"Outline of Education Planning" puts forward: pay attention to the combination of learning and thinking. Advocate heuristic, inquiry, discussion and participatory teaching to help students learn to learn; Pay attention to the unity of knowledge and action. Adhere to the combination of education and teaching with productive labor and social practice; Pay attention to teaching students according to their aptitude. Pay attention to the different characteristics and personality differences of students and develop the potential of each student.
The Outline of Education Planning has reformed the education in China in many aspects:
In China, the problem of heavy schoolwork burden of primary and middle school students has a long history, and the reasons are complex, involving many factors such as examination system, school management, employment system, parents' concept, negative influence of traditional culture and so on. To this end, the Outline of Education Planning clearly puts forward that "it is the common responsibility of the whole society to reduce the burden of students' schoolwork, and the government, schools and family society should work together to treat both the symptoms and root causes and comprehensively manage them".
In view of the deep-seated reasons why the pressure of entering a higher school leads to the increase of schoolwork burden of primary and secondary school students, the Outline of Education Planning also puts forward reform measures: regions and schools should not be ranked by the enrollment rate, and enrollment indicators should not be issued. Standardize all kinds of social tutoring institutions and supplementary teaching markets. The results of various grades of examinations and competitions shall not be used as the basis for admission and further study in compulsory education.
After clarifying the responsibilities of the government and schools, the Outline of Education Planning also puts forward requirements for family education: parents should establish correct educational concepts, master scientific educational methods, respect children's healthy interests, cultivate their daughters' good habits, strengthen communication and cooperation with schools, and reduce students' academic burden.
In order to improve the quality of vocational education, the Outline of Education Planning requires: to implement the talent training mode of combining work with study, school-enterprise cooperation and internship. Establish and improve the quality assurance system of vocational education, and attract enterprises to participate in the evaluation of educational quality.
In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of industry enterprises to participate in vocational education construction, the Outline of Education Planning proposes to formulate laws and regulations to promote school-enterprise cooperation and promote the institutionalization of school-enterprise cooperation. Formulate preferential policies to encourage enterprises to accept student training and teacher practice, and encourage enterprises to increase investment in vocational education.
In view of the shortage of teachers in the development of vocational education, the Outline of Education Planning proposes to strengthen the construction of "double-qualified" teachers and training bases. Establish and improve the system of skilled personnel teaching in vocational schools. Improve the teacher qualification standards and professional and technical positions (titles) evaluation and employment methods that meet the characteristics of vocational education.
The lack of students' innovative ability and practical ability is also a problem faced by the teaching reform of higher education. In this regard, the Outline of Education Planning puts forward in the Reform Measures of Senior High School Education and Higher Education: explore ways to discover and cultivate innovative talents; Support students to participate in scientific research and strengthen practical teaching.
The proposal of "Outline of Education Planning" is of great significance to China's education reform.
The idea of education and teaching reform put forward in the Outline of Education Planning directly points to the disadvantages of exam-oriented education, which is helpful to further enhance the concept of quality education.
There are four highlights in the Outline of Education Planning:
The first bright spot is that the goal is very clear. At the beginning, it was clear that it was very important to move from a big country with human resources to a strong country with human resources as the key link.
The second highlight is the construction of a number of internationally renowned and distinctive high-level institutions of higher learning. Build a number of world-class universities and a number of world-renowned high-level universities.
The third highlight is that all levels and types of education focus on improving quality, and all types of education focus on improving the quality of education as the core of reform and development.
The fourth bright spot is that the whole education should go to a new level. By 2020, preschool education and high school education will be basically popularized, and the gross enrollment rate will reach 90%, which is a great impetus to China's education reform.
2. What are the challenges facing China's economic and social development? What do you think should be done?
At present, the world economy is slowly recovering after experiencing the violent turmoil of the financial crisis, and new profound and complex changes have taken place in the international and domestic situations. However, the important strategic opportunity period of China's development has not been changed or reversed because of the financial crisis.
From the international environment, firstly, economic globalization has developed in depth, and China has new advantages in the adjustment and development of globalization. Second, after the financial crisis, countries are committed to developing new technologies and industries, which will become an important force to promote a new round of global growth. China has new opportunities in the competition to seize the commanding heights of science and technology and industrial competition. Third, the status of emerging powers has risen, and China and other emerging powers are becoming an important force to promote global economic growth.
China's economic and social development is also facing enormous challenges. In the next five years, China must start the economic growth mode from "Kuznets growth" mode with high input, high consumption and high growth to "Schumpeter growth" mode characterized by economic structure transformation, technological innovation and micro-enterprise management system innovation, which is the inevitable choice for China's economic development in the future.
