Hard work has made remarkable achievements in the protection of cultural relics.
1980 65438+In February, two large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed in the trial excavation of a tomb pit on the west side of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. This is another major archaeological discovery of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum after the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit. Due to the collapse, two bronze chariots and horses were seriously damaged when they were unearthed, and it was impossible to carry out fine cleaning at the excavation site. In order to better clean up and assemble the bronze chariots and horses in the later period, Wu Yongqi put forward the method of overall migration, which transported the bronze chariots and horses and the soil attached to them indoors in the original state, so that the bronze chariots and horses and their historical and cultural information were preserved to the maximum extent, laying a good foundation for later restoration, protection and research. After the bronze chariots and horses were transported to the Terracotta Warriors Museum, the restoration work began immediately. Wu Yongqi led a group of protection and restoration personnel to completely repair thousands of bronze chariots and horses one by one, regardless of the pollution of dirt and rust and the erosion of chemicals and some harmful gases. Wu Yongqi and his colleagues were surprised by every discovery in the research process of restoration and protection. For example, drilling, filing, chamfering, living hinge connection, casting connection and bimetal connection of copper chariots and horses; Large bronze casting, thin-walled casting and hollow molding all represented the superb scientific and technological level at that time, which fully reflected the wisdom of our ancestors. After eight years of fighting, the two bronze chariots and horses were finally repaired. A group of two-by-two large painted bronze chariots and horses reproduce the charm of the past.
1994- 12 "Restoration Technology of Qinling No.1 Copper Horse" passed the appraisal in National Cultural Heritage Administration. The expert group believes that the project has carried out a comprehensive and detailed archaeological and technical investigation and study on the 1 bronze horse, analyzed the structure, composition of main components, shapes of components and their relationships of the 1 bronze horse, and formulated an overall restoration plan by comprehensively utilizing bonding, welding, mechanical connection and proper use of steel bars. In terms of repair materials and processes, through theoretical research and simulation tests, reasonable bonding and welding materials, formulas, methods and processes are screened out. According to the comparative experimental results, the painting of bronze chariots and horses was strengthened and protected, and the Qinling No.1 bronze chariots and horses were successfully protected and restored. The restoration scheme is scientific, reasonable and feasible, with complete technical data and reliable experimental data. The project organically combines traditional restoration technology with modern science and technology, and makes innovations in restoration process design and restoration technology, reaching the international advanced level in the field of large-scale bronze cultural relics restoration, with good social and economic benefits. 1995 Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau awarded the first prize of "Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau Science and Technology Progress Award" for this project; In the same year, he won the second prize of "National Cultural Heritage Administration Science and Technology Progress Award" in National Cultural Heritage Administration; 1997 won the second prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award. When General Secretary Jiang inspected the bronze chariots and horses, he learned about the restoration of the bronze chariots and horses and sincerely praised: "They have worked hard to repair the scattered pieces so completely. This is what our Chinese nation is proud of. "
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and Terracotta Warriors and Horses are one of the first five heritages listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in China, and their protection has long been concerned by the world. In particular, the drawing of pottery figurines is of great value to the study of sculpture art, military affairs, science and technology in Qin Dynasty. Due to the serious problem of warping and peeling after the paintings were unearthed, 1987, the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum set up a research group on the protection technology of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses paintings, focusing on special research.
At the beginning of the research, the research group faced many problems such as lack of instruments, poor laboratory and shortage of research talents. In order to overcome these difficulties, Wu Yongqi led a group of young people to work hard, and Qi Xin worked together to solve this thorny problem by inviting in and out. First, actively recruit professionals from colleges and universities to enrich the research team in time; At the same time, actively organize researchers to participate in international and domestic academic activities, and send young researchers to carry out professional training and strengthening at home and abroad.
