Su Shi's literary view comes down in one continuous line with Ouyang Xiu's, but he emphasizes the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature. His literary thoughts emphasize "doing something and not doing something", advocating nature, getting rid of bondage, and "innovating statutes and releasing wonderful ideas". He believes that composition should be "like running water, with no definite quality at first, but always do what you should do and always stop where you can't stop." The artistic realm of "natural arts and sciences, rich posture" ("Thank you for your promotion"). Su Shi's prose works are rich, and he is also known as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu. The style of the article is concise and smooth, and it is unrestrained.
Shi Dehong's "Postscript Dongpo (swimming on the left (xρn) in the pool" said: "His prose is like water, and his waves are naturally written." Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu, both called "Ou Su", are one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".
Su Shi was the leader who presided over the literary world in the Northern Song Dynasty after Ouyang Xiu, and enjoyed a high reputation among the writers at that time. There was a time when many people made friends with him or accepted his guidance. Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan and Chao, writers of the Northern Song Dynasty, were all trained, rewarded and recommended by him, and were called the Four Bachelor of Sumen. Four Bachelor of Su Men, Chen Shidao and Li Zhi are also called Six Gentlemen of Su Men.
His "Liu Zihou Topic" said: "Poetry must do something ... Curiosity and novelty are the diseases of poetry." His "Answering Qiao Sheren's Enlightenment" also said: "The article focuses on Chinese style, but mainly on body use", and advocates that poetry should be promising and "body use" should be the basis of the article. In Answer to the King, he said: "The diseases of Confucianism are more virtual than real."
His poem "Send Li Gong Shu Que" says that his poem is "mixed with satirical poems". The History of Song Dynasty also said that his poems were "satirizing with poems and enriching the country with poems", which showed that he was deliberately inheriting Feng Sao's satirical tradition.
He also said in "Answering Mao Gu Shu": "Articles are like gold and jade, they have their own pricing, and they are quoted in succession. Because all the people believe their words, and they are there. Speaking of its high quality, it is by no means something that my husband can suppress. "
poetic sentiment
There are about 2,700 poems by Su Shi, which have a wide range of contents and diverse styles, but they are mainly bold, changeable and romantic, which has opened up a new road for the development of Song poetry. Ye Xie (Zi Zhou) said in the original poem: "The realm of Su Shi's poetry has never existed in ancient and modern times. Everything in the world laughs and curses, all from the pen. " Zhao Yi's "Ou Bei Shi Hua" said: "It is a spectacular sight for a generation to take literature as poetry and go from Changli to Dongpo Yida. ..... Especially out of reach, born with a healthy pen, as cold as a sad pear, cut it together quickly. There is a hidden meaning that must be achieved, and there is no difficulty in showing it. Therefore, after Li and Du, it is a big family, not as good as Li and Du Chu. " His poems are fresh and vigorous, good at using exaggerated metaphors and unique in artistic expression. A few poems can also reflect the sufferings of the people and accuse the rulers of extravagance and arrogance. The bold and unconstrained writing has a great influence on later generations. "Nian Nujiao, Red Cliff Nostalgia" and "Shui Diao Ge Tou, Ice Dust Mid-Autumn Festival" are widely circulated. His poems include Seven Chapters of Dongpo and so on. There are more than 340 poems written by Su Shi, which break through the narrow theme of writing about love and parting between men and women and have a wide range of social contents. Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of China Ci. He extended the spirit of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty to the field of ci, swept away the traditional style of ci since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, created a wild school that kept pace with the graceful school, expanded the theme of ci, enriched the artistic conception of ci, broke through the boundary between poetry and poetry, and made great contributions to the innovative development of ci. His representative works include Nian Nujiao and Shuidiao Tou, which created the first example of unconstrained ci, and was also called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji. Liu Chenweng said in the preface to Xin Jia Xuan: "The words reach Dongpo, which are aboveboard, picturesque and spectacular."
