Construction and operation of small towns 1
1. The concept of small town: Small town refers to a transitional community that changes from a rural society to a modern city where various industries coexist. Small towns in a broad sense include small cities with a population of less than 200 thousand, established towns approved by the state, market towns (townships) where township governments are located, and market towns that are purely fair trade. Different from large and medium-sized cities and villages, it is a residential area with a certain scale, and people are mainly engaged in non-agricultural production activities. Small towns in a narrow sense include established towns and market towns below the county level.
Two. Classification of small towns: according to the administrative system, they are divided into local residents, county towns, towns below the county level and market towns.
According to the causes, it is divided into: economic development; Developed transportation; Small towns that use natural resources;
Classification by functional characteristics: industrial and mining towns, small towns with traffic functions, tourist towns and satellite towns.
Third, the significance of small town construction
Strategic background of developing small towns: China will enter the "fast lane" of urbanization, and it is estimated that the national urbanization level will reach more than 50% by 2030, basically completing the social structure transition from a traditional agricultural society to a modern urban society.
1. Small town construction and "three rural issues": The development of small towns is in an important transition period, which is of great significance for coordinating urban and rural areas to solve the "three rural issues", especially for the transfer of agricultural surplus labor.
2. Coordinated development of small towns and large, medium and small cities: megacities and big cities should take the leader and center, small cities and small towns as the foundation, and medium-sized cities as the link to form an organic whole that relies on each other, coordinates with each other and has internal relations.
3. Developing small towns is the inevitable choice of urbanization in China.
Fourth, the function of small towns.
1. "Reservoir" and "Gate" of Rural Surplus Labor Force
At present, there are about 200 million rural surplus laborers in China, and there are more than 70 big cities with a population of over 500,000. It is very difficult to arrange such a huge surplus labor force. Developing small towns, allowing wealthy farmers to invest and start businesses in small towns, and developing secondary and tertiary industries can increase employment space and become a breakthrough for rural labor transfer.
2. Small towns are the "balance pole" for the coordinated development of urban and rural areas.
Without the full development of small towns, there will be no coordinated development between urban and rural areas. Small towns are at the intersection of urban and rural integration, with both urban and rural characteristics. It serves as a link between the preceding and the following, spreading urban ideas, technical information and management experience to the vast rural areas, and becoming a medium for hundreds of millions of farmers in China to get in touch with urban civilization, which not only strengthens the connection between urban and rural areas, but also avoids the "development trap" of the expansion of big cities and the continuous decline of rural areas in many developing countries. Therefore, the development and construction of small towns is an inevitable process of urbanization with China characteristics.
3. Small towns are the "propeller" of urbanization.
4. Small towns are "carriers" of spiritual civilization construction.
Material civilization and spiritual civilization are closely linked and promote each other. Rural industrialization and urbanization are conducive to improving the quality of residents. The construction of small towns has a certain level of cultural education, science and technology, health and information service facilities, which can play a demonstration and guiding role in rural cultural education, science and technology, health and other aspects, and can effectively spread urban culture, lifestyle and scientific and technological knowledge to rural areas, becoming a valuable resource to promote rural economic and social development.
Principles of small town construction: respect the law, step by step; According to local conditions, scientific planning, highlighting key points; Deepen reform and innovate mechanism; Overall consideration and coordinated development
Fei Xiaotong's theory of small towns as an intransitive verb.
Fei Xiaotong first noticed the development of rural township enterprises in China after China implemented the reform and opening-up policy. He investigated the influence of the development of township enterprises and small towns on China's industrialization and urbanization, conducted sociological research, studied the relationship between the development of rural areas, farmers and agriculture and the development of township enterprises and small towns, and studied the driving force for the growth and change of modern small towns. Fei Xiaotong regards the influence of developing township enterprises and small towns in the local economic and social system as the basic framework of his conception of rural industrialization and urbanization.
Taking small towns as the mainstay and large and medium-sized cities as the supplement is the urbanization road of China advocated by Fei Xiaotong. Rural industrialization is the direct driving force for the development of small towns; Fei Xiaotong advocates "playing the chess game of living population", which has two chess eyes: "One is to develop population reservoirs in small towns in the mainland, and the other is to evacuate the population to sparsely populated border areas to develop resources. 1983 "small towns? Then the concept of "economic development model" is put forward, that is, starting from the whole, the development background and conditions of each region and the development characteristics different from other regions formed on this basis are explored. Fei Xiaotong pointed out that economic development has a geographical basis. Different regions have different characteristics of economic development due to different natural, cultural and historical factors such as topography, resources, transportation and location.
