The evolution of the international strategic environment has experienced the following aspects: First, the international strategic pattern centered on Europe. 1, Westphalia system: multipolar equilibrium pattern (1648- 18 15). The first evolution of the pattern of modern international relations took place at the beginning of the17th century, which was marked by the 30-year war that swept Europe during that period. 1648 The signing of the Peace Treaty of Westphalia became the beginning of the history of modern international relations. As an important milestone in the development of international relations, all countries, big or small, can go down in history as the principle of sovereign countries participating in international agreements. If we summarize this history with the method of "multi-layer analysis" of international relations, we can see that there have been many changes in this period: (1) From the international perspective, the situation that the Holy Roman Empire controlled Europe has declined; (2) From the national level, the nation-state has become a major player on the international stage; (3) From the personal level of decision-makers, kingship gradually replaced theocracy, and the monarch's national "sovereignty" consciousness was enhanced. Disputes in international relations more reflect the subjective will of decision makers to defend the interests of the country and the nation. In short, this stage is the formation stage of the international political pattern based on sovereign States. 2. Vienna system: multipolar balance pattern (1815-1871year). The development of capitalist relations of production and the renewal of production technology have enhanced the comprehensive national strength of sovereign countries. After the Westphalia Peace Conference, the important feature of international relations is the expansion of Western Europe to all parts of the world. Spain, the Netherlands, Britain, France, Portugal and other countries have established colonies all over the world and infiltrated religious culture in various forms. One of the results of European expansion is the international "order" centered on Europe; The second result is the endless fierce contest between European powers on the colonial issue. After a period of competition, a multipolar pattern dominated by France, Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia has formed in international relations. /kloc-At the end of 0/8, the victory of the French Revolution impacted the European feudal system and posed a serious challenge to British hegemony. However, after Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor in 1805, the expansion of the French empire led to the establishment of the European anti-French alliance. The Anglo-Prussian alliance and two anti-French groups, Spain, two Sicilian kingdoms and Austria, forced the disintegration of Napoleon's empire after a series of life-and-death contests. The Vienna Conference held from June 18 14 to June 18 15 established the "Vienna" system in which great powers coexist. Because Austrian Chancellor metternich played a very important role in the establishment of this system, people also called this system "metternich system". Britain, France, Russia, Poland and Austria restrict and balance each other, forming the masters of the multipolar balance of power international system. This pattern generally lasted for 40-50 years. 3. Frankfurt pattern: the bipolar pattern of confrontation between the two major military blocs (1971-1918). In the development of Vienna model, the progress of European industry promoted the rapid development of capitalist revolutionary struggle against feudal system and its remnants in various countries. 1830, the "July Revolution" broke out in France and overthrew the Bourbon dynasty. 1848+ 10 The Sicilian uprising began, and the revolutionary movement swept across the European continent, and uprisings broke out in France, Austria, Germany, Italy and other countries. 1848 After the Vienna Uprising in March, metternich was dismissed and exiled to Britain, and the "metternich System" was disintegrated. From 65438 to 0862, after Bismarck became Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Prussia, he launched wars against Denmark and Austria successively. 1867, 22 German countries and 3 free cities north of the Rhine, headed by Prussia, formed the North German Federation, which became France's arch-enemy in Europe. Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte tried to prevent German reunification through war, and Bismarck was determined to achieve German reunification through war. 1in July 870, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte declared war on Prussia. After the start of the war, the French army suffered successive defeats and suffered a crushing defeat in the "Sedang Campaign" on September 1 day. Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte led100000 troops to surrender. 165438+ 10 In October, the Federal Republic of South Germany signed a joint treaty with Prussia, stipulating that France ceded Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and paid 5 billion francs in compensation. After three years of payment, the German occupation troops began to retreat. In May, the two countries formally signed the Frankfurt Peace Treaty, which established the above contents. In order to ensure victory over France, Bismarck organized a new anti-French alliance after the war, and in 1873, he established the "Three Emperors Alliance" of Germany, Austria and Russia to contain France with * * *. Thus, a new strategic pattern based on the Frankfurt Peace Treaty and the alliance of the Three Emperors was formed in the European continent, which was called "Frankfurt Model" in history. Because Bismarck played a mastermind role in it, it is also called "Bismarck system". In the Franco-Prussian War, Germany was unified. In the center of Europe, a powerful and aggressive German empire appeared next to Russia, France and Austria, which began to decline, making the balance of power in Europe begin to shake. But Britain, France, Germany, Austria and Russia are still the main forces controlling the situation in Europe and even the world. At that time, the world pattern was still a multipolar state of competing with each other. Therefore, "Frankfurt model" is also called "Frankfurt multipolar model". This model lasted for about 40 years. Second, the formation of the global strategic pattern. 1, Versailles-Washington system: multipolar pattern (19 18- 1945). The First World War, which began in June of1918 and10/year, lasted more than four years and ended with the defeat of the Allies (Italy later took refuge in the Allies), thus ending the Bismarck system that had been maintained for 40 years. With the treatment of defeated countries, a new strategic pattern began to take shape. 19 19 The Paris Peace Conference signed the Treaty of Versailles on June 28th, which formed a new balance of power in Europe and established a new international relations order in Europe after World War I, that is, the "Versailles system", on the basis of redrawing German borders, limiting German armaments, dividing up German colonies and squeezing huge reparations from Germany. On the other hand, while the European powers were exhausted in World War I, the United States and Japan, which only joined the Allies in the war, made a fortune in the war, and the rapid development of American naval forces shook Britain's maritime hegemony. In order to establish the hegemony of the United States in the Far East and the Pacific. 