Brief introduction of Jingdezhen ceramics

Porcelain making has a long history.

China is a country of porcelain, and Jingdezhen is known as the capital of porcelain. Porcelain is a great invention of China. Porcelain is the symbol of ancient civilization in China, and Jingdezhen is the representative of this porcelain capital. Foreigners' porcelain is called China and porcelain.

Yingying white jade porcelain has a long way to go. Jingdezhen, known as the "porcelain capital" by the People's Armed Forces Department, has a long history of making porcelain. History records: "Xinping smelting pottery began in the Han Dynasty (Jingdezhen was called Xinping Town in ancient times). As early as the Han Dynasty, on the basis of primitive porcelain of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, glazed "celadon" could be fired in this area. In this way, Jingdezhen's porcelain-making history has been two thousand years.

Porcelain production in history books

According to relevant historical records, Jingdezhen has produced various porcelains since the Han Dynasty. There was a man named Zhao Ci in Jin Dynasty who made great contributions to the improvement of Jingdezhen porcelain quality at that time, so he was honored as a "master" by later generations and set up a temple to worship him. In 583 AD, in order to build luxurious pavilions, Emperor Chen of the Southern Dynasties ordered the kiln owner to burn beautifully carved ceramic columns here for the royal use. In the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Yang Di wanted to build two "lions like wild animals" as palaces here. This shows that Jingdezhen's porcelain industry had a considerable level of skill at that time, and porcelain products had great influence.

After the establishment of the powerful Tang Empire, during the Wude period of great-grandfather Li Yuan (AD 6 18-626), Jingdezhen, which was also called Changnan Town at that time, had a great development, resulting in two famous porcelain makers, one named Tao Yu and the other named Huo Zhongchu. The porcelain they made is "like jade", but the soil is white, the body is slightly thin and the pigment is moist.

Dehua porcelain, which is famous at home and abroad

Dehua County, Fujian Province is a famous ceramic producing area in China and an important base for exporting porcelain. Dehua porcelain industry has a long history of 1000 years. Porcelain is white and hard, well-crafted, elegant in shape and bright in color. As early as the song and yuan dynasties, he boarded the international porcelain altar and became famous at home and abroad. Once with Jingdezhen in Jiangxi Province and Liling in Hunan Province, it was called "the three major porcelain capitals" of China.

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, with the commercial prosperity of Quanzhou Port and the development of overseas trade, Dehua porcelain was sold overseas. At present, more than 30 sites of Song and Yuan porcelain kilns have been found, and many sites of Dehua porcelain at that time have also been found in some countries and regions in Southeast Asia and East Africa, which is a witness of history. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Dehua Kiln, represented by Wanbao Wheel Kiln, adopted the processes of wheel making, impression and tire connection. A large number of bowls, plates, cups, plates, bottles, cans, pots, boxes, washing and vases of celadon, celadon and white porcelain are fired in Yilong kiln; A small amount of black glazed tea bowls are fired. The surface of porcelain is decorated with patterns such as lotus petals, peony, cloud water, banana leaves, tangled branches and flowers, as well as dozens of decorative patterns such as lotus petals, chrysanthemum petals, sunflower patterns, wheat ears and rolling grass. These products are available in Japan, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and other places. By the Southern Song Dynasty, the firing technology of porcelain kilns had made new progress. The fired white porcelain has large volume, thin carcass, moist glaze color, strong whiteness and light transmittance, and has reached a very high level. At the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Dehua porcelain kiln was greatly improved, and a kind of "chicken cage kiln" appeared, which was between dragon kiln and similar kiln (also called egg kiln) and was easy to control fire. From the early Song Dynasty, the old process of reduction sintering was changed and the new process of oxidation sintering was adopted. At this time, the production scale of the kiln has also been greatly expanded. 1976 archaeological excavation slope of Qudou Palace kiln site in Song Dynasty 57. 1 m * * * You 17 kiln room. Such a large ancient kiln is really rare in China. During this period, new products with flashing yellow or red in white appeared in porcelain glaze, and porcelain carved Buddha statues became very popular. Export porcelain still occupies a major position in porcelain trade. In his travels, Kyle Poirot, a famous Italian traveler in Yuan Dynasty, selected Dehua porcelain as "many porcelain markets", "exquisite production" and "low purchase price" and brought Dehua porcelain back to Italy. According to Artis, the first British ambassador to Dehua, it has been confirmed that the Italian museum still retains a small flower arrangement work brought by Ma Shi from Dehua Chunling Kiln.