Seven. What is the driving force for the development of small towns?
Rural industrialization is the direct driving force for the development of small towns; We should take the road of developing rural characteristic industries.
Homework 2
1. What are the challenges in the construction of small towns in China?
A: The construction of small towns in China will face the following challenges:
1) the relationship between small town construction and economic development: how to change the situation that urbanization lags behind economic development;
2) Small town construction and ecological environment protection: how to avoid the destruction of the ecological environment;
3) the construction of small towns and the shortage of resources; How to establish energy-saving small towns;
4) The contradiction between the construction of small towns and poverty, housing, traffic and crime;
5) Small town construction and employment: how to solve the employment problem.
2. What are the opportunities for the construction of small towns in China?
A: The opportunities faced by the construction of small towns in China are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1) China's entry into WTO will accelerate the development of small towns in China. (1) economic globalization injects development funds into small towns; ② Accelerate the construction of small towns in the western region.
2) Abundant agricultural products will help small towns break through the bottleneck of development. The circulation of agricultural products transcends national boundaries and breaks the shortage of agricultural products.
3) Breaking down the barriers between urban and rural areas will contribute to a substantial breakthrough in the construction of small towns. From urban-rural separation and urban-rural opposition to urban-rural integration and integration.
3. What is the development trend of small towns?
A: In the future, the construction of small towns in China will show the following trends:
1) The number of small towns is reduced, the quality is improved and the scale is expanded.
2) Existing small towns will be divided, some will develop into emerging small cities or medium-sized cities, and some will disappear.
3) Narrow the gap between the construction of small towns in the east and the west.
4) The position of township enterprises in the construction of small towns will change historically.
In a word, with the gradual improvement of China's market economic system, the breaking of urban-rural barriers and the favorable guidance of national policies, the construction of small towns in China will develop in depth, and finally realize the integration of urban and rural areas and complete the sacred mission entrusted by history.
4. Briefly describe the construction modes of small towns in different regions of China.
A: 1) the construction mode of small towns in the eastern region. The construction of small towns in eastern China is the most successful in China. The most typical models are Sunan model in Jiangsu province, Wenzhou model in Zhejiang province and Pearl River Delta model in Guangdong province.
2) Construction mode of small towns in the eastern part of the central region. In some provinces in the economically developed central region, the construction of small towns is in its infancy. The representative models are Nanyang City, Henan Province and Xiangfan City, Hubei Province.
3) Construction mode of small towns in the western region. There is a big gap between the western region and the eastern region. The construction modes of small towns in the west mainly include: agricultural commercialization traction, industrial and mining leading, tourism development, business center, transportation hub, border port, suburb, regional culture upgrading, comprehensive development, corps reclamation and so on.
5. According to the mechanism, what are the construction modes of small towns in China?
A: 1) government-led model.
2) Urban radiation pattern.
3) Resource development and promotion mode.
4) Market-driven mode.
5) Promotion mode of tourism culture.
6. Analyze the construction mode of a local small town.
A: Yaolin Town belongs to the tourism culture promotion model. Qianyaolin Town, formerly known as Zhinan People's Commune, is located at the southern end of Zhinan Bridge. It is a rural area with less than 100 households, not to mention a small town at all. At the beginning of the development of Yaolin Wonderland in the late 1970s, the present location of Yaolin Town was called Dong Qian Village. At that time, there were only a dozen dilapidated mud-walled houses, and more than a dozen farmers were scattered. With the development of Yaolin Wonderland, the number of tourists is increasing day by day, which promotes the development of catering, hotels, transportation, tourism commodities and other industries. The permanent population, especially the non-agricultural population, increased rapidly, and it was changed to Yaolin Town, Southern People's Commune, and its location was moved to the original "Dong Qian Village". After more than 20 years of construction and development, it has gradually developed into such a market town and become the political, economic and cultural center of the town. According to the idea of "focusing on industry, developing agriculture and tourism comprehensively" and relying on the advantages of tourism resources, the town party committee and government have successively launched a number of well-known scenic spots at home and abroad, such as Yaolin Wonderland, the red lantern country house and the red lantern grandma's house, which rank first among all caves in China, with an annual number of tourists reaching 1 10,000. The town's economy has developed rapidly, forming a blocky characteristic economy such as printing and packaging, food and beverage, knitted clothing, wire and cable, hardware and machinery. More than 4 million soft-shelled turtles are cultivated every year, with a gross industrial and agricultural output value of 650 million yuan and a fiscal revenue of 0.05 million yuan per year. It has been designated as a key industrial township by the county government for three consecutive years. In the new century, the town party committee and government are aiming at basically realizing the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, seeking truth and being pragmatic, pioneering and enterprising, striving for first-class with one heart and one mind, and are marching towards the development goal of "industrial town, tourist town and regional central town". Yaolin people are creating a better tomorrow with their hardworking hands.
