Especially with the continuous increase of the total building volume and the improvement of living comfort, building energy consumption is rising sharply. At present, more than 99% of the 2 billion square meters of newly built houses in China are high-energy buildings; Only 4% of the existing 43 billion square meters buildings have adopted energy-saving measures, and the heating energy consumption per unit building area is more than three times that of new buildings in developed countries. According to experts' speculation, if effective measures are not taken, by 2020, the energy consumption of buildings in China will be more than three times that of today. According to the survey data, according to the current trend, by 2020, China's building energy consumption will reach 65.438+0.9 billion tons of standard coal, equivalent to 2.943 billion kWh, which is more than 34 times of the total annual power generation of the Three Gorges Power Station. Nowadays, in industrialized and developing countries, building energy consumption accounts for a large part of the country's total energy consumption. In many countries, building energy conservation, especially reducing the daily energy consumption of buildings, is the focus of energy conservation work.
First, the successful experience of building energy efficiency in developed countries
1.uk
Britain mainly adopts three measures in energy-saving buildings: first, it adopts structural measures to improve the thermal insulation performance of walls, roofs, doors and windows; The second is to use solar energy; The third is to improve the heating system. At present, the passive solar house promoted in Britain does not need external mechanical action, and uses the building heat-absorbing insulation materials as the medium to realize the utilization of solar energy by using the natural exchange of cold and hot air. In passive solar houses, the energy provided by solar energy accounts for 30% of the total energy consumption. In order to promote the implementation of the sustainable development strategy, the British Building Research Department announced on September 1 2004 that the British government will implement a plan to build one million "green houses", mainly through preferential tax policies to encourage residents to build 1 10,000 "green houses" in the next 10 year. The plan encourages residents to use environmental protection technology to build or decorate houses and build new houses that are conducive to environmental protection. This new type of residence will use solar panels, a bathing water recycling device and pollution-free paint. All green houses built by these methods will enjoy preferential policies such as stamp duty reduction and exemption, while new traditional houses will not enjoy these preferential policies.
2. America
The United States promotes building energy conservation from two aspects: first, the thermal performance of the building itself; The second is to improve the energy efficiency of building energy consumption systems and equipment. The United States government has also promulgated green building standards and established a green building association to promote and encourage the large-scale application of green buildings. At present, the United States converts light energy into electric energy, which provides effective energy for families, schools, public buildings and other departments. It is well applied and very popular. In addition, the United States has taken a series of measures to promote the implementation of building energy-saving regulations and standards. First, adopt economic policies to encourage the implementation of regulations and standards. The Energy Policy Law promulgated by 1978 specifies the economic support for building energy conservation in detail. Secondly, the market access system should be formulated to supervise the whole process of new building energy conservation, and the supervision and management of building energy conservation should run through the whole process of building construction from design to construction to acceptance. Third, formulate an "energy efficiency labeling" system to promote the use of energy-saving products. The US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Department of Energy jointly promote the "Energy Star" project, and products with the "Energy Star" logo must exceed the corresponding minimum energy efficiency standards for such products. In order to promote the popularization and application of energy consumption labeling products, the US government gives priority to high-efficiency and energy-saving products with the "Energy Star" logo when purchasing public facilities. Fourth, the implementation of building energy efficiency statistics and audit system. At present, the United States has established a statistical database of related building energy consumption; States such as New York have also implemented energy audit projects including building energy efficiency audit.