In the Ming Dynasty, Dehua porcelain industry entered a new development period. The comprehensive development level of utensils modeling, firing technology, product quality, production varieties, technology level and decorative art is far above that of Song and Yuan Dynasties. The porcelain sculptures represented by He Chaozong are world-famous, and are known as "Oriental art" and "the treasure of the world". The unique "ivory white" (Bai Jian porcelain, with milky glaze and elegant color) is known as the representative of China white porcelain and enjoys the reputation of "China white" and "the pearl of international porcelain". In particular, the porcelain carvings of Taoist and Buddhist figures have realistic shapes, elegant styles and unique artistic charm, reaching the peak of Dehua kiln's ancient technological achievements. By the Ming Dynasty, Dehua kiln had made new innovations in building technology, and for the first time in China, a semi-inverted flame kiln with large burning capacity appeared, which not only saved fuel, but also made the burning flame easy to control. This type of kiln spread abroad and had a great influence on the design of international porcelain kilns. The book Kiln published by Japan 1970 once recorded: "Kiln-like kiln first appeared in Dehua, Fujian, and it is also the most famous. Japanese kilns were designed under the influence of Dehua, so Japan estimated Dehua kilns as the ancestors of conjoined kilns. " In the middle of the era, there was a new creation in glaze making technology, and the blue and white day under the kiln gradually entered the decoration field of Dehua porcelain.

In the Qing Dynasty, Dehua blue and white porcelain ware competed with each other. More than 20 blue and white porcelain kiln sites/kloc-0 have been found in the county. Blue and white porcelain replaced white porcelain. There are many kinds of blue and white flowers, and the contents of pattern painting are extensive, including historical stories, figures and ladies, production activities, social customs, animals and flowers, landscapes and religious decorations. The picture is beautiful and elegant, the brushwork is simple and rough, the composition is simple and stretched, and it is full of life breath, showing the new style of folk kiln color or quiet and elegant or rich and gorgeous, and creating a new era of Dehua kiln color. Its popularity abroad is no less than that of five-color porcelain daily utensils and furnishings in the Qing Dynasty. At present, Dehua kiln ancient porcelain pieces or museum treasures unearthed in Britain, France, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, India, Syria, Tania and many other countries are important cultural relics for studying the development history of Dehua ancient porcelain and the history of scientific and technological cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.

After the late Qing Dynasty, with the economic aggression of imperialism, China's urban and rural areas were severely damaged, and Dehua porcelain industry declined. However, a few folk artists, such as Su and Xu Youyi, insisted on making porcelain, inherited the tradition and pioneered and innovated in difficult times, and their works were still highly praised. 19 15 years, Su first molded porcelain plum blossom and won the first prize of Panama World Expo. Later, Xu Youyi initiated porcelain training and other craft activities, and produced porcelain sculptures such as Mulan Joining the Army, Guan Gong and Guanyin, which won gold medals at international and national expositions held in Britain, Japan and Nanjing respectively. 1930: The porcelain sculpture "Five Hundred Arhats" specially made for Longji Temple in Xianyou is vivid, varied and lifelike, and it is also the first treasure in China porcelain altar. During the Republic of China, underglaze blue and white was gradually replaced by underglaze color. During the period of 1934, Fujian Provincial Construction Department set up an improved porcelain factory in Dehua, introduced mechanical equipment such as ball milling, mud refining and winch, and developed chemical porcelain such as over-glaze pigments, electric porcelain, ceramic tiles, pliers pots and funnels. Instead, it is a new technology of gypsum model grouting and mechanical pressing. But in this period, as far as the whole porcelain industry is concerned, it basically followed the traditional manual operation technology.

After liberation, Dehua porcelain production has been reborn, especially since the reform and opening up, the porcelain industry in this county has entered a new development period. 1988, there were 229 porcelain production enterprises registered by the county industrial and commercial bureau, and the number of registered people at the end of the year was 1 16 15, accounting for 1 16% of the total number of employees in the county. Ceramic research institute, ceramic school, ceramic machinery factory, packaging carton factory, decal workshop and other supporting institutions for scientific research and production have been established one after another, and the backward manual operation in the past has gradually been replaced by advanced production. The scale of production is constantly expanding. 1988 the annual output value of porcelain industry is more than 54 million yuan, accounting for 40% of the county's total industrial output value and 19.82% of the county's total industrial and agricultural output value. The output of daily-use porcelain accounts for 40% of the total output of porcelain in the province, and the export porcelain accounts for two-thirds of the total export porcelain in the province. Products sell well in more than 20 provinces and cities and more than 80 countries and regions on five continents. This is an important commodity in the province's foreign trade. It also occupies an important position in China ceramic industry.

