Problems in 1
The safety production guarantee mechanism of coal enterprises refers to all kinds of guarantee factors that affect the safety production activities of coal enterprises and the operating mechanism that is interrelated and mutually restricted, thus giving play to the safety production guarantee function of coal mines. It is a multi-factor, multi-link and dynamic complex operation system. To fundamentally reverse the passive situation of safety production in coal enterprises, we should not only pay attention to the research and development of safety technology and equipment, but also conduct research on safety production guarantee. In recent years, the state has successively promulgated and implemented the Law on Work Safety and other laws and regulations, reformed and adjusted the supervision and management system of work safety, clarified the safety licensing system through the Decision on Further Strengthening Work Safety, improved the access standards of the coal industry, clearly proposed the establishment of a safety production control index system, and proposed the promotion of safety production with economic policies. Especially in the "China Liability Insurance Forum" held in June 2004, it was proposed that the insurance industry should be combined with coal safety production to achieve benign and interactive development. However, how to give full play to the role of government, insurance industry and coal industry, ensure the safe operation of coal enterprise production system, and realize the effective combination, restriction and interaction of government, insurance industry, coal industry and coal enterprise safety production system is a problem worthy of in-depth discussion.
The traditional system of coal industry is "national supervision, industry management, enterprise responsibility and mass supervision", which is a safety production guarantee mode with enterprises as the main body and industry management as the supplement. In this mode, many shortcomings are exposed at present:
1) From a practical point of view, safety evaluation is not a conscious behavior of coal enterprises, but a work that must be carried out under certain laws and regulations. Therefore, it is easy for coal enterprises to simply understand safety evaluation as "doing safety license", which relaxes the continuous improvement of safety production after the evaluation is completed.
2) After obtaining the safety license, coal enterprises may lose their attention to safety investment. China established the National Coal Mine Safety Supervision Bureau in 2000, and the State Council passed the Regulations on Coal Mine Safety Supervision in People's Republic of China (PRC) on June 5438+065438+ 10. In recent years, the supervision of the Safety Supervision Bureau has been gradually improved, but it has not been organically combined with the security function in the safety production system of coal enterprises to optimize the safety system of coal enterprises.
3) Before the safety accident, due to the lack of substantive constraints of safety evaluation and safety supervision, coal enterprises could not see the output effect of safety input. Therefore, the safety investment of coal enterprises is generally less, which increases the hidden danger of safety accidents.
4) Coal enterprises are basically excluded from the overall social insurance system. Once an industrial accident occurs, they can only make compensation according to the regulations, and the amount of compensation is very small; Moreover, the current coal enterprises have not realized the importance of commercial insurance, or are unwilling to bear the cost of insurance premiums. After every safety accident, most of them are given by the state to stabilize the people's hearts, thus making coal enterprises lose their enthusiasm for investment.
5) There are great differences in safety investment and safety status among state-owned key coal mines, state-owned local coal mines and township coal mines, but the extraction rate of national tax and safety expenses per ton of coal is the same, without adjustment and fluctuation, which seriously dampened the enthusiasm of enterprises for safety investment.
6) Coal enterprises as legal persons (except private enterprises) all implement the appointment system, and there is little safety investment during their term of office, so they are lucky.
In a word, all the above aspects have brought adverse effects on the safety production of coal enterprises. The most important thing is that the various safety management means and measures adopted at present have not formed systematic and substantive constraints, and have not really established a safety guarantee mechanism that fully plays a role in restricting and promoting, and have not really improved and optimized the safety production system of coal enterprises.
2. Establish a safety production guarantee mechanism with multiple constraints of coal enterprises.
The composition of the safety production guarantee mechanism of coal enterprises involves many aspects, such as various laws and regulations of coal mine safety production management, coal mine safety evaluation methods, the basis for formulating commercial insurance and industrial injury insurance rates, safety supervision system and system, and coal enterprises' own safety management system.