When the administrative division was adjusted in 2004, Yaolin Town was merged from Yaolin Town, Bipu Township and Gao Xiang Township.
Fuchunjiang Town belongs to the mode of promoting resource development.
7. What is the driving force for the development of small towns? What are the obstacles to the development of small towns?
A: The dynamic factors are:
1) The basic driving forces of agriculture: ① food contribution; ② Contribution of raw materials; ③ Labor contribution; (4) Land contribution.
2) The core driving force of the industry: the accumulation of production factors such as capital, manpower, technology and resources in a limited space has promoted the formation and development of small towns.
3) The motive force of the tertiary industry: transportation, commerce and catering services have promoted the improvement of rural urbanization (concept renewal, lifestyle change and quality of life improvement).
4) the motive force of agglomeration economy: the economic benefits or cost savings generated by the spatial concentration of enterprises and residents are the internal motive force for the scale expansion of small towns; Industrial agglomeration promotes population agglomeration, from remote and poor places to places with convenient transportation and rich wealth.
5) Motivation of comparative advantage: Agriculture is an industry with low comparative advantage. Driven by comparative advantage, agricultural production factors will inevitably flow to non-agricultural sectors through external pull and internal thrust.
6) Policy motivation: ① National macro-policy (direction and road of small town development); (2) Special national policies (land, household registration, industry and other policies); ③ Local policies (taxation, land use, industry and other policies).
7) Driving force of location advantage: convenient transportation, close to market and close to resources.
The resistance factors are:
1) The resistance of rural labor quality (culture, technology and concept).
2) The uncoordinated interaction between township enterprises and small towns (scattered distribution of enterprises leads to over-dense, over-scattered and small distribution of small towns, sluggish production and sales, etc.). ).
3) the resistance of traditional culture (single family, natural dispersion, division everywhere, no organic connection with production and life).
4) External resistance of system and policy environment (conflict between the traditional old system of self-sufficiency and the new system of market economy; The restriction of "leaving the soil and not leaving home"; Restriction of administrative management system).
8. Analyze the obstacles to the development of your town and propose solutions. Key points and ideas of answering questions: (Give full play to one's subjective will and don't unify the answers)
1) Brief introduction of your town: For example, Yaolin Town, located in the middle of Tonglu County, is formed by the merger of Yaolin Town, Bipu Township and Gao Xiang Township, 85 kilometers away from Hangzhou, and provincial highway 05 passes through the territory. It is a bright pearl on the tourist route from Hangzhou to Qiandao Lake and Huangshan Mountain. There are famous scenic spots such as Yaolin Wonderland, Grandma's home with red lanterns and Tianmu River rafting, and it is known as the first tourist town in China. The town covers a total area of 64.23 square kilometers, governs 13 administrative villages and has a population of 65,438+260,000. It is an advanced town in comprehensive management, a provincial health town, a provincial education town, a provincial green town, and an advanced town in the new fashion of marriage and childbearing in China.
Yaolin Town, formerly known as Zhinan Commune, is located at the southern end of the bridge. The original name of this town is Dong Qian Village. When Yaolin Wonderland was developed, there were only a dozen houses with mud walls and a dozen scattered farmers. With the development of Yaolin Wonderland, it has gradually developed into such a market town and become the political, economic and cultural center of the town.
Since the reform and opening up, the town party committee and government have successively launched a number of well-known scenic spots at home and abroad, such as Yaolin Wonderland, Red Lantern Township Home and Red Lantern Grandma's Home, which are the first caves in China, according to the idea of "focusing on industry and comprehensively developing agriculture and tourism", and relying on the advantages of tourism resources, with an annual reception of 6,543,800 visitors. The town's economy has developed rapidly, forming a blocky characteristic economy such as printing and packaging, food and beverage, knitted clothing, wire and cable, hardware and machinery. More than 4 million soft-shelled turtles are cultivated every year, with a gross industrial and agricultural output value of 650 million yuan and a fiscal revenue of 0.05 million yuan per year. It has been designated as a key industrial township by the county government for three consecutive years. In the new century, the town party committee and government are aiming at basically realizing the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, seeking truth and being pragmatic, pioneering and enterprising, striving for first-class with one heart and one mind, and are marching towards the development goal of "industrial town, tourist town and regional central town". Yaolin people are creating a better tomorrow with their hardworking hands.
