The abstract of the paper is in front of the table of contents, with the purpose of briefly stating the contents of the paper, without comments, and requiring a brief description of the purpose, research methods and final conclusion of the research work, with the focus on the conclusion. This is an independent and complete paper. According to different contents, abstracts can be divided into the following three categories: reportorial abstracts, indicative abstracts and reportorial indicative abstracts.

1, summary can be reported.

It is also often called informative abstract or informative abstract, which is characterized by a comprehensive and concise summary of the purpose, methods, main data and conclusions of the paper. Or simply refine the paragraph sentences to reveal the whole picture of the paper concisely and logically. Usually, this abstract can partially replace reading the full text.

2. Indicative summary

It is also often called descriptive abstract, descriptive abstract or subject abstract. Generally, only two or three sentences are used to summarize the theme of the paper, and arguments and conclusions are not involved. Mostly used for summary, meeting report, etc. This abstract can be used to help potential readers decide whether they need to read the full text.

3. Report-indicative summary

Express the part of the document with high information value in the form of report summary, and express the rest in the form of indicative summary.

Extended data:

Summary description:

It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments, and requires a brief description of the purpose, research methods and final conclusion of the research work, with the focus on the conclusion. It is an independent and complete essay, which can be quoted and popularized.

Matters needing attention in writing abstract:

1. Don't simply repeat the existing information in the title, avoid writing the contents of the introduction as a summary, don't copy the subtitle (table of contents) in the text of the paper or the text of the conclusion part of the paper, and don't interpret the content of the paper.

2. Try to use written narrative, and don't list the data in the abstract; The words should be concise, exclude the content that has become common sense in this subject field, and delete meaningless or unnecessary words; The content shall not be demonstrated, not exemplified, and the research process shall not be introduced;

3. The content of the abstract must be complete, and the main contents (or opinions) elaborated in the paper cannot be omitted, and it should be written into a short article that can be used independently.

4. Abstracts are generally not segmented, and linking is prohibited. The statement should be objective, and it is not suitable for subjective evaluation of the research process, methods and achievements, nor for comparative explanation with other people's research.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Abstract