First of all, in terms of subject matter, Su Shi's early works mainly reflect his "specific political worries", while his later works mainly focus on "broad life worries", with evil as their resentment. When it comes to evil, it means "spit it out like a fly in Taiwan Province". His flowing works triggered the Wutai poetry case. Huangzhou's relegated life made him "ironic and cruel, sharp in writing style, nervous and angry, all of which disappeared and replaced by a brilliant, warm, kind, tolerant and harmonious understanding." Very sweet, very mature, very thorough and deep. "
Secondly, culturally, Confucianism was advocated in the early stage and Taoism in the later stage.
In the early stage, he had a sense of social responsibility advocated by Confucianism and was deeply concerned about the sufferings of the people; Later, especially after being demoted twice, he advocated Taoist culture more and returned to Buddhism in an attempt to get rid of religion. Inspired by Buddhism's "normal mind is the Tao", he lived a real peasant life in Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou, and enjoyed it.
Thirdly, in style, the previous works are magnificent and unrestrained, like a flood bursting its banks and spilling thousands of miles; Later works are ethereal and meaningful, simple and light, such as Deep Willow and White Pear Flower.
As far as ci is concerned, there are not many works that really belong to the bold style. According to Mr. Zhu Jinghua's statistics, similar works accounted for about one-tenth of all Su Shi's poems, and most of them were concentrated in Xuzhou, Mizhou, which was the mainstream of creation at that time. Although these works are not dominant in quantity, they truly reflect Su Shi's positive attitude towards being an official at that time. Some later works have both the style of local people's feelings and the charm of hospitality. For example, it is almost all-encompassing, colorful and lyrical, remembering the scenery, nostalgic feelings, giving gifts away, pastoral scenery and talking about Zen. This part accounts for about nine times out of ten of Su Shi's whole poems, and it is full of Zhuangzi, which turned into a butterfly and I forgot everything. At this point, he expelled all dissatisfaction with reality and politics, hysterical rants, and criticisms that criticized the shortcomings of the times. Its subject matter is more and more extensive, and its style is more and more plain and far-reaching.
calligraphy
Su Shi is also good at regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. He studied under the famous artists of Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and made innovations under the influence of Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi. The end of the pen is ups and downs, naive. Ziyun: "I can't have published a book"; There is another cloud: "Be innovative and don't practice the ancients." Huang Tingjian said: "In his early years, his pen was refined, not as natural as his boss"; Another cloud said, "When I arrived in Huangzhou, my pen was very strong." In his later years, he was influenced by overseas storms. In addition, his knowledge, mind and knowledge are outstanding everywhere, and his life has been ups and downs. His calligraphy style is rich and naive. You can imagine that he is a person by looking at his calligraphy.
People and books respect each other. At that time, his brothers, sons and nephews, You, Mai and Guo, as well as his friends and Zhao Lingzhi studied under him. Later, famous historical figures such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong, Lu You, Wu Kuan and Zhang Zhidong also learned from him in the Qing Dynasty, which shows the great influence. Huang Tingjian said in Valley Collection: "Those who are good at books in this dynasty should take (Su) as the first."
Huangzhou cold food paste is the representative work of Su Shi's running script. This is a poem to send a revival, and it is a sigh of life caused by Su Shi's relegation to Huangzhou for three years. The poem is desolate and affectionate, expressing Su Shi's melancholy and lonely mood at this time. The calligraphy of this poem is produced in this mood and situation. The whole calligraphy is full of ups and downs, radiant and unrestrained, and there is no shortage of pens. Huangzhou Cold Food Poetry Post has a great influence in the history of calligraphy, with ups and downs. The Book of Casual Words in Yuan Dynasty is called the "third running script in the world" after Wang Xizhi's Preface to Lanting and Yan Zhenqing's Sacrifice to My Nephew. It is the best among Su Shi's calligraphy works.
Huangzhou Cold Food Poetry Post presents a dynamic trend with ups and downs. Poetry is desolate and melancholy, and calligraphy is produced in this mood and situation. Throughout the ups and downs, rapid and steady, incisively and vividly, in one go. Su Shi put the changes of artistic conception and emotion in his poems in the changes of stippling lines, either before or after, changing and changing, breaking with the trend, and being natural. Its words are also strange, big or small, sparse or dense, light or heavy, wide or narrow, uneven, arbitrary and strange, and varied.