2) According to the four aspects of resistance factors in Question 7, the analysis is made;
3) Put forward countermeasures according to seven aspects of dynamic factors in question 7. (Note: Get to the point)
1, the concept of small town construction planning
The construction planning of small towns is to make specific plans for the short-term construction and long-term development goals of small towns under the guidance of the overall planning of small towns. The task of small town construction planning is to determine the nature and development direction of small towns according to the overall planning of small towns, predict the scale and structure of population and land use, make land use layout, rationally allocate all kinds of infrastructure and major public buildings, arrange the timing of major construction projects, and specifically implement recent construction projects.
2. What are the contents of small town construction planning?
First, on the basis of analyzing the situation of land resources, the present situation of construction land and the needs of economic and social development, the per capita construction land index is determined according to the urban planning standards, and the total amount of land is calculated, so as to determine the composition ratio and specific quantity of each land; Second, the land layout, determine the spatial layout of residential, public * * * buildings, production, public works, road traffic systems, storage, green space and other buildings and facilities, so as to achieve convenient contact and clear division of labor, and draw a clear line between different types of land;
Third, according to the principle requirements put forward in the overall planning of small towns, make specific arrangements for water supply, drainage, heating, power supply, telecommunications, gas and other facilities and their engineering pipelines within the planning scope, determine the direction and layout of air lines and underground pipelines according to the provisions of various professional standards, and make comprehensive coordination;
Fourth, determine the principles, methods and steps of old city reconstruction and land use adjustment;
Fifth, put forward the principle requirements for the building volume, shape and color in important areas such as the central area;
6. Determine the width of road red line, section form and coordinate elevation of control points, and carry out vertical design to ensure smooth ground drainage and minimize earthwork volume;
Seventh, comprehensively arrange environmental protection and disaster prevention facilities;
Eighth, prepare the short-term construction plan of villages and towns and estimate the short-term construction investment.
3. The development of small towns follows the planning and design principle of "industrial civilization". What are the disadvantages? How to overcome these shortcomings?
Planning and design under the guidance of this design principle has brought many problems, mainly in the following aspects:
First, with the extension of urban infrastructure to the suburbs, the suburbs of the city develop outward without shelter, resulting in the lack of open natural space networks between metropolises.
Second, with the development of land-expanding cities, urban sprawl spreads in suburbs at an alarming scale and speed, leading to environmental deterioration and excessive use of resources.
Thirdly, with the development of highways and automobiles, the scale of suburban villages is surpassing the population scale, and the traditional community characteristics of suburban villages are gradually disappearing.
There are many disadvantages in the construction of small towns under the design of "industrial civilization". In the development of small towns, it is a choice to follow the planning and design principle of "industrial civilization". In the future, the development of small towns should take the road of "ecological civilization" of sustainable development. Specifically, in order to connect small towns with nature, villages in small towns should have a democratically elected villagers' committee to manage the village's economic and social affairs in an autonomous way, and there should also be a place for villagers to meet formally, so as to take the road of sustainable development by actively planning the construction of small towns.
4. What are the main experiences of developed countries in building towns?
In the construction of small towns, there are mainly European models and American models.
The United States has not drawn boundaries for towns, and it can develop at will unless it is close to or meets other towns. During the 20 years from the early 1970s to the late 1980s, the problems caused by urban sprawl in the United States became more and more serious. At the same time, there is no room for further development in the layout and infrastructure of American towns. The United States does not even have relevant laws and regulations to control development land, so planning often encounters difficulties. In planning and design, no attention has been paid to protecting those fertile farmland and those environmental resources, such as rivers, lakes, streams, swamps, hillsides, trees and other natural and human environments. Rural settlements, small towns or villages in Britain are very small. It is possible for them to expand their fields in all directions. Therefore, when planning small towns or villages, they especially consider the alternative geographical direction of their expansion and determine whether their choices can protect high-quality farmland. They should also consider which small town or village has development potential, such as water source, schools, public transportation and so on. In the countryside of England, the labor force needed for agriculture is getting less and less, and farmers need more and more farms to achieve scale operation and obtain stable income. In fact, farmers are no longer the main population in rural England, and only a few people are engaged in agricultural activities. As a result, they faced the same problems as we do today decades ago. Sometimes they need to arrange jobs for people on the spot, and sometimes they need to take them to other places for employment. In England, a policy called "market town" has been implemented to this day, which encourages the development of market towns in order to provide employment opportunities for farmers who leave the land. There are 2000 to 20000 people in each market town. When they choose a village and plan it as a market town, it doesn't matter whether this place is a "collection". What really matters is whether the village has the potential to support the rural hinterland.