The establishment of the safety production guarantee mechanism of coal enterprises is to organically link some laws, regulations, policies, methods, strategies and means according to the overall safety demand of enterprises, effectively organize the production activities of coal enterprises, and analyze, plan, design, adjust and dynamically optimize the safety production guarantee mechanism of coal enterprises by using the method of combining quantitative analysis with qualitative analysis and computer simulation technology to achieve the optimal goal. In order to give full play to the potential of manpower, material resources and financial resources, various relationships in the safety system of coal enterprises are coordinated through various effective measures, and finally the comprehensive optimization of the whole safety system of coal enterprises is realized. In this way of thinking, the core of the safety guarantee mechanism of coal enterprises is the safety production of coal enterprises. In addition to the management behavior of coal enterprises, the safety production behavior of coal enterprises should also be influenced by external factors such as government, insurance companies and coal industry associations, so as to realize the dynamic overall optimization of the safety system of coal enterprises. However, the government, insurance companies and coal industry associations play different roles in the safety production of coal enterprises.
2. 1 The government conducts safety evaluation to determine the safety level of coal enterprises.
The government (such as the State Administration of Coal Mine Safety) mainly entrusts safety evaluation institutions to conduct grading evaluation on the safety production and management of coal enterprises in accordance with the requirements of laws and regulations such as the Safety Production Law, and determine the safety level. After verification, government departments will classify the safety status of coal enterprises and issue safety licenses. Coal mine safety supervision departments should also conduct regular inspections on enterprises that have obtained safety licenses and been rated, determine the responsibilities after the accident, and decide whether to reduce or cancel the safety licenses. In order to obtain a safety license and obtain an ideal safety level, coal enterprises will invest in safety engineering construction, safety facilities, safety equipment and instruments according to the requirements of evaluation indicators, and determine the material guarantee foundation of coal enterprises' safety production, that is, the "hardware foundation". It makes coal enterprises increase the enthusiasm of safety investment, lays the basic material foundation of safety production, and also determines the safety investment and cost level of coal enterprises. Therefore, coal enterprises should weigh safety investment and safety cost, and the reasonable proportion between them should make the safety system in the optimal state.
2.2 Commercial insurance is compulsory for coal enterprises, and a floating rate system is implemented.
The government entrusts commercial insurance companies to use commercial insurance operation mechanism to collect insurance premiums in the form of floating rates according to the safety level of coal enterprises as one of the access conditions of coal industry determined by government departments. Enterprises with high security level have low insurance rates; Enterprises with low security level have high insurance rates; In the event of a safety accident, commercial insurance companies should pay compensation according to certain standards. The safety level of coal enterprises determines the burden of commercial insurance premiums and the safety cost level of coal enterprises. By studying the relationship between commercial insurance premium rate and enterprise safety status, and the promotion of differential insurance premium rate to coal enterprises, we can give full play to the role of safety production guarantee mechanism of coal enterprises.
2.3 the establishment of coal industrial injury insurance foundation.
The coal industry association mainly establishes the industrial injury insurance fund through the legally effective policies given by the state. All coal enterprises should draw safety funds according to certain standards, and pay the coal industrial injury insurance fund to form the industrial injury insurance fund. China's "Trial Measures for Industrial Injury Insurance for Enterprise Employees" clearly stipulates that industrial injury insurance should be combined with accident prevention. Under the guidance of state administration of work safety, the Industrial Injury Insurance Foundation of the Coal Industry Association not only conducts regular safety inspections with the coal mine safety supervision department, but also focuses on accident prevention. Have the right to put forward suggestions to the government to re-evaluate the level of coal enterprises, have the right to stop production of coal enterprises with major security risks, and can identify the responsibility for safety accidents with insurance companies, determine the compensation standards for coal enterprises and supervise the implementation of compensation; An industrial injury insurance mechanism for accident prevention, medical rehabilitation and industrial injury compensation. The industrial injury insurance fund system of coal industry association makes the payment of insurance fund constitute the content of coal mine safety cost. At the same time, most industrial injury insurance funds are mainly used for the prevention of safety accidents in various coal enterprises, so that enterprises can strengthen safety training and education, publicize safety culture, establish the "software foundation" of safety guarantee mechanism in coal enterprises, reduce the possibility of safety accidents in coal enterprises, improve the compensation level after accidents and protect the interests of employees. In fact, the Industrial Injury Insurance Foundation of the coal industry constantly optimizes the safety production system of coal enterprises and gives full play to the role of the safety production guarantee mechanism through the use of funds.
