Laying hens (1) refer to chickens specially raised for laying eggs, which are called laying hens.

② refers to the position of China laying hens in the world;

After decades of rapid development, China's laying hens industry has become the largest egg production country in 2 1 year. From 1980 to 2005, the annual growth rate of egg production in China was 7.8%. Due to the bird flu epidemic, the growth rate has slowed down in the past two years, and the global growth rate is only 2.6% in the same period. The stock and output of eggs in developed countries have remained basically stable and have not increased in the past decade. According to FAO statistics, in 2005, the output of poultry eggs in China was 28.795 million tons, accounting for 44.5% of the world's total output, including 24.35 million tons of eggs, accounting for 4 1% of the world's total output of eggs. 199 1 year, the per capita possession of eggs in China is 8 kg, exceeding the world average for the first time. 198 per capita nearly 14 kg, exceeding the consumption level of developed countries. In 2005, the per capita reached 18.5 kg, ranking second in the world.

Laying hens-Review of development

Intensive chicken raising in China began in the late 1970s. In order to improve people's living standards and stabilize market supply, the government put forward the "vegetable basket project", which mainly provides policy and financial support for pig production, laying hens breeding and other projects, and establishes large-scale laying hens farms in the suburbs of large and medium-sized cities, with scales ranging from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands. After the 1980s, with the implementation of the rural contract system, the grain output increased substantially, and the rural surplus labor force increased continuously. As a result, driven by the demonstration of state-owned factory chicken raising, a large number of small-scale chicken raising professional households emerged in the vast rural areas, and on this basis, chicken raising professional villages were developed, forming a contiguous production base for laying hens, which gradually became the main force of laying hens breeding in China, and state-owned large-scale laying hens farms entered the historical stage.

Laying hens breeding

According to scientific statistics, improved varieties account for 40-50% of the total contribution of technical progress in the increase of animal husbandry production, and they play an important role in animal husbandry production. The breeding system of poultry fine varieties is the most perfect in contemporary animal husbandry. The all-round development of modern poultry breeding in China is marked by the fact that the state has listed laying hen breeding as a key project in the Sixth Five-Year Plan. By applying modern breeding theories and methods and adopting advanced feeding management equipment and technology, a number of complete sets of excellent laying hen varieties suitable for domestic production have been cultivated, such as "Bai Jing 823" cultivated by Beijing Poultry Breeding Company and "Bai Bin 42" cultivated by Northeast Agricultural College, which have made great contributions to promoting the development of laying hen industry in China.

In order to meet the needs of the domestic market, domestic enterprises have introduced some excellent laying hens from abroad, such as "Xingza 288", "Xingza 579" and "Ross Chicken", and the introduction of these varieties has played a positive role in promoting the promotion of improved varieties in China. But aquaculture is a high-input, high-tech, high-output and high-risk industry, which needs a long-term sustainable development process. Domestic laying hens breeding has never been the product of market operation, but has long relied on government support. Due to the lack of market concept and market competition awareness, it has been facing the dilemma of lack of funds and talents. After 1998, domestic laying hens finally fell into a trough.

In the world, the production of laying hens is developing to national or multinational groups, so the production efficiency is paid more and more attention. Through the close cooperation between production and retail enterprises, meet the growing needs of consumers. Due to the fierce competition in the market, only a few laying hens have survived. At the same time, the commercialization of poultry breeding has promoted the improvement of breeding technology and the continuous improvement of production performance. Fierce market competition has brought great pressure to aquaculture companies, and it is also the driving force to promote their continuous development. Breeding companies have invested a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources in breeding work, and adopted advanced technical means and first-class equipment to breed, so that the production performance of laying hens has been continuously improved. Due to the advantages of capital and talents, major breeding companies have set up a huge international technical service team to conduct training in laying hens' feeding management, disease prevention, nutritional requirements, equipment use and maintenance, etc. all over the world, so as to improve the production level of laying hens. At the same time, they continue to promote their own products, expand product sales, and make the whole laying hen industry develop rapidly.