Whether the income distribution structure is improved is the key to judge the effect of changing the mode of economic development. This is because many contradictions that accelerate the transformation of economic development mode, such as unreasonable investment and consumption structure, lagging development of tertiary industry, high cost of resources and environment for economic development and lagging development of social undertakings, can all be answered from unreasonable income distribution.
At present, the main problems in income distribution are: first, the growth of residents' income lags behind economic growth; Second, the widening income gap between different income classes has not been effectively curbed; Third, the income gap between urban and rural residents and the regional income gap has not been effectively solved. With the increasing economic strength of China,
The "cake" of social wealth is getting bigger and bigger. In this situation, it is becoming more and more critical to divide this "cake"-it is not only the fundamental purpose of making it bigger, but also the necessary condition for continuing to make it bigger. Extensive economic's growth pattern has not fundamentally changed. This problem was raised at the Central Working Conference in February 1980, and the Fifth Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee in June 1995 further clearly emphasized the need to realize the transformation of economic growth mode from extensive to intensive. China has been trying to change the mode of economic growth for many years, but the current situation is still: remarkable progress has been made, the level is still very low, and the contradictions are very acute. Therefore, we should make up our minds to find the right way to develop productive forces.
The industrial structure is not reasonable enough. Since 1978, the industrial structure of China has changed, but this structure is not only lower than that of high-income countries, but also lower than that of low-income countries and middle-income countries. The lagging development of modern service industry reflects the low-level structure within the tertiary industry. This low level is manifested in the tertiary industry, where the life service industry has been dominant for a long time and the producer service industry is in a non-dominant position. This shows that modern service industries such as finance and insurance, real estate, logistics, scientific and technological development, and information resources services are developing slowly. The lagging development of modern service industry also reflects the lagging development of urbanization in China.
The ability of independent innovation is not strong. China's independent innovation ability is not strong, which is manifested in many aspects. For example, the contribution of China's scientific and technological progress to economic growth is only 24%, ranking 24th among the 50 major countries in the world, behind India and Brazil. The contribution rate of scientific and technological progress in the United States to economic growth is 60-70%. China's dependence on foreign technology is higher than 50%, while the United States and Japan are only lower than 5%. Facts profoundly tell us that improving the ability of independent innovation is the key to strengthening the national economic strength.
The contradiction between economic and social development and resources and environment is becoming increasingly acute. China is a country with a large population and few resources, which will restrict the economic and social development of China for a long time. China is a water-deficient country, and its per capita share is only 1/4 of the world average. There are 400 water shortages in 600 cities in China, with serious water shortages 1 10. China's arable land is only 40% of the world's per capita arable land. During the seven years from 1996 to the end of 2003, the cultivated land in China decreased by100000 mu. In addition, the per capita reserves of oil are only 8.3% of the world's per capita reserves, natural gas is only 4. 1%, copper is 25.5%, and aluminum is 9.7%. Environmental pollution and ecological destruction are becoming more and more serious.
Outstanding problems of uncoordinated economic development and social development. To build a harmonious society, we must have a corresponding material foundation. However, under the condition of economic development, if the outstanding social development problems cannot be solved in time, there will be sharp problems that affect social stability and hinder economic development. For more than ten years, the party and the government have always attached great importance to solving unexpected problems. However, with the rapid changes in the social transformation period, social problems are still emerging one after another. At present, the most prominent problems of uncoordinated economic and social development are: insufficient employment, imperfect social security system and unsatisfactory distribution. The deeper problems are education, culture and medical care.
The problems of system and mechanism affecting development need to be solved urgently. After more than ten years' efforts, the socialist market economic system has been initially established, but the deep-seated problems and contradictions have not been completely solved. Perfecting the socialist market economic system requires long-term efforts. At present, the whole party must work hard to deepen the reform of the economic system.
The transformation of government functions has not been fundamentally realized. The separation of government from enterprise, government from capital, government from enterprise, and government from market intermediary organizations has not yet been completed; Continue to reduce and standardize administrative examination and approval; The public service function of governments at all levels in social management needs to be strengthened. Accelerate the construction of a government ruled by law, comprehensively promote administration according to law, and improve the scientific and democratic decision-making mechanism and administrative supervision mechanism.
Facing these challenges, we should take scientific development as the theme and accelerate the transformation of economic development mode as the main line. Adhere to the strategy of expanding domestic demand, adjust and optimize the investment structure, and accelerate the formation of a new situation in which consumption, investment and export coordinate to promote economic growth. It is an important task to actively and steadily promote urbanization and gradually transform the agricultural transfer population that meets the conditions for settlement into urban residents. Relying on big cities and focusing on small and medium-sized cities, urban agglomerations with large radiation effects will be gradually formed.