2.4 Implement the target responsibility system for safety management.
The target responsibility system of safety management in coal enterprises is an organic part of the safety production guarantee mechanism of coal enterprises. By establishing the target responsibility system of safety management, carrying out effective safety performance assessment, integrating the internal and external influencing factors through the benign interaction mechanism with the coal mine safety production supervision bureau, commercial insurance companies and the coal industrial injury insurance foundation, the optimization goal of the safety system of coal enterprises is realized, and finally good economic and social benefits are achieved through safety production, and a good corporate reputation is established. The general idea of establishing the safety production guarantee mechanism of coal enterprises is shown in figure 1.
Figure 1 Relationship diagram of safety production guarantee mechanism of coal enterprises
3. The significance of implementing a multi-party safety production guarantee mechanism for coal enterprises
3. 1 urge coal enterprises to increase investment in safety and effectively curb accidents.
In fact, there are many reasons for coal mine safety accidents, and insufficient safety investment is one of them. By the end of 2003, the state-owned key coal enterprises owed 654.38+64 million yuan in safety investment. Practice shows that enterprises with good safety conditions have reasonable safety investment. In order to achieve the ultimate goal of overall safety of coal enterprises, coal enterprises should pay attention to safety investment when they begin to enter this industry. Because the level of safety investment determines whether coal enterprises can obtain safety licenses and obtain ideal safety levels; Safety level affects the payment rate of commercial insurance premium and the payment ratio of industrial injury insurance fund; The implementation of the target responsibility system for internal safety management of enterprises can also improve the attention of enterprises to safety investment. Therefore, by establishing the safety production guarantee mechanism of coal enterprises, coal enterprises are urged to increase investment, thus effectively curbing the occurrence of safety accidents and making the coal industry a safety industry.
3.2 is conducive to the formation of a benign interaction mechanism to achieve a "win-win".
Coal enterprises have formed a benign interaction mechanism with the government, insurance companies and industry associations while operating the safety production guarantee mechanism. Government departments have restricted and improved the access conditions of the industry, effectively preventing unqualified enterprises that fail to meet the safety evaluation standards from entering the coal industry, which not only fundamentally protects coal resources, but also reduces the risk level of the whole industry. At the same time, through unremitting long-term safety supervision, the pressure of safety production in coal enterprises has increased, and safety management cannot be slackened, so that the national safety production supervision department can effectively play its functional role. With the help of various kinds of commercial insurance, insurance companies not only expanded the types and scope of business and achieved good economic benefits, but also formed a special form of supervision over the safety production of coal enterprises through accident investigation after the accident. The establishment of industrial injury insurance fund in coal industry is a kind of industrial injury insurance system with China characteristics, which highlights the importance of accident prevention, protects the interests of workers and reduces the burden on the state and enterprises. Due to the introduction of insurance mechanism, a lot of after-the-fact work carried out by governments at all levels after coal mine accidents has been greatly reduced, which has freed the government from troublesome accident handling and improved work efficiency.
3.3 Use the concept of dynamic optimization of safety guarantee system to continuously improve the safety level of coal enterprises.
The changes of internal and external factors that affect the safety status of coal enterprises make coal enterprises constantly adjust their safety systems. For example, with the progress of coal mining, the adoption of mining technology, the change of coal seam geological conditions and other internal factors, coal enterprises need to constantly optimize the security system of safety production in order to achieve overall safety optimization. The problems found in the process of coal mine safety supervision, the rationalization proposal put forward by the coal industry industrial injury insurance foundation, the supervision of insurance companies and other external factors also enable enterprises to continuously improve the safety production situation. It is this concept of dynamic optimization that urges coal enterprises to continuously improve the level of safety management and improve the guarantee mechanism of safety production in order to achieve the ultimate goal of safety production.
3.4 is conducive to coal enterprises to establish a scientific concept of safety development.
Coal enterprises have an excellent concept of cost saving. No matter from the aspects of mine design, equipment purchase and instrument configuration, as well as the expenditure of safety management fees, it is from the perspective of cost saving, especially in the case of the sluggish development of the whole coal industry in previous years. However, it must be recognized that cost saving also has its inevitable negative effects, reducing safety investment and burying potential safety hazards. The consequences of safety accidents far exceed the cost savings. The purpose of establishing a safety production guarantee mechanism and dynamically adjusting various influencing factors in coal enterprises is to balance safety input and safety output. On the premise of ensuring safe production, while improving the level of safety investment, the benefits brought by safety investment are greater than the costs incurred by safety investment, and a scientific concept of safety development is established.