5. What are the experiences of small town construction in developed countries?
The main experience is: consider the relationship between small towns and rural population, whether it can become a local service center and promote employment growth. On the other hand, does it have water sources, land suitable for industrial development, convenient roads, public transport hubs in surrounding villages, and whether people there can get basic social services, such as commerce, health, education, sewage treatment, etc. So in England, this place that can be developed into a market town is limited. There are about 1030 such market towns in England today. Their common feature is that industry has become the center of gravity of market towns, which has the potential to continue to develop industry and does not pose a potential threat to the surrounding environment.
European and American planners pay special attention to the environment and resources around small towns and rural settlements when planning small towns and rural settlements, and especially carefully preserve those fertile farmland and those environmental resources, such as rivers, lakes, streams, swamps, hillsides, trees and so on.
Small town and rural planners do face different problems from urban planners: they must have more choices in the direction of small town and rural expansion; They must pay more attention to the environmental disasters caused by the development of small towns and villages; They must be familiar with the scale, layout and function of various planning elements in small towns and rural settlements. The layout, geographical environment, history, economy, culture and functions of villages and towns are varied, so there is no planning and design principle to ensure that the new development of villages and towns will be suitable for the original material layout of villages and towns. Residents' participation in small town planning and design has become the basic mode of small town planning in rural areas of Britain and America. When they plan small towns in rural areas of Britain and the United States, they always spend a lot of time discussing with the residents there so that they can fully express their wishes and needs.
6. Explain the general value orientation of sustainable urban construction.
1. Maintain the integrity and sustainability of natural ecological processes; It mainly includes: obeying without cutting off the natural ecological process; Maintain the original natural landform; Maintain the diversity of natural species. 2. Ensure that human consumption is within the scope of natural regeneration; Mainly manifested as: reducing resource and energy consumption; Turn human excrement into nutrition of other species and be reused by other biological species; So our consumption is borne by nature in a physical or chemical way. 3. put an end to man-made disasters. Meet people's social needs. Participation of residents.
Homework 4
1. What three problems do experts think exist in the construction and development of small towns? First, the development momentum of small towns is insufficient. Second, the simultaneous development of non-agriculture and urbanization has not been realized. Third, the overall construction level of small towns is not high, which is mainly manifested in: small scale; Unscientific planning and management; Weak infrastructure construction; Urban dysfunction; Urban construction lacks characteristics.
2. What are the reasons for the lack of motivation in the development of small towns? 1. The economic strength of small towns is weak; The economic foundation of some small towns is weak, and the leaders of some places ignore the constraints of economic development level, unrealistically promote urbanization, and only pay attention to the hardware construction of towns without cultivating the economic growth points of towns, resulting in some small towns becoming "shell cities", resulting in waste of hardware facilities, idle land, closed buildings, "beggars living in tall buildings" and losing the motivation for sustainable development. 2. Lack of attraction to human resources; In some areas, the "threshold" for farmers to settle in small towns is very high, and the price or cost of buying or building a house is very high, so they have to pay various fees to settle in small towns. Moreover, because the property rights of collective assets, including land, are unclear, farmers are unwilling to completely give up their land and enter towns, which greatly discourages the enthusiasm of rural labor force to enter small towns. 3. The support of township enterprises has declined; There are some problems in township enterprises, such as slow growth, declining ability to absorb labor force and declining economic benefits. It is difficult to overcome the problem that township enterprises are excessively scattered in the vast rural areas. Then it affects the development of the tertiary industry in small towns, and it is difficult to promote the formation and expansion of effective public demand, which makes the development of small towns lose an extremely important industrial driving force.
3. What are the policy options to promote the development of small towns? First, deepen the reform of the household registration system; Second, improve the social security mechanism; Gradually establish a social security system that is conducive to farmers becoming permanent residents in cities and towns. Third, guide township enterprises to gather; Fourth, strengthen the planning and management of small towns; Fifth, improve the land management system; Intransitive verbs reform the financial system