After 10 years of unremitting efforts, the research group finally made a major breakthrough: first, through scientific and reliable comprehensive analysis, it was confirmed that the organic bottom layer of the painting of Qin figurines was China raw lacquer; Secondly, the purple copper barium silicate pigment, which was only recognized in the 1980s, was discovered for the first time on the terracotta warriors and horses with exact unearthed place and age. Thirdly, the advanced laser holographic technology is successfully applied to the research and evaluation of the damage mechanism and reinforcement and protection effect of coatings for the first time; Fourthly, the combination of polyethylene glycol and polyurethane emulsion, monomer infiltration and electron beam radiation polymerization were successfully studied, and a set of painting protection technology suitable for various conditions was summarized, which effectively protected a number of precious painted Qin figurines unearthed.
In 200 1 year, the project "Research on the Protection Technology of Painted Figurines in Qin Dynasty" passed the technical appraisal organized by National Cultural Heritage Administration, and the expert group thought that "this achievement has reached the world leading level in the protection of painted cultural relics with raw lacquer as the bottom layer". In 2003, this achievement won the first prize of Shaanxi Science and Technology Achievement Award, and in 2004, it won the second prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award. In view of the fact that the Museum of Qin Figurines is at the international leading level in the protection of painted pottery cultural relics and has accumulated rich experience in the process of research and protection, the painted pottery protection technology of Qin Figurines is not only applied to the on-site protection of painted pottery unearthed in the No.2 pit of Qin Figurines, but also applied to the scientific protection of cultural relics such as Baixi Terrace in Qinling, No.6 pit and Fengxiang painted pottery in Tang Dynasty, all of which have achieved good protection effects. Therefore, in 2005, National Cultural Heritage Administration relied on the Museum of Terracotta Figurines as the key research base for the protection of painted pottery cultural relics.
Promote the healthy and rapid development of the protection of Qin figurines.
China's cultural relics protection started late, and there is still a big gap between cultural relics protection technology and developed countries, while a large number of rich cultural heritages are facing many hazards and need to be protected urgently. To make a breakthrough in a short time, the best way is to carry out extensive international cooperation in the field of scientific and technological protection of cultural relics, and keep learning in cooperation to shorten the time to overcome the difficulties in protection.
At this point, Wu Yongqi's thinking is very open. The Bavarian Cultural Relics Protection Agency is the first foreign institution to cooperate with the Terracotta Warriors Museum. 199 1 year, Wu Yongqi, then deputy director of the Terracotta Warriors Museum, actively strived for it through various mediations, and initialled the Letter of Intent for Sino-German Cooperation in Protecting Terracotta Warriors and Horses with the Bavarian Cultural Relics Protection Bureau of Germany. At this point, the curtain of Sino-German cooperation in protecting the cultural relics of Terracotta Warriors and Horses slowly opened. Wu Yongqi, as the leader of the Chinese expert group, has always insisted on "taking me as the mainstay and using it for our own use" in cooperating with Germany to protect the cultural relics of the Terracotta Warriors. Solve problems through cooperation and improve scientific research conditions; Relying on cooperative projects to learn advanced protection and restoration concepts and cultivate reserve talents. In the past ten years of cooperation between the two sides, Germany has supported cooperative research by sending experts, providing instruments, equipment and information. So far, the Bavarian Cultural Relics Protection Bureau has invested 2 million euros in this project, including more than 200,000 euros to provide equipment, technical materials and protective drugs to the Terracotta Warriors Museum. By the end of 2007, more than 30 people had gone to the Bavarian Cultural Relics Protection Bureau and related universities and scientific research institutions for cooperative research, study exchange and technical training. They gradually became the backbone of cultural relics protection in Qin Dynasty museums and made outstanding achievements in the protection and restoration of cultural relics in Qin Dynasty. 200 1 Former director of Bavarian Cultural Relics Protection Bureau, one of the main promoters of Sino-German cooperation in protecting Terracotta Warriors and Horses, and now chairman of ICOMOS? Mr. Pezette won the China Prize for International Cooperation, which is not only an affirmation of Mr. Pezette's outstanding contribution in cooperation, but also an affirmation of the entire Sino-German cooperation in the protection of scientific and technological cultural relics.
