Since 1980s, through the joint efforts of all walks of life, governments at all levels have well implemented the basic national policy of environmental protection in all aspects of social and economic development. Hangzhou has basically formed a relatively complete system of environmental protection laws and regulations, formed an effective system of environmental management institutions, effectively implemented various environmental protection laws and regulations, and made great achievements in regional pollution control and industrial pollution prevention and control.

The eco-environmental protection work centered on the four major projects of "blue sky, clear water, green and tranquility" has achieved practical results, the quality of the eco-environment has been greatly improved, various environmental protection work has been significantly strengthened, and the construction of urban infrastructure has been greatly strengthened. Bao Si urban sewage treatment plant, Tianziling landfill site, canal sewage interception and other projects have been built, and comprehensive environmental improvement projects such as industrial layout adjustment, comprehensive management of urban rivers, demolition and greening have been carried out, and the urban appearance has changed greatly. In June of 200 1 year, it became a "national environmental protection model city", which laid a good ecological environment foundation for the development of 2 1 century.

Great changes have taken place in the city, and at the same time, Hangzhou's social economy has also made great progress. The total economic output and comprehensive economic strength rank among the top cities in China 10. In 2000, the city's GDP reached 138 billion yuan, ranking second among provincial capitals and third among 15 sub-provincial cities. Since 1990s, it has been awarded the titles of "National Sanitary City", "China Excellent Tourism City", "National Excellent City for Comprehensive Environmental Improvement", "National Garden City" and "National Advanced Greening Unit". Although there are many achievements, there are also many problems to be solved in the development process.

2. Environmental problems faced by urban development

(1) The quality of water environment has not improved qualitatively on the whole. Although the tributaries of many small rivers in the suburbs have been rectified, due to improper use, black odor still exists. The surface of the West Lake looks sparkling, but in fact, eutrophication is still serious, and there are hidden dangers in the safety of urban drinking water sources to varying degrees.

(2) The urban ambient air quality has basically reached the second-class standard, but the rate of reaching the first-class standard in West Lake Scenic Area is not high. Due to the rapid development of the city and the soaring usage rate of private cars, the influence of automobile exhaust pollution is becoming increasingly obvious, and the phenomenon of process exhaust pollution disturbing people in some areas is still serious.

(3) The acoustic environment problems, especially the noise of buildings and social life, are still the hot spots of residents' complaints. Due to the imperfect traffic road system, road traffic noise remains high.

(4) The layout, structure and function of urban ecosystem are not reasonable, the population density and building density of the old city are too high, the intensity of land development is too high, the green coverage rate is low, and all kinds of fitness and entertainment facilities are out of the question, which makes the living suitability of the old city poor.

(5) The old environmental pollution such as aquaculture pollution and agricultural non-point source pollution has not been effectively controlled, and new environmental problems such as radioactivity, electromagnetic radiation and light pollution have gradually affected residents' lives.

(6) The construction of regional ecological environment and the ecological project of improving urban human settlement environment are relatively backward, and the protection of special resources such as wetlands is relatively weak, so the ecological monitoring system needs to be established and improved urgently.

3. Development principles and objectives of urban ecological environment

3. 1 development principle

(1) Ecological priority principle: Beautiful landscape and good ecological environment are the supporting platforms for urban development, and ecological concepts are used to guide urban construction, production and life, so that urban development can be integrated into the natural ecosystem.

(2) The principle of sustainable development: people-oriented, maintaining a high degree of harmony and unity between man and nature, rationally utilizing resources, and realizing the unity of social, economic and environmental benefits.

(3) Highlight the key points and guiding principles of classification: grasp the main problems and contradictions in the process of urban development, organically combine macro-control with micro-governance, manage cities with ecological technology, and guide urban development.

(4) Principle of technological innovation and resource conservation: Make full use of domestic and foreign resources, intensify technological transformation and industrial upgrading, transform traditional industries with high-tech and ecological technologies, and develop knowledge economy and circular economy.

3.2 Development goals

Adhere to the principle of "building the city by environment", carry out the protection, management and construction of urban ecological environment, and build our city into a modern ecological city with beautiful mountains and rivers, beautiful scenery and coordinated and sustainable development of social, economic and environmental conditions through 20 or 20 years of efforts.

