This article is a part of the author's reportage and a rambling argumentative essay. At the beginning, the author puts forward a topic: How should China students study natural science? This paper focuses on this theme. This article contains Mr. Ding Zhaozhong's understanding of natural science, his reflection on China's traditional education, and his expectation for China's education to update its concept and conform to the international trend. Students should be guided to get enlightenment and benefit from these aspects.

Analysis of learning situation

Students in Grade Three are afraid of making big mistakes. Therefore, in classroom teaching, I actively try to cultivate students' abilities of autonomous learning, cooperative learning and inquiry learning. Help them actively develop various thinking strategies and learning strategies, and put their emotions into their studies by solving problems. In order to accomplish the task of * * *, teams cooperate with each other, support each other and cooperate with each other to cultivate their spirit of cooperation and sense of competition. And create research scenes in teaching, encourage them to use their hands and brains, try to create independently, and cultivate their exploration spirit and innovation ability.

Teaching objectives

1. Find and understand the author's point of view.

2. study? Tell the truth? The demonstration method of.

3. Connecting with study and practice, cultivating the spirit of scientific experiment; Cultivate students' skepticism and inquiry consciousness.

4. This paper focuses on cultivating students' reading self-study ability and inquiry learning ability, and emphasizes that students should develop the habit of reading with pen and ink.

Important and difficult

Key points: 1. Find and understand the author's viewpoint.

2. study? Tell the truth? The demonstration method of.

3. Combine study and practice to cultivate the spirit of scientific experiment.

Difficulty: learning? Tell the truth? The demonstration method of.

Class arrangement

One class hour

teaching method

Autonomy, cooperation and exploration

teaching process

first kind

1. Introduce a new lesson: Students, have you heard the story of Shennong tasting a hundred herbs? (Student's answer) Shennong traveled all over the land of Sanxiang, personally tried a hundred herbs, and found a Chinese medicine that can attack poison and get rid of diseases. Do you know the story of tomatoes? In fact, the process of experiment is the process of exploring things. Like a familiar idiom? Nothing ventured, nothing gained? Besides taking risks, does it tell us that we should explore things to gain an understanding of them? This is the spirit of understanding things.

2. Read the text intensively, ask questions and ask difficult questions, discuss dialogues and analyze articles.

1) Read the text, feel as a whole, and understand the specific meaning of things.

It is clear to all the students: Acquire knowledge from the object of exploration. ? Or answer the meaning in the article comment.

The teacher is very clear: the answer is correct. The university said:? Know what is in things, and then know it. Ge? Is it for speculation? Wu Ge? As the name implies, it is the reason to speculate on things. ? Where to? , get. ? Zhi Zhi? For knowledge. ? Know in the matter? That is, the acquisition of knowledge lies in the inference of things.

It is worth noting that the source of this sentence is not a book, but an article in the Book of Rites. In the song dynasty, Zhu extracted two works, Daxue and the Doctrine of the Mean, from The Book of Rites, and co-edited them with The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, which became the classics respected by traditional Confucianism? Four books? .

2) Further understand the knowledge of things, and understand the specific ways of things through students' discussion.

We have a proverb:? If you want to know the taste of pears, you must taste them yourself. ? Then the understanding of pears is obtained through personal attempts. In ancient times, people always thought that the sky was round, and Magellan's voyage around the world confirmed that the earth was round, so the correct understanding of the shape of the earth was through Magellan's actual travel.

Students are clear: practice or try actively

The teacher is very clear: yes, so active practice is a concrete way of behavior.

The teacher is very clear: the teacher knows a truth through his own personal practice, that is, how difficult it is to have a good class!

3) Understand the methods of understanding things in the field of natural science.

It is clear to all the students: Traditional education in China does not attach importance to real things and knowledge. ?

? Most students in China tend to think abstractly rather than do it?

? China students often do well in their homework and get near 100 in their exams, but when they need to make up their minds in their research work, they are often at a loss. ?

The teacher concluded: Therefore, it is no wonder that the number of scientific inventions and research in China is less than that in other developed countries in Europe and America.

4) Analysis of traditional education? Know something? Misunderstanding of ...

