"Transplant" technology transfer refers to the whole content of technology. Multinational companies' overseas expansion mostly realizes their technology transfer through this model. This model has little dependence on the original technology system of the technology absorption subject, but the success rate is high, which is a shortcut for "catch-up" countries or regions to realize the leap-forward development of technology and economy. But the payment cost of transfer is higher. "Grafting" technology transfer refers to the technology transfer realized through the flow of some technologies, such as a unit technology or key process equipment. It takes the original technical system of technical demanders as the female parent, and it is grafted and integrated with external advanced technology, so that the function and efficiency of the original technical system can be updated. Obviously, this technology transfer mode is highly dependent on the original technical level of technology recipients, and the requirements for matching are harsh. Although the payment cost of technology transfer is low, the risk frequency of grafting is high. It is generally adopted by countries, regions and enterprises with relatively balanced technical strength.
2. From the perspective of different technology carriers, technology transfer can be divided into three modes: physical, intelligent and human.
The so-called "physical" technology transfer refers to the technology transfer caused by physical circulation. From the technical point of view, the physical objects in the form of production materials and labor products are the materialization and objectification of specific technologies, from which the existence of a certain technology can be reflected. Therefore, when physical objects flow or transfer in space, certain technologies will be transferred, which is the basic form of so-called "hard technology" transfer.
The so-called "intelligent" technology transfer mode refers to the technology transfer caused by the spread and flow of knowledge in some specialized scientific theories, skills, experiences and methods. It does not depend on the transfer of physical objects. This kind of technology transfer is usually called "soft technology" transfer. Commodity trading in the form of patented technology, technical know-how, process formula, information and intelligence is the basic form to realize this technology transfer.
"Manpower" technology transfer is an ancient technology transfer mode in human society, which is caused by the flow of people. Such as migration, transfer, recruitment, exchange, off-site training and other forms of mobility, can lead to technology transfer. This is because, no matter what specific form technology takes, it exists with people as the core and is understood, mastered and applied by people. Therefore, the flow of human resources is inevitably accompanied by the transfer of technology. During World War II, in order to avoid the persecution of war and fascism, a large number of scientists from Europe, especially Germany, fled to the United States, which led to the transfer of many leading technologies, especially nuclear technologies, from these countries to the United States.
3. From the technical function, technology transfer can be divided into two basic modes: process technology transfer and product technology transfer.
Generally speaking, within the industrial technology system, there are two systems: process technology form and product technology form, and each technology form contains several highly related unit technologies, which together constitute the technical basis of social production activities. From the specific production process, technology is the technical premise and material means for the formation of product technology, which directly determines the technical performance and production capacity of products. From the overall process of social production, product technology often constitutes the unit technology of technology (broadly speaking, the entity of technology itself is a concrete product), which in turn affects the overall level and efficiency of technology. In fact, any industrial technology is not omnipotent in terms of its function, but has its different emphasis. When technology focuses on influencing the production process, which can improve efficiency and expand output, this technology transfer is called process technology transfer; When technology focuses on the results of the production process and helps to improve the technical content and function expansion of products, this kind of technology transfer is called product technology transfer. Generally speaking, technology transfer in agriculture and extractive industries mostly belongs to the former, while technology transfer in manufacturing, information industry and construction industry mostly belongs to the latter. At the same time, process technology and product technology have strong coherence in function. Therefore, in the process of technology transfer, the upgrading of product technology is often realized through the transfer of process technology, or the transformation of process technology is realized through the transfer of product technology.