(1) Improve the urban living environment, improve the urban spatial structure, and create urban landscape passages. Integrate the concept of ecological design into various projects of urban construction, introduce forests into cities, and build a garden-like artificial ecosystem.

(2) Take the construction of urban ecological protection barrier as the goal, vigorously implement key ecological construction projects, create urban ecological landscape diversity and promote regional biodiversity.

(3) With the construction of eco-agriculture and eco-industrial system as the goal, vigorously promote ISO 1400 1 and cleaner production, strengthen the construction of eco-agriculture and eco-industrial parks, and minimize resource consumption and waste discharge.

(4) With the goal of building an international scenic tourist city and a famous historical and cultural city, we should inherit and carry forward history and culture, and create historical landscape diversity of Liangzhu culture, Canal culture, West Lake culture and Qiantang culture.

4. Eco-city construction content

4. 1 urban ecological design

(1) Scientific planning, rational distribution of urban functions and ecological planning of urban land use.

Give full play to the advantages of administrative regional expansion, scientifically formulate urban land development strategy, analyze and study the optimal utilization function of urban blocks from the ecological point of view, ease the flow of people and logistics in the old city, improve the living environment in the old city, rationally develop land resources in the new city, rationally allocate and arrange industrial land, residential land, agricultural land and other land, minimize the pressure and damage of urban construction on the natural ecosystem, maintain the capacity of material reduction, degradation and purification of the natural ecosystem, and reserve land for urban development.

(2) Reasonably design the urban spatial structure, and maintain the natural landscape characteristics of the water towns in the south of the Yangtze River.

According to the distribution characteristics of basic resources such as land and water in the city, considering the land carrying capacity and per capita water resources, the reasonable population and environmental capacity of each block in the city are determined. In order to protect the delicate jasper in the south of the Yangtze River, the aura of natural landscape and the green vitality of small homes, and rationally design the urban layout, the group-type and leap-forward urban spatial structure model of "one main part, three auxiliary parts, six groups and six ecological zones" is adopted to avoid the destruction of the landscape in the process of new city construction.

(3) Control the urban population scale reasonably, reduce the urban population density and improve the population quality.

With the improvement of urbanization, it is necessary to reasonably control the mechanical growth rate and natural growth rate of urban population, pay attention to the age structure of the population, and pay attention to social issues such as medical care and old-age care. In order to maintain the vitality of the city, we should remain open in population migration and encourage the rational flow of people. Attach importance to the development of satellite towns, while alleviating the population pressure in the old city and promoting the urbanization process of suburban population, scientifically control the population density and handle the relationship between town size and population. Improve the education system of universities, primary and secondary schools, reduce the pressure of entering higher schools, complete the transformation from exam-oriented education to quality education, and build a regional cultural center and a historical and cultural city through the improvement of urban cultural level and the innovation of production technology.

(4) Improve the urban energy structure and develop clean energy and renewable energy.

Make full use of the energy policy and key projects of "west-to-east gas transmission", implement the project of natural gas entering Hangzhou, and at the same time vigorously develop other alternative energy sources to reduce coal consumption. The introduction of natural gas, the development and utilization of solar energy, the development and utilization of biomass energy and hydropower together constitute the diversified clean energy and renewable energy in the city.

(5) Build a benign urban water cycle and improve the water supply and drainage system.

Although Hangzhou is located in the subtropical humid monsoon climate zone and is relatively rich in water resources, its per capita water resources are slightly lower than the national average. At the same time, there are many problems: Dongtiaoxi is a seasonal river with mountains and streams, and the temporal and spatial distribution of water resources is extremely uneven; The plain river network in the Canal Basin and Shangtang River Basin is short of water. The Qiantang River is affected by tides, and there are still some uncertain factors, such as the coordination of upstream and downstream water resources distribution, inter-basin water resources dispatching and basin water quality control. Therefore, we must improve the urban water supply system and drainage system to protect the water quality, and at the same time, develop water-saving industries such as water-saving irrigation technology and reclaimed water utilization technology to build a water-saving city.

(6) Improve the material recycling system, and develop the classified garbage collection and waste recycling industry.