We talked about the traditional education in China here, right? Know something? Misinterpretation, please find this sentence.

It is clear to all the students: Traditional education in China does not attach importance to real things and knowledge. ?

The teacher made it clear that the answer was correct. Because the purpose of traditional education is to adapt to a fixed social system. As the University said, the real purpose of knowing things is to ask everyone to answer together.

Students are clear: sincerity, integrity, self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world.

Teacher's explanation: Sincerity means being honest with your own thoughts. If a person's thoughts are honest, he can correct his own heart. If one's mind is right, one's moral cultivation can be improved. If a person's moral character is improved, he can rectify his family, thus governing the country well, thus achieving the real purpose of Confucianism. When we look at the so-called sincerity, integrity and self-cultivation, we all pay attention to one's inner heart or one's spiritual world.

See how he treats things well. Ask a classmate to read the fourth paragraph.

Teacher's question: Students, is Mr. Wang's method of measuring things correct? Did (the student) succeed? (Student) What is the reason?

It is clear to all the students: Mistake exploring the outside world for exploring yourself. ?

Teacher's question: Yes. So what is the purpose of the author talking about Yangming Zhuge here?

Students make it clear that truth is not a heartfelt understanding.

The teacher asked: Where does the truth come from?

The students are very clear: explore the outside world.

Speaking of exploring the outside world, I thought of such a poem. Su Shi, a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, once painted a portrait of Hui Chong, a famous monk? Ducks play with maps? I wrote a song "Night Scene of the Spring River in Hui Chong". Let's recall it together. Two or three peach blossoms outside the bamboo forest and ducks in the water first noticed the warm spring. The Artemisia basket is full of short reed buds, which is when the puffer fish wants to fuck. ? Do you know which poem shows that the correct understanding comes from the exploration of the outside world?

It is clear to all the students: Spring river plumbing duck prophet. ?

The teacher concluded: Everyone is very clever. The second sentence of the poem says that in the early spring, ducks who had been looking forward to the whole winter on the shore had already been unable to hold back and rushed to play in the groundwater. ? Warm? Is it the temperature of water? Do you know? It is the duck's perception, so the water heating in Chunjiang is discovered by the duck himself. Back to our Mr. Wang, it should be clear to everyone what he wants now.

(Student) The goal is right, but clearing bamboo is not easy. You also need to pay attention to various strategies. So what does the author think is the correct method of Gezhu? How should bamboo be inspected?

It is clear to all the students: If we want to know the nature of bamboo, we must plant it specially and cut off the leaves and observe them under the microscope. ?

The teacher concluded: the answer is correct. Therefore, to know the nature of bamboo, it is necessary to carry out experiments on bamboo, but the experiments are not carried out casually. We all read the text and know what we should pay attention to in scientific experiments.

Students are clear: detailed and specific plans are needed; Need a suitable goal.

Teacher's summary: So from this lesson, we know that the natural science field needs experimental spirit, but most students in China lack this spirit, and analyze that the reason for this lack of spirit is that traditional education has buried the true meaning of knowledge. So what is the spiritual essence of knowledge? We'll know next time.

Writing on the blackboard: personal practice

Explore things (methods)

The exploration of the external world by the experiment of knowing things by things is a positive and systematic exploration.

Seeking knowledge (purpose)

Second lesson

Lesson plan: ① Understand the demonstration method of putting facts and reasoning used in this paper.

② Learn to write a reading outline.

③ Criticize and question, and cultivate students' thinking spirit.

1. Lead-in design: Through the study in the last class, we know that teaching is to explore things to gain true knowledge, and personal practice is the specific way of teaching. We also know that the study of things in natural science is through personal experiments, and the lack of experimental spirit is a big gap in the scientific research work of Chinese students. This gap is largely caused by the neglect of experiments in traditional education, so the true meaning of learning from things is buried. Did any students understand the spiritual essence of knowledge in natural science through the study in the last class?

Students are clear: experiment; Discussion about the outside world

First, the only way to seek truth is to explore things objectively.

Second, exploration should be imaginative and planned, and we should not passively stand by.