Dehua traditional porcelain sculptures, which are well-known at home and abroad, inherit the style of He Chaozong in the Ming Dynasty and reproduce its brilliance. Using kneading, carving, carving, carving and other techniques, it combines high-quality raw materials with exquisite skills and has a unique style. At present, Dehua produces more than 390 kinds of products with historical and traditional themes, and more than 0/00 kinds of porcelain Guanyin/KLOC with various postures and specifications. The large-scale porcelain sculpture "Drip Guanyin" is as high as 1.90 meters, dignified and elegant. The smallest "sitting Guanyin", only 5 cm high, is beautiful and generous. These statues with different expressions inherit and develop the traditional technique of "vivid and freehand brushwork", which makes the porcelain images have both form and spirit, bright and clean colors, beautiful and healthy artistic conception and gives people a beautiful feeling. Artists are good at using mud glazes of different materials, which makes the colors of porcelain carvings extremely diverse. Modern themes and porcelain sculptures of various animals, flowers and birds, bonsai and flower baskets are dazzling and varied. These porcelain sculptures have been selected for foreign exhibitions many times and are deeply appreciated by international friends. The ivory white porcelain, known as "the pearl of international porcelain altar" in the Ming Dynasty, was restored and developed after the founding of the People's Republic of China and renamed as "Bai Jian Porcelain". The successful production of Bai Jian porcelain. Porcelain is delicate and moist, soft and white in color, slightly milky yellow, just like ivory. In all previous foreign export commodities fairs and exhibitions, it has been well received and won the certificate of state-owned quality products. Dehua high white porcelain is one of the new achievements of Dehua porcelain scientific research after the founding of the People's Republic of China. With a high whiteness of 88. 1 degree, it was rated as the highest white porcelain by the national ceramic circle. Tea sets, wine sets, tableware, vases, table lamps and other handicrafts made of high whiteness are deeply loved by people because of their frosted, crystal clear glaze color and thin fetal quality. High whiteness plum blossom wine set, narcissus cuttings and bud wine set won the first, second and third prizes of 1982 national ceramic art design respectively. Dragon and phoenix bottles, peacock ear bottles and other products are praised as treasures in porcelain in foreign exhibitions. At present, the upcoming "Bai Jian" high-grade complete set porcelain production line of Dehua Porcelain Factory and the whiteness high-grade complete set porcelain production line of Dehua Second Porcelain Factory will make Dehua porcelain bloom more brilliantly.

With the situation of opening to the outside world and the increasing development of China's construction in recent years, Dehua Porcelain will continuously improve its decorative art, increase the variety of colors and improve the quality of its products to meet the needs of domestic consumers.

Liling ceramic

Liling City is located in the east of Hunan Province, on the western edge of the northern section of Luoxiao, in the Lishui River basin, a tributary of Xiangjiang River, and adjacent to the "Golden Triangle" economic zone of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, with a total area of 2 157.2 square kilometers, including 38,000 hectares of cultivated land. The total population is nearly one million. Among them, non-agricultural population138,700, urban population16,900. In 2002, the gross domestic product reached 6.78 billion yuan, an increase of 66.2% compared with 1997 at comparable prices, with an average annual increase of10.7%; The proportion of tertiary industry structure was adjusted from 29.4∶47.2∶23.4 in 1997 to 20 ∶ 51.7 ∶ 28.3; The total fiscal revenue was 359.3 million yuan (the old caliber was 385 million yuan), with an average annual growth rate of 10.75%, of which the general budget revenue was 1889 1 10,000 yuan (the old caliber was 219.04 million yuan), with an average annual growth rate of 9.4%; The per capita net income of farmers reached 3,253 yuan, an increase of 724 yuan compared with 1997, with an average annual increase of 5.2%. 1985 Withdraw counties and set up cities. Because it is rich in ceramics and fireworks, it enjoys the reputation of "porcelain capital" and "hometown of fireworks". (Right: Liling City, Hunan Province)

Liling, with beautiful scenery and pleasant scenery, has an annual average temperature of 17.6℃, abundant rainfall, sufficient light and heat, and a frost-free period of 288 days. Mao Zedong, the city's key cultural relics protection unit, visited Xiannongtan, Tofuku-ji Temple, the memorial site of Hunan peasant movement, Yunyan Temple, the birthplace of Zen Cao Dongzong, the main schools of Japanese Buddhism, and many places of interest such as Liquan Yue Ying, Caiyuan Taying, Zhoufang, Hongfu Tomb, Lijiang Academy, and so on. A large number of outstanding generals and people with lofty ideals such as Li, the outstanding leader of China workers' movement, Zuo Quan, Geng Biao, Song, Cai Shengxi, Cheng Qian and Chen Mingren have emerged in this heroic land.