3. Japan
Facing the huge building energy consumption, Japan, which is totally dependent on imported energy, put forward the energy-saving target of 20 10 as early as 1997/10/month, in which the civil sector is required to save energy by 3 1%, which is subdivided into: building energy saving1/kloc. In Japan, the concept of "building energy saving and environmental design" was recently put forward. The so-called environmental design of architecture means that factors such as longevity, coexistence with nature, energy conservation, resource conservation and energy recycling must be considered in architectural design to protect the earth environment on which human beings depend and create an atmosphere of "environmental action" in which everyone participates. At the same time, the concept similar to housing is put forward, that is, "environment breeds housing". These factors and requirements are all contained in the laws and regulations of the earth environment-architecture. In order to implement the laws and regulations, the Japanese government has formulated many concrete and feasible supervision measures and energy-saving standards that must be implemented, and has clear energy-saving targets; Moreover, its energy-saving standards are formulated for public buildings and residential buildings respectively. According to their different functions, public buildings are divided into five categories: hotels, hospitals, department stores, office buildings and schools, and the corresponding energy-saving standards are given respectively.
Secondly, the enlightenment of the above experience to building energy efficiency in China.
Compared with foreign developed countries and regions, there is still a big gap in building energy efficiency in China, which faces severe challenges and has great potential.
1. Accelerate the formulation and construction of energy-saving policies, laws and regulations.
China's building energy conservation is still in its infancy, and the workload of building energy conservation and heating system transformation is huge, which requires a lot of capital investment. China should strengthen the formulation of policies and relevant laws and regulations, and increase capital investment in this area. Only in this way can we strengthen the guidance from the aspects of architectural design, site selection, orientation and material selection, and promote the development of building energy conservation work.
2. Accelerate the development and utilization of new energy sources.
At present, China's building energy consumption is mainly oil, coal and electricity, accounting for 50%, 10% and 40% respectively. By the end of 20 10, China's building energy consumption is mainly coal and electricity (about 75%). Thus, non-renewable energy accounts for nearly 90% of the energy consumption of large public buildings in China, while solar energy, wind energy and light energy are. China should accelerate the application of new energy sources such as geothermal energy, solar energy, wind energy and biomass energy in building energy conservation. Such as using high-temperature geothermal energy to generate electricity or directly for heating and hot water supply; Or use low-temperature geothermal energy with the help of ground source heat pump and tunnel wind system, or generate electricity in high-rise buildings that are more suitable for wind energy and easy to cause strong winds in windy coastal mountainous areas.
3. Increase investment in scientific research.
From start to development, from input to benefit, building energy conservation work all over the world runs through the guidance, guidance and participation of scientific research work. The use of solar houses and other new energy sources in buildings is the result of close cooperation among architects, engineers and scientists. The improvement of thermal performance of building envelope depends largely on the research of new materials and new structures. Building energy-saving policies and regulations are the embodiment of building practice and scientific research. At present, the research institutions and research teams of building energy-saving technology in China are scattered, and few of them can not give full play to their team abilities and turn them into real productive forces. China should strengthen the construction of comprehensive research institutions of building energy-saving technology, carry out and strengthen the research work of building energy-saving as soon as possible, increase the investment in this research, and actively introduce new technologies and materials when possible. Appropriate policy support can be given to projects that adopt new energy-saving materials, and adaptive subsidies can be given to the purchase of low-energy residential buildings. Only in this way can we really promote building energy conservation.
4. Publicity and education to raise awareness of energy conservation.
At present, most people are not familiar with the cause of building energy conservation. The main reason is that publicity is not in place, and most people lack knowledge about energy conservation, and they don't know that energy conservation is the obligation of every citizen. Building energy-saving transformation is a national policy and a good thing for people's livelihood. We should further intensify publicity to create a good social atmosphere for building energy-saving renovation, stimulate the subjective initiative of the majority of owners, and eliminate man-made obstacles. In order to overcome the obstacles of building owners' lack of energy-saving expertise, we should strengthen the dissemination of energy-saving policy information, energy-saving cases, energy-saving equipment, energy-saving technologies and energy-saving management experience to people including building owners' responsible persons, property and logistics departments and related energy-saving service companies and equipment suppliers, and carry out various forms of training and on-site exchange activities according to different groups of people, different building types and different management systems, so as to promote the continuous improvement of building energy utilization efficiency and scientific management level.
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