A large number of logistics and energy flows maintain the process of urban production, life, service and consumption. The material input and output of cities are extremely unbalanced. A large number of domestic garbage, construction garbage and industrial garbage are treated as garbage, or buried, burned or abandoned in the environment, which not only occupies land resources, pollutes the environment, but also wastes all kinds of valuable resources. Reuse waste materials as resources, minimize the use of consumable materials, lead the development of the city to a "closed material circulation system", strengthen the connection with the natural ecosystem, and integrate the urban artificial ecosystem with the natural ecosystem on which it depends.

(7) Strengthen the ecological design of urban details, and build an artificial environment adapted to the natural environment.

Cities are composed of various infrastructures and public buildings, which are an organic part of urban ecological environment. While giving full play to its functions, we must also consider its ecological effects, such as urban traffic roads avoiding ecologically fragile areas, optimal layout and reasonable density of road networks, lighting and energy saving of scientifically designed urban buildings, harmony between urban architectural landscape and natural landscape, and the structure of urban green space. And pay special attention to the ecology of polluted water bodies and land.

(8) Build urban ecological protection circle and ecological corridor, and create a good ecological protection system.

Rational development and utilization of water resources in Qiantang River and Dongtiaoxi River, protection of special resources such as forests and wetlands, and maintenance of ecological landscape diversity; Improve the urban green space system, fully rely on the forest resources in the southern, western and northern mountainous areas, build ecological public welfare forests, introduce green into cities on a large scale, build cities in forests, and build forests in cities. Construction of ecological greening corridor along the river, construction of road network ecological protection forest belt, construction of green theme parks in residential areas, improvement of green rate in built-up areas, protection of basic farmland, and creation of urban ecological green lung, ecological context, ecological corridor and ecological protection circle.

4.2 Establish an eco-industrial system to promote the sustainable development of industry.

(1) On the macro level, strengthen industrial orientation, formulate relevant policies, encourage industrial development in line with urban nature, and eliminate industries that are prohibited from high investment, high energy consumption and heavy pollution; Strengthen guidance and service, encourage the transformation of traditional industries with high technology, and maintain the advantages of traditional industries such as silk and textile in Hangzhou. Actively introduce all kinds of resources at home and abroad, rely on the high-tech industrial incubator of Zhejiang University, develop industries such as information, biology, new materials, education and tourism, and build a "paradise silicon valley".

(2) In the middle view, strengthen the construction of industrial parks, rationally plan the layout of industrial parks, strengthen the environmental protection management of industrial parks, improve the environmental protection infrastructure of industrial parks, realize the sharing of resources such as pollution control facilities, guide the cooperation and exchange of raw materials, energy and waste utilization between factories, and build an eco-industrial park centered on (thermal) power plants.

(3) At the micro level, carry out cleaner production technology, ISO 1400 1 environmental management system, product life cycle analysis, energy audit, etc. Transform traditional technology with high technology, carry out ecological design of products, implement green production of products, advocate green packaging and consumption of products, establish and improve product regeneration system, and cultivate good environmental behavior of enterprises, thus reducing energy consumption, improving production efficiency and reducing production costs.

4.3 Develop ecological agriculture and promote rural ecological environment protection.

(1) Implement the construction of ecological villages and towns, strengthen the protection and comprehensive improvement of rural ecological environment, and improve and improve the quality of rural ecological environment. In particular, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of environmental protection infrastructure in villages and towns, build sewage treatment plants (stations) in villages and towns, promote the harmless resource treatment of garbage, rationally arrange industrial parks with township characteristics, and build a number of small towns with beautiful environment by green surrounding villages.

(2) Strengthen policy guidance and agricultural science and technology services, vigorously build standard farmland and ecological agriculture areas in plain areas with water networks, improve agricultural planting structure and breeding structure, optimize the ratio of food crops to cash crops, and develop green agriculture, high-efficiency agriculture and leisure and sightseeing agriculture. In mountainous and hilly areas, we will vigorously implement ecological public welfare forest projects and high-efficiency mountain agriculture projects, and develop high-efficiency agriculture with one-stop production, processing and sales of mountain food and organic food.

(3) Increase the investment and application of agricultural science and technology, popularize chemical pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue, and develop and popularize pollution-free and degradable biological pesticides; Implement scientific and balanced fertilization and popularize high-efficiency compound fertilizer, green fertilizer and organic fertilizer. Popularize the use of efficient water-saving irrigation technology and vigorously develop water-saving agriculture. Through comprehensive measures, maintain and improve farmland fertility and promote the sustainable development of agriculture.