In fact, this is exactly what Mr. Ding Zhaozhong wants to tell us. In fact, the author is talking about acquiring knowledge through experiments. He emphasized getting rid of things through practice, and paid attention to the specific ways of practicing this thing. Only by exploring things in this way can we truly understand the spirit of things. Now let's review the full text and see how the author is pressing hard and using those examples and reasons to reveal the spiritual connotation of knowledge.

2) Understand the argumentation method of putting facts and reasoning used in this paper.

The teacher chart is clear:

Give examples to illustrate the point of truth.

Wang Yangming, a theorist of Dali in Ming Dynasty? Ge? Bamboo, an example of puzzling over a headache and failing. The traditional Confucian attitude towards experiments is to mistake exploring the outside world for exploring the self. Negative example

Examples of understanding bamboo properties through experiments. The process of experiment is not passive observation, but active and planned detection. Positive example (contrast)

China students get good grades in their studies, but they are faced with helpless examples in their research work. China students prefer theory to experiment, and prefer abstract thinking to hands-on operation. Negative example

The author's personal experience of panic when he was studying physics in an American university because he was not prepared in advance and found that he needed to make his own ideas. Burying oneself in reading and dealing with everything is of no help to the actual needs. Positive example

As you can see, the argument method chosen by the author is:

Students are very clear: be reasonable and state the facts.

Teacher's question: Do you know any other methods of argument?

Students clearly: comparative argument: compare positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove arguments in comparison;

Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument;

Causal argument proves an argument by analyzing things and revealing the causal relationship between arguments.

Quote arguments:? Reasoning? An argument method that quotes famous sayings as arguments and analyzes problems and explains reasons by quoting classics.

Teacher's summary: Therefore, through the above examples, the author clearly points out that knowledge can only be obtained through field experiments, but not through introspection and philosophical empty talk. Talk here refers to unrealistic talk.

3) Learn to write a reading outline

Having said that, I believe the students have mastered the main idea and method of the article! So can you make a reading outline for the full text to explain the author's writing ideas?

The teacher made it clear: At the beginning, the article did not directly put forward the argument of the full text, but closely followed the topic, and first quoted the sentences in "University" for a brief explanation? Know something? It emphasizes the importance of the object of exploration, that is, experiment, in modern scholarship. Then start from the big picture and move closer to the center first? China's traditional education does not attach importance to real things and knowledge, and the real meaning is buried? . Then it analyzes the importance of experimental spirit in science from the two characteristics of the experimental process, the problems existing in China students and the author's own personal experience. Finally, it points out the two meanings of the spirit of truly understanding things, puts forward the central argument of the whole paper, and puts forward ardent hopes for the younger generation. Can students find out the three elements of argumentative writing?

Teacher's clarity: argument? Should have the spirit of governor? , argument? Through the analysis of traditional education and the elaboration of experimental spirit, this paper demonstrates that natural science needs a real spirit of understanding things? , argument? What are the four examples we found above and what do they tell us? . At the beginning of the article, the problem of how to learn natural science in the field of natural science is put forward, and then the author analyzes this problem from both positive and negative aspects, that is, we should attach importance to the spirit of learning knowledge from things. Finally, the author puts forward the real connotation of knowing from things, pointing out that learning academics and coping with the world environment depends on practice to discover truth, that is, really knowing from things, which solves the problems raised at the beginning of the article. The full text has clear clues and clear context.

Actually, I don't know if you have noticed. In recent years, Chinese education has paid more and more attention to the cultivation of experimental spirit and students' practical operation ability. For example, offering courses in labor technology. For example, we used to learn operation theory from books, but now all the schools with ability have added computer operation courses. Can students talk about their specific experiences in this field?

student

5) Clarify the linguistic features of argumentative writing.

Let's go back to the text. This article is a rambling argumentative essay. The so-called rambling is to express your thoughts on a certain problem in an informal way. Can the students find out the sentences that express the author's views in the text?

Teacher's example: Traditional education in China does not attach importance to real things and knowledge. ?

? Experience tells us that this view is not applicable to the present world. ?

? The experiment is not a random test, it needs a detailed and specific plan. ?