Under the active promotion of Wu Yongqi, the cooperative research work between the two sides has achieved remarkable results for more than ten years, and basically solved the problems that need to be solved urgently, such as the protection of Qin figurines painting. More importantly, the cooperation has opened a window for us to communicate with the western cultural relics protection and restoration circles, brought advanced western protection and restoration concepts, trained a number of cultural relics protection and restoration business backbones, and improved the overall level of the cultural relics protection and restoration team in the Qin Warrior Museum. On this basis, the museum has successively cooperated with Xi Anjansang Company, Belgian Janssen Company, American Johnson & Johnson Company and American Desert Research Institute. , and achieved results in many topics such as the protection of painted figurines, the reinforcement of terracotta warriors and horses sites, the mildew prevention of terracotta warriors and horses sites and related cultural relics, and the monitoring of indoor air pollution in museums. In 200 1 year, the Terracotta Warriors Museum built the only modern laboratory for the prevention and control of microbial hazards in the national cultural relics system, and undertook many scientific research projects in National Cultural Heritage Administration. After continuous exploration and development, the protection of cultural relics in Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum has entered a systematic and in-depth stage.
Years of hard work and exploration have also brought many honors to Wu Yongqi. He presided over the project "Restoration Technology of Qinling No.1 Bronze Horse", 1995 won the second prize of National Cultural Heritage Administration Science and Technology Progress, and 1997 won the second prize of National Science and Technology Progress. The project "First-stage Excavation of No.2 Terracotta Warriors Tomb of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Shaanxi Province" 1999 won the "First Prize of Field Archaeology" in National Cultural Heritage Administration; "The Computer Multimedia Cultural Relics Management System of the Museum of Qin Figurines" 1996 won the third prize of National Cultural Heritage Administration Science and Technology Progress Award; In 2003, the project "Research on the Protection Technology of Painting on Qin Figurines" won the first prize of Shaanxi Science and Technology Achievement Award; In 2004, he won the second prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award. He also published and published a number of monographs and papers, such as Report on Restoration of Bronze chariots and horses in Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum, Introduction to Site Museology, Dictionary of Cultural History of Qin and Han Dynasties, Preliminary Observation and Research on Painted Pieces of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses, Research and Protection of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit Site, Preliminary Study on Pigment Mixer of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses, and Bronze chariots and horses in Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum. Comrade Wu Yongqi 1995 was awarded the title of "Young and Middle-aged Expert with Outstanding Contributions in Shaanxi Province" by the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee and Government; 1997 was awarded "Advanced Worker in Shaanxi Province" by Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee and Provincial Government. In the same year, he served as a member of the 10th Committee of CPPCC Xi, and was re-elected as the 11th and 12th members in 2002. In 2000, he was named "National Advanced Worker"; 200 1 was rated as an expert enjoying the special allowance of the State Council. In 2002, he was awarded "Expert with Outstanding Contribution in Shaanxi Province"; In 2003, he served as a member of the 9th CPPCC Committee of Shaanxi Province. In 2007, he was elected as the representative of the 11th Party Congress of Shaanxi Province and the 17th CPC National Congress.
Facing the achievements and honors, Wu Yongqi has a clear understanding. On many occasions, Wu Yongqi often said that these many honors were the result of the concerted efforts of all the staff of the Terracotta Warriors Museum, Qi Xin, and the honorary achievements belonged to all the staff of the museum. He was just a foreman.
Scientific management to build a world-class museum
As the curator of a famous museum, Wu Yongqi is not only an expert in Qin culture research, but also has his own unique views on museum management, which can be seen from his pioneering introduction of ISO900 1 quality management system certification and ISO1400/environmental management system certification mechanism into museum management.
With the establishment and continuous improvement of China's socialist market economic system, the external environment for the existence of museums has undergone earth-shaking changes. However, due to China's long-term planned economy system, museum staff have formed a serious concept of "waiting, relying on and wanting", and there are also phenomena of overstaffing and shirking. These factors have seriously affected the development of the museum. In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of staff, improve work efficiency and promote the healthy and rapid development of museums, Wu Yongqi pioneered the introduction of ISO900 1 quality management system certification and ISO 1400 1 environmental management system certification mechanism into museum management.