Breeding technology of laying hens

Green food for laying hens Free-range laying hens means that the environmental conditions such as soil, water quality and air equipment meet the environmental quality standards of green food producing areas, chickens can freely eat nutrients such as grass, leaves, insects and minerals in the natural environment, supplementary feed meets the requirements of green food, and the products produced meet the requirements of green food.

First, the location of green food free-range laying hens

(a) away from towns, traffic trunk lines, away from chemical plants, slaughterhouses, slaughterhouses, hospitals and residential areas.

(2) Choose deep mountain grassland with no infectious diseases, good air, good geology, good water quality, many weeds and trees, no or little farmland, no or almost no agricultural chemical fertilizer, and live in a free-range area.

(3) Shui Yuan is relatively flat, with abundant sunshine and smooth water flow, which can be used for transportation and electricity, and there are few wild animals that can harm chickens.

(4) Building address of brooding room: Choose a chicken coop with high terrain, which is dry and far away from the sun.

(5) Building address of Chenghen House: It is high and dry, and sheltered from the sun. Surrounded by a wide and flat area. And close to the middle of the whole chicken farm. (Generally, there are about 500 heads in 10-20 mu, so it is more appropriate to build a shed as a feeding area. )

(6) Feed room construction site: it should be at the entrance of the whole site, with high and dry terrain, good ventilation, unobstructed water outlet and convenient transportation.

(seven) the living area should be selected at the entrance, but it must be separated from the feeding area.

Second, the brooding room becomes a henhouse building and other equipment.

(1) brooding room

1, sitting north to south, with a width of 5 meters in the middle net, depending on the number of chickens raised. It is 2.5 meters high and has a door, a big window in the south and a small window in the north, which can be opened and closed.

2. The surrounding walls are hollow 34cm brick walls, and the interval 12cm is double 12cm. The roof is made of hollow floor and made of heat preservation and leakage-proof materials. The ground is solid, leveled with cement and gravel, and the walls and roofs are leveled with cement or lime to facilitate disinfection.

3. Buy ready-made brooding cages: leave an aisle in the south wall, an aisle in the middle wall and an aisle in the north wall, and put two rows of brooding cages back to back, four rows (calculated by 20 chickens per square meter of cage surface).

4. brooding on the plane net: there is a walkway next to the south wall, right in the middle, and a small-eye welding net with a height of 60-70 cm is set up in the middle of every two walkways, and then a large-eye welding net is used on the net (all chicks cannot be occupied) to form a north-south width of 70-75 cm, east-west length of 1m and height of 50-70 cm. In this way, 500 chickens need a brooding room 8.5-9 meters long (the practical area of chicks is 25 square meters).

5. The length of the preparation tank and water tank is 3-5cm/ chicken.

6. The walkway in the brooding room is 2m above the ground, and a lamp holder is pressed every1.5m..

7. There should be enough heating equipment in the brooding room to ensure that the coldest temperature can reach 35℃ (pay attention to fire prevention, smoke prevention and gas poisoning prevention).

8, ready to add material, water, cleaning, disinfection and other appliances.

(2) Young henhouses can also be made into annual henhouses, which should be selected in places with high and dry terrain, abundant sunshine in winter, cool trees in summer and smooth water flow, and the feeding area of 10-20 mu is close to the middle.

1. Sitting facing south, it is 5 meters wide from north to south and 13- 14 meters long. It can raise about 500 chickens and is 2.5 meters high. There are doors for people to go in and out, and the big windows on the north and south walls can be opened and closed. 12 cm on the ground, when things are every 2 meters, 0.5 meters long and 30 centimeters high, there is an openable door outside and an openable iron shaman inside.

2. For other brooding rooms, a skylight of 80-90 cm is left in the middle of the north-south width of the roof, which can be opened and closed to prevent rain and cold.

3. Leave an aisle 5 meters on both sides (south of the wall), and put two rows of solid shelves in the middle of the aisle. The west shelf is 50 cm high, 1.2 m long, 1.4 m long, every 30 cm, and the beam is 2 cm thick. Everything is every 1.5 every/kloc-0.