Although the author put forward many viewpoints in the article, they all revolve around various themes. Know something? . This is a feature of rambling argumentative writing. Therefore, when you write an argumentative essay in the future, you should pay attention to it. You can make such an explanation, but you can't get away from the center of the article. The center of this article is its title "the spirit of knowing books and understanding", which is also a central argument established by the author in this article. So this is an argumentative paper. A successful argumentative essay should not only have strict logic, but also have strict argumentation process and accurate language. The accuracy of argumentative language is the premise of rigorous discussion. We see the eleventh paragraph of the article. Can you find out what the author said is accurate?

It is clear to all the students: Often? Represents the general law and general situation, and does not exclude special circumstances. What if it's removed? Often? Speaking is absolute.

? Most domestic students prefer theory to experiment, and prefer abstract thinking to hands-on? Most of them hit the nail on the head? .

? What worries me most is that the only way to cope with everything at that time was to bury myself in reading, which didn't help the actual needs? A word? Most? And then what? Only? .

5) Extension and sublimation of the article

What have we learned from these two lessons? Know something? Spirit, understanding the true knowledge of things depends on your own personal field experiments. This spirit is extremely important in the field of natural science, so students think about what other fields need us besides natural science. Know something? What about the spirit?

Teacher's example: the humanities field, such as archaeology. Archaeologists have discovered some books or learned about some social systems through careful exploration of unearthed antiquities. For example, we used to say that the Egyptian pyramids were built by aliens or slaves of the Pharaoh dynasty, but archaeologists dug into a large collective house next to pyramid of khufu, where they also found officials with higher status at that time. Through various studies, they found that when the pyramids were built, civilians organized collective activities. If it weren't for the active exploration of archaeologists, I'm afraid the construction process of the pyramids is still a mystery to us now.

Can you give other examples?

The teacher made it very clear that you might as well be on stage for one minute and off stage for ten years. Without your hard practice, how can there be a beautiful dance? Therefore, even in everyone's personal actions, we always show the spirit of understanding things.

Students, in the article, the author puts forward the view that knowledge should be acquired through practice, but there are various ways of cognition. Can you give an example?

Student answers

The teacher is very clear: so, students, we emphasize the necessity of hands-on operation, but we can't ignore the acquisition of correct cognition. As the saying goes, it is never too old to learn. A person's life is a process of constantly acquiring knowledge, and there are various ways of cognition. As long as we have a skeptical attitude when acquiring knowledge, we should not only pay attention to the acquisition of book knowledge, but also do it ourselves to deepen our understanding or confirm our doubts in practice.

6) Criticize and question, and cultivate students' thinking spirit.

work design

As we all know, the article says that the traditional education in China does not attach importance to the real understanding of things, which means that the traditional education in China does not attach importance to the cultivation of experimental spirit. Is that really the case? If not, please give an example and write a small argumentative essay.

Teacher's Tip: For example, He Zhangzhi's "Singing Willow"? Jasper dressed as a tree, hanging down ten thousand green silk tapestries. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, but the spring breeze in February is like scissors. ? Only the observation and practice of spring breeze can have such a stroke of genius.

Many poems are inspired by the author's concrete exploration of objective life. Like what? The endless grass on the plain comes and goes with each season?

For example, Su Dongpo's Geshan? Looking at Lushan Mountain from the front and side of peaks and valleys, from far, near, high and low places, Lushan Mountain presents various faces. I can't recognize the true face of Lushan Mountain because I am there. ?

Confucius? Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous? It is the concrete exploration of life learning that leads to real knowledge.

blackboard-writing design

14, have the spirit of understanding things.

Traditional education does not attach importance to the understanding of things.

How to learn natural science (analyzing problems: reasoning and putting facts) should have the spirit of understanding things and revealing their true meaning.

Pay attention to the spirit of experiment (problem solving) in science.

Discussion features: strict logic and accurate language.

A rambling discussion.

A combination of various discussion methods.

Kehouji

Based on the current situation of Chinese students, this paper points out the importance and practical significance of learning knowledge by learning things, which is of great practical significance to today's middle school students. I hope our generation will cultivate the spirit of experiment. The article demonstrates the central argument with examples.