethnic songs. Based on Nanqu, it composes music by means of "breaking the tune", "borrowing the palace" and "picking songs" with the number of sets of Beiqu. In addition, there are many religious songs.

The performance of Kunqu Opera has a set of rigorous "singing and dancing" performance forms.

The biggest feature of Kunqu Opera performance is its strong lyricism, delicate movements and ingenious and harmonious combination of song and dance. Kunqu opera is a comprehensive art with various performing means such as singing, dancing, quotation and dialogue. In the long-term performance history, the performance characteristics of singing and dancing have been formed, especially in the performance image of each role. Its dance forms can be roughly divided into two types: one is an auxiliary gesture when speaking, and the other is a freehand dance developed from gestures; One is lyric dance with lyrics, which is not only a superb dance action, but also an effective means to express the characters' hearts and lyrics.

The traditional dance of Kunqu Opera has absorbed and inherited the traditions of ancient folk dance and court dance in many aspects. Through long-term stage performance practice, I have accumulated rich experience in the close combination of rap and dance, adapted to the needs of performance venues for narrative scenery writing, and created many dance performances that emphasize description, and cooperated with "drama" to become a story-telling drama. Adapted to the needs of performance venues with strong lyricism and action, he created many lyric dance performances and became the main performance means of many single-fold lyric song and dance dramas. Representative repertoires such as Xichuan Tu Lu Hua Dang, Zhongjingji Sweeping the Qin Dynasty, Treading on the Moon Pavilion, The Story of the Sword Running at Night, Serial Stories Exploring the Secret, Tiger Capsule Playing Mountain Pavilion, etc.

The intonation of Kunqu opera is also very distinctive. Because Kunqu Opera was developed from Wuzhong, its pronunciation has the characteristics of Wu Nong's soft language. Among them, clowns also have a local white based on Wu dialect, such as Su Bai and Yangzhou Bai. This kind of street language in Wuzhong area has a strong flavor of life, and allegro rhyme is often used, which is very distinctive. In addition, the singing of Kunqu Opera has extremely strict norms in pronunciation, linear cavity and rhythm, forming a complete singing theory.

The stage art of Kunqu opera includes three aspects: rich clothing styles, exquisite colors and decorations, and the use of Facebook.

In addition to inheriting the costume styles of opera figures since Yuan and Ming Dynasties, some costumes of Kunqu Opera are very similar to those popular in society at that time. Reflected in the play, military commanders have their own military uniforms, and civil servants also have different costumes according to the class level of feudal society. Facebook is used for clean and ugly lines. Very few people who belong to Saint and Dan occasionally use them, such as the Monkey King (Saint) and (Dan), whose colors are basically red, white and black.

After years of running-in processing, Kunqu Opera has formed a fairly perfect system, and this system has long occupied a unique position in China opera. Therefore, Kunqu Opera is known as the "ancestor of hundreds of operas", which has a far-reaching influence on the development of the whole opera. Many local operas have absorbed its artistic nutrients to varying degrees, and some of them also have Kunqu opera.

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In the long-term performance practice, Kunqu opera has accumulated a large number of stage plays. Among them, Wang Shizhen's Feng Mingji, Tang Xianzu's Peony Pavilion, Zi Chai Ji, Handan Ji, Conan Ji and Shen Jing's Yi are the most influential and frequently performed plays. There are Yupin Ji, Kite Wrong by Li Yu, Fifteen Passes by Zhu, Peach Blossom Fan by Kong, Palace of Eternal Life by Hong Sheng, and other famous discount plays, such as "A Dream in the Garden", "Yang Guan", "Three Drunks", "Qiu Jiang" and "Nostalgia".

Beijing Opera Heroes and Dingjun Mountain

Kunqu Opera Fairy Palace and Peach Blossom Fan

Sichuan opera "Hosta"