Although ISO900 1 quality management system certification and ISO 1400 1 environmental management system certification mechanism were born in manufacturing industry, their management mode and essence are widely applicable, and all walks of life are actively introducing this advanced management concept into daily management in order to improve management level. Through several years' efforts, the Terracotta Warriors Museum finally passed the ISO900 1 quality management system certification and ISO 1400 1 environmental management system certification in 2004, becoming the first museum in China to pass these two systems certification. In the new era, introducing advanced management concepts, improving the management level of museums and promoting the rapid and healthy development of museums are historical propositions put forward by the times to the vast number of museum workers. In this respect, it can be said that the Museum of Terracotta Warriors is in the forefront of the times.
In terms of museum management, Wu Yongqi has both macro overall considerations and detailed details. How to create a beautiful and elegant environment for museum visitors is a problem he has been thinking about for many years. Because the Terracotta Warriors Museum is located in the countryside 8 kilometers away from Lintong City, there are many vendors outside the museum, many illegal buildings and disorderly order, which seriously affects the social image and visiting order of the museum. Under his vigorous promotion, the museum has made great efforts and spent nearly 200 million yuan to transform the environment in front of the museum, creating a visiting environment suitable for tourists. After the renovation, a large green space was formed in front of the museum, which was completed in 2004 and opened to tourists. Tourists should cross this green land when they visit, thus giving people a winding and secluded aesthetic feeling, and changing their mentality from noisy and impetuous voices in the street to elegant appreciation and learning fun. The improvement of the environment has been affirmed by all walks of life. In 2007, the Terracotta Warriors Museum was approved by the National Tourism Administration as the first batch of 5A-level tourist attractions.
"Protecting cultural heritage is the material support for protecting the spiritual home of the Chinese nation. It is not enough to protect cultural heritage. More importantly, we should explore the multiple values of cultural heritage, make it a valuable resource to serve the modern and future life of mankind, and become a realistic force to promote the development of national economy. Cultural heritage should be integrated into social life, used in protection, further interpreted, enriched and utilized in utilization, and play its comprehensive role, so that the protection and utilization of cultural heritage can be further integrated into economic development, community life and urban construction. " Wu Yongqi made these remarks in an interview with reporters during the 17th National Congress. In order to expand the influence of cultural heritage, accelerate the speed of cultural communication, and give full play to the function of museums in serving the public and society. From 1983 to 1988, from 2002 to 2005, the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum held the "National Tour Exhibition of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses" in 32 cities across the country, with a cumulative audience of more than 3 million people. Wherever the exhibition of Terracotta Warriors and Horses goes, there will be a "Terracotta Warriors and Horses fever".
In order to better protect and inherit the precious cultural heritage of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Qin Mausoleum, with the attention and strong support of government departments at all levels, the Qin Mausoleum Museum, as a national key project, is being established on the basis of the Qin Mausoleum Museum. Since the official start of the construction project of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum Ruins Park in 2002, Wu Yongqi, as the legal person in charge of the project construction, has devoted a lot of efforts. At the beginning of the project, facing the complicated preliminary work of land acquisition, demolition and resettlement, he always adhered to a principle-to safeguard the interests of the masses to the maximum extent and actively strive for the support of the local government. With his active advocacy and the cooperation of the provincial, municipal and district procuratorates, the project established a system of "preventing duty crimes", and no mass petitions occurred, so it was named "Sunshine Demolition Project" by the provincial procuratorate. We believe that in the near future, a museum of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum will be built on the basis of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum and the Qin Mausoleum Ruins Park. By then, it will show the world the splendid and colorful history and culture of the Qin Dynasty with a brand-new attitude. At the same time, it also creates a big platform for researchers to study Qin tombs and Qin history. Thus, it has become a solid position to carry forward the excellent traditional Chinese culture and expand the international influence of Chinese culture.
Time flies, time flies, more than 30 years have passed in a blink of an eye. From the moment Wu Yongqi set foot on this yellow land, he was deeply rooted here and never left. It is the profound cultural accumulation of the yellow land that attracts him deeply, and makes this Beijing youth dedicate his youth to this yellow land. His enterprising, persistent and pioneering spirit in his work and life is the concrete embodiment of the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation for thousands of years. From this perspective, he is not only a well-known museum curator, but also the inheritor of China's excellent traditional culture.