Adhere to the overall strategy of regional development, guide the orderly transfer of industries across regions, and guide all regions to promote development in strict accordance with the main functional orientation. Safeguard and improve people's livelihood, adjust the income distribution relationship, expand the coverage of social security system, and establish and improve the basic public service system.
3. What is the recent security situation around China? How should college students strive to create a harmonious surrounding environment?
In recent years, the surrounding security situation is generally satisfactory, but there are still many problems, facing certain threats and challenges.
A multipolar power structure is taking shape around China. This is not the product of multipolarization in the world, but a regional structure. Due to the stagnation and low-speed development of Japan's economy, the gap between Japan and other Asian forces is narrowing. At the same time, Japan is more willing to play a role in the political and security fields. Russia's economy has stabilized after experiencing a serious recession. With Putin's election, its comprehensive strength has entered a recovery period. Although the integration process of ASEAN has been hit by the financial crisis, it has not been fundamentally hit, and the economic, social and political cooperation among ASEAN countries is still strengthening and expanding. The emergence of the new economy has improved India's economic situation. With the possession of nuclear weapons, India's military deterrence continues to increase. India's desire to play the role of a big country in Asia has obviously increased. China's comprehensive national strength continues to increase, and its position in regional and international relations has been strengthened. The United States is the only superpower in the world, and this position supports its dominant position in Asia. But the United States is a non-Asian country, and its power is scattered all over the world. Its power distribution in Asia is limited by these two factors.
The multi-level structure composed of China, Japan, the United States, Russia, ASEAN and India will be a relatively stable and balanced structure. In the foreseeable period, it is impossible for any pole to gain an advantage in this region alone. In the multipolar equilibrium structure, the change and polarization of the alliance are the main reasons for instability. In the foreseeable future, the US-Japan alliance will remain stable, but its role will be restricted by the strategic relationship between China and Russia, and it will not be unconditionally supported by ASEAN and India. No interests will prompt India and ASEAN to abandon their long-term independent and neutral foreign policy and get involved in the confrontation between the United States and China and Russia. China is the fastest growing country in the region, China will continue to pursue an independent foreign policy of peace, and China will contribute to the stability of this structure.
The stability of this multipolar structure also lies in that even the superpower America can't change it. The distribution of American power in Asia can maintain this relatively stable structure, but if we want to change this structure and adopt a policy of "containment" against China, the cost will be unbearable and will far exceed its benefits. The United States will continue to seek "leadership" status in Asia, but if it wants to establish unipolar hegemony, it will inevitably be resisted by other forces jointly or separately.
It should be pointed out that the stability of the multipolar power balance around China will be affected by the subregional power and power relations. For example, South Korea and North Korea are important forces for sub-regional balance in Northeast Asia; Pakistan and Thailand are important forces in South Asia and the Indian Ocean. Indonesia and Vietnam may play an important role in Southeast Asia. Kazakhstan and Afghanistan may play an important role in Central Asia. These forces not only play an important role in the sub-regional balance, but also pose complex constraints on China and other big countries, thus affecting the stability of the multi-polar structure in Asia. These situations show that the balance of power itself cannot prevent the occurrence of various unstable factors.
As builders of various undertakings in the future of the motherland, college students' solid professional knowledge is the basis for their contribution to national modernization. The development of modern society requires higher and higher quality of talents, and the balanced development of personal quality directly determines the display space of talents and the sustainable development of personal quality. Therefore, future builders and successors should not only have professional knowledge and ability, but also have higher ideological and political quality.
Contemporary college students should know more about our motherland and be more firmly aware that they are shouldering the heavy responsibility of the country and the nation. We should be ambitious, care for the motherland and study for the rapid development of the Chinese nation. As contemporary college students, we should learn national defense knowledge, link life goals with the development of the country and the survival of the nation, study scientific and cultural knowledge harder, and make due contributions to the national defense cause of the motherland.
Personally, I think the military mainly includes three aspects, military theory, advanced weapons and elite troops. These three aspects, whether in military attack or in strategic defense, are extremely crucial.
Every country and nation starts from its own security and applies its latest scientific and technological achievements to national defense. By learning modern military scientific knowledge, college students can personally feel the application of their majors and knowledge in the military field, which greatly stimulates their enthusiasm and consciousness of learning modern scientific and cultural knowledge and enhances their consciousness of bravely challenging difficulties and climbing scientific peaks.