4. Place 2-3 layers of laying boxes or nests made of bricks at one end (east or west) near the door, and build an laying nest around the hen house. The light of the egg box nest should be as dark as possible. Close the nest door when you are young. Open the nest door when giving birth and put soft and clean firewood on it.

5. lean the chute against the wall around the house and press the chute on the chute.

There is a fence around the playground to prevent the chickens from running away.

Three, the feeding and management of green food free-range chickens

(1) breed selection: local chicken, with strong physique, strong disease resistance, strong foraging ability, good egg quality, high laying rate and rough feeding, adapts to the local environment.

(2) Allow seedling selection: 1. In the absence of epidemic areas and epidemic sites, the breeder chickens are robust, the chemical technology is high and standardized, the disinfection is strict, the chicks are plump, the eyes heal well, the movements are sensitive, there is no residue, and there is no epidemic chicken after inspection by the veterinary department.

(3) Feeding and management of chicks

1, brooding time: February-April. After brooding, the air is warm, there is little rain, plenty of sunshine, and it is relatively dry. Herbs germinate and insects multiply gradually, which is suitable for chickens to eat freely in the field.

2, brooding room preparation:

(1) Cages, water tanks, shovels, stoves and other equipment and appliances are placed indoors, and the heating test temperature is above 35℃.

② Mix 40% decylamine with clean water (1:600) or dissolve 50g antiviral ammonia in 100-200 kg water for spray disinfection, fumigate the mixture of potassium permanganate and formaldehyde (30ml/ 15g potassium permanganate per cubic meter of formaldehyde) 1-2 days, and ventilate. Prepare to feed the chickens, and disinfect the ground, walls and outdoor environment 1-2 times a week after feeding the chickens.

(3) The cage bottom net is laid clean, non-toxic and low in pathogenic microorganisms.

3. Transportation of chickens

(1) transport vehicles and chick boxes shall be disinfected and dried with iodine or antiviral oxygen, and the number of chicks in each box shall be appropriate and confidential.

(2) Transport vehicles should have heat preservation equipment, where the chicks are located, the temperature is 33-35℃, and the air is fresh.

(3) there should be someone to take care of it, and check the temperature and air freshness.

(4) Drive slowly, especially on uphill and downhill roads and uneven roads, and start and stop slowly.

4. Density: After collecting four chickens, put about 50 chickens on the cage surface per square meter, and put them down from the top. Put them on a flat net far away from the heat source, and gradually expand the group with the growth of chickens in the future.

5, brooding temperature: while keeping the indoor air fresh, we must keep the indoor temperature appropriate. 33-35℃ in the first week, and then 2℃ every week until 18℃ or the outdoor temperature is flat, stop heating. (Pay attention to fire, smoke and gas poisoning)

6, brooding room temperature: 1-6 weeks relative temperature 55-60%, and then gradually adapt to the natural temperature.

7. Lighting:

Chicken age (day) illumination time (hour) illumination intensity (degree/square meter)

1-3, 23rd (1,000 night stops 1 hour), 3-3.5.

3- 14 days

14-2 1 day 15 2-2.5

2 1-28 days 13 2-2.5

After 29th 12 2-2.5

8. Drink and feed

(1) After the chicken chops are cooked, let the hens rest for 1-2 hours and drink water containing 5-8% multivitamin glucose or 5-8% sugar and electrolyzed multivitamin water at 30-35℃; Use for 5-7 days, then drink clean water. (The water temperature should be the same as the room temperature)

(2) After drinking water for 2 hours, feed the cooked millet (put the rice in boiling water and take it out immediately after boiling) for 2-4 days, and feed the chicks in the feed trough instead. After 14 days, a proper amount of fresh, high-quality and clean broken grass, leaves or vegetables can be added to the feed. Feeding frequency, 6 times a day at first, then once a week, until feeding 3 times during the day, reaching 40-50 days old, and switching to chick feed.

(4) Free-range management of chicks (45- 140 days old):

1. Prepare a young hen house (which will also be an adult hen house in the future) to raise 7-8 chickens per square meter, with good equipment such as trough, sink, bass, shovel and broom.