192 1 at the end of the year, the Washington conference was held under the control of the United States, and successively produced the four-nation treaty, the five-nation naval treaty, and the nine-nation convention on China. Through this meeting, the United States not only broke up anglo-japanese alliance, frustrated the Japanese ambition of monopolizing China, but also made Britain accept the equal status of the United States at sea, thus dividing the sphere of influence of imperialism in the Far East and the Pacific after World War I on the basis of acknowledging the strength advantage of the United States. The "Versailles system" and "Washington system" determined by the Washington Conference are collectively called "Versailles-Washington system". The formation of this pattern breaks through the multipolar pattern centered on Europe and shows the rising status of North America and the Asia-Pacific region in the international strategic pattern. The success of the October Revolution broke the unification of imperialism and began to change the situation that several major European powers dominated the world. In this situation, in order to maintain and protect the status quo of dividing up the world, the imperialist countries adopted the strategy of putting aside contradictions temporarily to cope with the revolutionary wave after the October Revolution, and the international strategic pattern gradually changed from the struggle between the Allies and the Allies to the struggle between the Eastern Group and the capitalist camp. 2. Yalta system: bipolar structure (1945- 199 1). The second world war has brought about profound changes in the balance of international political and economic power. From an international perspective, the central position of Europe no longer exists. From the national level, the comprehensive national strength of major European powers has been greatly weakened, which has led to the loss of their former ability and status in leading international affairs: Germany and Italy, once arrogant, completely failed after the war and were excluded from international affairs for a long time; France suffered heavy losses in the war, weakened greatly, and its international status declined sharply. The British empire, which has dominated the world for a hundred years, has been exhausted by the war and has become a second-rate power. The United States, on the other hand, made great progress in the war and became a political, military and economic superpower in the capitalist world. Although the Soviet Union suffered huge losses in the war, it stood the test and became a powerful country in Eurasia. By the end of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union had become two major forces in the international political arena. The old European-centered international political pattern ended, and the bipolar Yalta system headed by the United States and the Soviet Union began to take shape. The formation of Yalta system was marked by a series of Tehran meetings, Yalta meetings and Potsdam meetings held by the leaders of the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II, among which Yalta meeting was the most important. The agreements and understandings reached at these meetings not only coordinated the battle plans and actions of the Allies against German and Japanese fascists, but also accelerated the end of the anti-fascist world war. More importantly, they defined the sphere of influence of the United States and the Soviet Union, marking the initial formation of the bipolar pattern. Since then, the "Cold War" between the United States and the Soviet Union has accelerated the formation of a bipolar pattern. From 65438 to 0949, the United States wooed Canada and other countries to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization against the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union, in a tit-for-tat manner, established the Warsaw Treaty Organization with seven eastern European countries in 1955. The establishment of NATO and the Warsaw Pact marks the final formation of the bipolar pattern between the United States and the Soviet Union. After the great turmoil, division and reorganization of world power in the 1960s, the Eastern Group and the capitalist camp fell apart. The main reason for the disintegration of the Eastern Group is the behavior of the Soviet Union and its Great Congress Party. The breakdown of Sino-Soviet relations and the development of hostile relations is an important manifestation of the disintegration of the Eastern Group. The disintegration of capitalist camp is mainly due to the unbalanced development of capitalist economy, which leads to significant changes in the economic strength contrast between the two. After the disintegration of the two camps, the two superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union replaced the opposition between the two camps with global hegemony. NATO, headed by the United States, and Warsaw Pact, headed by the Soviet Union, have become war tools for the two superpowers to seek world hegemony. The Cold War between the East and the West, which began after the war, gradually evolved into a bipolar pattern characterized by the hegemony of the United States and the Soviet Union. The bipolar pattern under the Yalta system lasted for more than 40 years, ending with the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, the reunification of Germany, the disintegration of the Warsaw Pact and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. During this period, international relations showed a trend of multipolarization, which was mainly manifested in the following aspects: the United States and the Soviet Union competed for hegemony and their strength weakened each other; Western Europe has become a force against the United States; Japan became an economic power and began to seek political power status; The continuous improvement of China's international status and the rise of the Third World have strongly impacted the bipolar pattern. However, the above challenges are far from challenging bipolar systems. Mainly because: this tendency occurs under the bipolar system and is closely controlled by the bipolar system; At that time, no other country or group challenged the leadership of the United States and the Soviet Union and formed a pole. 3. The formation and development of "multipolarization" international pattern after the cold war (199 1-). At the end of 1980s and the beginning of 1990s, great changes have taken place in the world, which have had a far-reaching impact on the development of human history. With the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the pattern of international relations has entered a transitional period. The end of tension and confrontation in the bipolar world has brought immeasurable influence to international relations. After the development and reorganization of various forces in the world, a new "multipolar" world pattern began to take shape. Due to different perspectives, the academic circles have different views on this new model. However, although there are still some variables in the development of the international pattern, it is still a comprehensive summary method to describe the current world pattern with "one superpower and many strengths".