Because of the praise of many scholars, the world called Cold Food Sticker, Preface to Lanting by Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Book of Sacrificing My Nephew by Yan Zhenqing in the Tang Dynasty, or simply called Cold Food Sticker the third running script in the world. Others compared the "three major running scripts in the world" and said: "Preface to Lanting" is the wind of Confucianism, "Post for Sacrificing Nephews" is the wind of the wise, and "Cold Food Post" is the wind of scholars. Both of them are equal, each leading the way, which can be called three milestones in the history of China calligraphy.
Su Shi used a pen calmly in his later years, and his early calligraphy represented Zhipingtie, with delicate brushwork and charming personality. As a middle-aged representative, Huangzhou Cold Food Poetry Post is two poems written by Su Shi when he was demoted to Huangzhou in the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082) because of Wutai Poetry Case. Poetry is gloomy and desolate, but it is broad-minded. The color of brush and ink in calligraphy also changes with the context of poetry, ups and downs, extraordinary momentum, and one go, reaching a near-perfect state of "both hands are smooth". Therefore, the book of Xian Yu in the Yuan Dynasty was called the "third running script in the world" after Wang Xizhi's Preface to Lanting and Yan Zhenqing's Sacrifice to His Nephew. In his later years, his representative works include the running script Ode to Dongting Spring and Ode to the Old in Zhongshan and Song Dynasties. These two poems are elegant and smart, plump and rigorous, which embodies the characteristics of Su Shi's calligraphy. The latest ink is Xie Essay (1 100).
Representative works include Huangzhou Cold Food Poem Post, Sky Dark Cloud Post, Dongting Spring Color Fu, Zhongshan Songlao Fu, Spring Post Ci, Love for Wine Poetry, Cold Food Poetry, Zhong Shushi, Renlai Book Post, Folk Teachers' Essays Appreciation Post, Jiangshangtie, etc. New Year's greetings, Bao Yue's greetings, Zi Ling's greetings, Letter to the Ambassador of South Guangxi, Two Debates Poems, One Night's Posture, Monument to Chen Kuiting, Letter to General Manager Xu Ruoshu and Preface to Huai Su, etc. Su Shi's calligraphy is highly respected by later generations. No one has a better say than Huang Tingjian, who said in "Valley Collection" that "those who are good at books in this dynasty should take (Su) first".
draw
Su Shi draws ink and bamboo in his paintings, drawing lessons from literature (that is, literature and beauty), and has the potential to dance. Mi Fei said that he "made ink bamboo, from the ground to the top. I asked: Why not divide it into sections? Say: When bamboo is born, why is it born one by one? " He is also good at making strange stones. Mi Fei also said: "As a dead branch, bending is unreasonable; The stone is hard and strange and unreasonable, such as the depression in his chest. " It can be seen that his paintings are very strange and he wants to send them far away. His theory of painting and calligraphy is outstanding and his painting theory has far-reaching influence. For example, we attach importance to the likeness of spirit, think that "paintings are similar in shape, and we can see our neighbors", advocate that there is affection outside paintings and sustenance in paintings, oppose similarity and procedural constraints, advocate that "poetry and painting are unified, ingenious and fresh", clearly put forward the concept of "literati painting", and highly value the artistic attainments of "painting in poetry and painting in poetry". It laid a theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of "literati painting". The existing books include Huangzhou Cold Food Poetry, Cliff Ode, Paper of Thanks to the Teacher, Several Essays in Memory of Huang, Thousand Cliff Odes and so on. The paintings that have been circulated in the world include "Atlas of Ancient Wood and Strange Stones" and "Atlas of Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stones", which are also his works.
In the Song Dynasty, Su Shi made great achievements in poetry, prose, ci, calligraphy, painting, spiritual cultivation, enlightenment, nature and many other aspects. He is a rare literary genius in the history of China.