2. Good disinfection (the same as that in the brooding room)

3. Electrolytic multivitamins should be added to drinking water 4 days before population transfer and 4 days after population transfer (to reduce population transfer stress).

4. Generally, the group is transferred in the sunny night, and the chicken is directly placed on the perch. Feed the chickens in the house within 2-3 days after transfer, and train the chickens to rest on the perch. After 2-3 days, after the chickens are familiar with the environment of the henhouse, let go of the chicken lane, put raw materials around the henhouse once every morning, and add appropriate amount of feed and water into the trough and sink to gradually expand the distance between the raw grain and the henhouse and cultivate the feeding ability of the chickens in pastoral areas. Later, the chicks were fed in a trough and sank twice in the afternoon and evening.

(5) management of laying period:

1. Open the door of the spawning container inside and outside the house in time and put soft wood on it. It should be changed in time in the future.

2. Put appropriate calcium tanks around the house (half shellfish and half limestone).

3. Put the laying hens in the trough in the afternoon and evening.

4. Pick up eggs once every morning and evening. When laying eggs for a period of time, you can leave an egg as a habit of attracting eggs and cultivate chickens to lay eggs in the laying nest. At the same time, we should go to the playground to look for wild eggs, recover and destroy the environment suitable for spawning in time, and force them to lay eggs in the ovaries to form a habit.

5. Clean the chicken sink once a day, and thoroughly disinfect the shed, shelf and surrounding environment twice a week after cleaning.

6, often observe the mental state of chickens, eating, drinking, laying eggs, defecation, make records, find out the reasons in time when problems are found, and solve them in time. If pathological phenomena are found, they should be isolated and treated in time. If they are suspected infectious diseases, they should be reported to the animal husbandry department for examination and diagnosis.

(6) Preventive medication:

1, 1-3-day-old Pubaike drinking water for 40 chickens every day 1 time (to prevent intestinal bacterial diseases, improve feed conversion rate and promote growth).

2. 16- 18-day-old Pubaike drinks water once a day, with 30-40 chickens 10 ml each time for 3 days.

3, 30-35 days old buprofloxacin raw grain 70 kg water plus 5g/ bottle, is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.

4. Drink 0.5- 1g/ bottle of Dick Zhuli solution for 3-5 days.

5, 46 days old, avermectin 0.2mg/ kg body weight, mixed feed, once again every 7- 10 days (to drive out parasites in and out of the body).

6. No.57-59 Pubaike drinks water once a day, with 30 chickens10ml each time for 3 days.

7, 70-75 days old, erythromycin thiocyanate powder 125mg/L, for 3-5 days. Prevent respiratory and digestive tract diseases caused by bacteria and mycoplasma.

9. 110-12 days old, drink water with bupike, once a day, 20-25 chickens 10 ml each time, for 3 days.

10, 125 days old, same as 5.

1 1, generally no longer use drugs in the future. If there are special circumstances, it must be used according to the guidelines for the use of green food and veterinary drugs.

Fourth, the health management of the farm.

(a) the production area is strictly separated from the production area, and the operation of personnel, chickens and materials should be single-flow.

(2) Environmental quality shall meet the requirements of NY/T388. On-site sewage treatment meets the national environmental protection requirements.

(3) The disability monitoring scheme certified by the national animal husbandry department shall be adopted, and the on-site supervision and inspection by the animal husbandry department shall be accepted.

(4) There must be a disinfection dressing room at the entrance to the production area. Non-staff are forbidden to enter the production area, and staff must be strictly disinfected and change their work clothes before entering. Vehicles and other appliances in non-production areas are not allowed to enter the production area for use.

(five) there is a special egg bank, and each egg should be cleaned up immediately after it is picked out and disinfected before it can be put into storage.

(six) to improve and save all records, such as poultry registration history, drug use history, production materials, etc. These materials are kept for more than two years after collective cleaning. These materials must have a destination and a place of shipment; Production performance, morbidity, mortality, causes of morbidity and mortality, laboratory results, source of chicken, and destination of egg delivery.

(seven) the implementation of the "all in all out" system, after cleaning, disinfection, cleaning.

(eight) no other animals are allowed to be kept in the production area.