"The world famous porcelain comes from Liling". As early as the end of the Qing Dynasty, Liling ceramics, as white as jade, as bright as a mirror, as thin as paper and as smooth as a tune, became famous at home and abroad, and was known as "the peak of oriental ceramic art". After a hundred years of vicissitudes, Liling porcelain has not only entered the Great Hall of the People, Zhongnanhai and Chairman Mao Memorial Hall in the capital, but also traveled across the ocean, exported to five continents and deeply loved by people all over the world. In recent years, stoneware has become popular all over the world and has become the fist for cities to earn foreign exchange through export. There are more than 400 ceramic production enterprises in the city, forming a diversified product system with daily-use ceramics, electric ceramics, artistic ceramics and special industrial ceramics as the main products, and gradually developing into a comprehensive and professional supporting ceramic production base and export base. Liling is also the hometown of Li Yi, the founder of fireworks. Fireworks production has a long history and is spread all over urban and rural areas. Liling Fireworks has embarked on a pioneering road from failure to glory, realizing the transformation of products from single to multiple, from thousands of years of traditional production technology to the combination of traditional technology and modern scientific and technological achievements, and from domestic sales to export and domestic sales simultaneously. The output value of fireworks ranks among the best in the major producing counties (cities) in China and is sold to more than 80 countries, regions and all parts of the country. At the' 99 Kunming World Expo,' 99 China Pu 'er Tea Festival, the 50th anniversary of the National Day of the capital and the 50th anniversary of Macao's return to China, Liling fireworks shone brilliantly, winning the heartfelt admiration of the world with its charming charm. With the development of the two traditional industries, clothing, construction, waterproof building materials, printing and packaging, chemical industry and other industries have been growing and become new industrial groups. The annual output value of clothing and building materials industries exceeds 400 million yuan and 6543.80 billion yuan respectively. (Above: Porcelain of Emperor Hirohito of Japan)

Since the reform and opening up, Liling has entered the fast lane of economic development. Especially since the founding of the city, the people of the whole city have made great progress in their economic work and various social undertakings. From 65438 to 0990, Liling became the first county (city) in the Yangtze River valley with grain exceeding 100 million tons and one of the first counties (cities) in Hunan Province with fiscal revenue exceeding 100 million tons. The pace of agricultural restructuring has been accelerating, food crops are developing in the direction of high yield and high quality, and cash crops are developing in the direction of regionalization and specialization. A number of characteristic bases such as off-season eggplant, early-maturing cucumber, seedless watermelon, water lotus root and water chestnut have been established. Township enterprises have won the "five consecutive championships" in the province's total output value, supporting the "most rivers and mountains" of the city's economy. The "opening-driven strategy" has been fully implemented, infrastructure construction such as water, electricity, roads and communications has been improved day by day, and the urban and rural areas have changed with each passing day. The urban built-up area has expanded to 18 square kilometers, and the urban population has reached180,000, forming an urban-rural integration pattern with the urban area as the center and the established towns as the periphery. The level of urban management has been continuously improved, and urban sanitation has leapt to the advanced ranks in the province, and it is moving towards a national health city. The city has successively issued a series of preferential policies to attract foreign investment, attracting a large number of merchants from the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, Japan and other countries as well as Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan to invest in the village, which has promoted the vigorous development of foreign-funded enterprises. There are more than 40 enterprises directly engaged in foreign trade in the city, with an annual export volume of over US$ 654.38 billion. The urban and rural markets are booming, and the ceramic fireworks market with a total investment of 300 million yuan has been built into "the first city of Sanxiang". In 2002, the project of "Sichuan gas entering the village" will be officially launched, which indicates that Liling has officially become the beneficiary city of the national key project-"West-East Gas Transmission". (Pictured above: Lijiang Academy)

In 200 1 year, Liling hired experts from China Urban Planning and Design Institute to compile the Conceptual Planning of Urban Development Strategy, which put forward clear ideas on major issues such as urban positioning, spatial layout and functional zoning. The new city orientation is: ceramic fireworks production and export base based on high technology; Relying on the advantages of transportation location to build a modern logistics center in eastern Hunan and western Jiangxi: a landscape garden city based on profound cultural heritage and beautiful natural resources. The urban spatial layout is "one center, three groups": the city center is the commercial and cultural administrative center; Take the northwest and south groups as industrial areas, and the northeast groups as leisure residential areas. It is estimated that by 20 10, the urban built-up area will be expanded from 17 square kilometers to 30 square kilometers; The urban population increased from 6.5438+700,000 to 300,000.