(4) Vigorously promote the comprehensive utilization of rural straw and biogas, and solve the outlet of agricultural by-products; Agricultural non-point source pollution can be reduced through comprehensive pollution prevention measures of farmland conversion and livestock and poultry breeding wastewater.

4.4 Advocate green consumption and form an atmosphere in which the whole people participate in environmental protection.

(1) Establish a green market access mechanism, implement a green marketing system on a pilot basis, actively promote environmental protection products and green food, and strengthen the construction of consumer goods recycling network; It is strictly forbidden for consumer goods with high energy consumption and heavy pollution to enter the consumer market. Vigorously advocate the concept of moderate consumption and green consumption, reduce the consumption of disposable consumer goods, and forcibly eliminate the use of disposable wooden chopsticks, plastic lunch boxes, packaging bags, etc.

(2) Carry out the idea of paying equal attention to tourism and ecological protection, actively implement the environmental management system of ISO 1400 1 tourist attractions and hotels, and establish a number of eco-tourism demonstration areas and sites. Strengthen publicity and guide tourists' ecological behavior, "bring nothing but photos and leave nothing but footprints".

(3) Use legal and economic means to collect and treat garbage in a classified way, improve and expand the waste recycling system, especially the recycling of new generation of waste items such as automobiles, household appliances and computers; Advocate green packaging and control "white" pollution.

5. Safeguard measures for eco-city construction

5. 1 Establish a comprehensive decision-making mechanism to strengthen ecological environment protection.

Adhere to the policy of "establishing the city by environment", strengthen the concept of urban ecological management, strengthen the government's function of protecting the ecological environment, and incorporate environmental profit and loss accounting into national economic accounting. Establish a comprehensive decision-making mechanism for social economic environment at all levels to reduce environmental losses and ecological damage caused by government actions.

5.2 Increase investment in ecological environment protection and effectively improve the quality of ecological environment.

Raise environmental protection funds through multiple channels, intensify urban infrastructure construction, ecological construction and pollution control, fundamentally reverse the situation that the speed of natural ecological protection and restoration lags behind the speed of ecological destruction, and improve the quality of ecological environment.

5.3 Strengthen the capacity building of ecological environment management, and rely on scientific and technological progress to protect the ecological environment.

Strengthen the informatization, networking and automation of ecological environment management, supervision and monitoring, and improve emergency response capabilities; Strengthen the construction of institutions and teams and improve the management level. Give full play to the unified supervision and management functions of environmental protection departments, coordinate departmental relations, strengthen the environmental protection functions of professional departments, and form a situation in which multiple departments are in charge of * * *.

5.4 Improve local eco-environmental policies, laws and regulations, and protect the eco-environment according to law.

Bring the ecological environment protection work into the track of institutionalization and legalization; According to the relevant national laws and regulations, combined with local conditions, formulate detailed rules for the implementation of local regulations in Hangzhou; Strengthen environmental law enforcement supervision and procuratorial work, and seriously investigate and deal with violations of ecological environment.

5.5 Make full use of economic means to realize the internalization of environmental costs.

According to the principles of "polluter pays", "developer protection", "compensation for the injured" and "beneficiary pays", cultivate the concept that resources are valuable and the environment is valuable, so that polluters and developers can become the main bodies of environmental protection investment; Formulate and implement relevant preferential tax policies, support and promote cleaner production, vigorously develop environmental protection industries, and strengthen the comprehensive utilization of "three wastes".

5.6 Strengthen ecological environment education and publicity, and raise awareness of ecological environment protection.

Strengthen the publicity, education and training of ecological environmental protection knowledge of the whole people, and carry out the popularization education of ecological environmental protection knowledge of primary and secondary school students; Establish and improve the system of public participation in ecological environmental protection, encourage the public to participate in various environmental protection public welfare activities, strengthen media publicity and public opinion guidance on ecological environmental protection, open up a column on ecological environmental protection, and raise the awareness of the whole people on environmental protection.

6. Conclusion

To build an ecological city, we should aim at sustainable development and take people as the center! Of course, construction is only a means for the government to beautify the environment. How to keep the ancient city of Hangzhou youthful forever requires the participation of the whole society, consciously protect the environment, make the city blossom all the year round and let people and animals survive!

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