I. Stylistic knowledge
(1) Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
1, parameter
The author's views and opinions on the issues discussed are the soul and commander-in-chief of argumentative writing. This paper uses it to solve the problem of "what needs to be proved". (1) Requirements for the argument: ① Correct ② Characteristic. (2) the form of argument: the argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete sentence in form.
Step 2 argue
The facts and reasons used to prove an argument are called arguments. This paper uses it to solve the problem of "proving what". There are two forms of argument: factual argument and rational argument.
Facts and arguments include recognized cases, historical materials and statistical data. Rational argumentation includes recognized principles, formulas, definitions, rules, laws, famous sayings and aphorisms, etc.
The two should be distinguished: there may be some concrete facts in the quotation, which are not famous sayings and epigrams, but factual arguments.
Step 3 demonstrate
The process and method of proving an argument with an argument is the logical connection between arguments. This paper uses it to solve the problem of "how to prove" (1) The common argumentative methods in argumentative writing are as follows:
(1) case demonstration: a method to prove the correctness of an argument with convincing typical cases.
(2) Reasoning argument (citation argument): Citation has been proved by practice and its correctness has been recognized by people. Including people's recognized principles, formulas, definitions, rules, laws, famous sayings and aphorisms. Make the argument convincing.
(3) Metaphorical argumentation (figurative reasoning): Illustrate an argument vividly with figurative images, making reasoning easier to understand.
(4) Comparative argument (positive and negative comparative argument): Establish a correct argument by comparing positive and negative arguments or arguments. Highlight an argument in the article to make the reasoning more vivid.
⑤ Citation argument: the method of quoting famous sayings and other arguments. When reading, we should analyze the function of this method in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing anecdotes and anecdotes of celebrities can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read. (2) Argument mode: argument and rebuttal.
(1) argument: explain your own views and opinions on certain events and problems.
(2) Refutation: Refuting wrong and reactionary views from the opposite side and establishing their own correct arguments. Three methods of refutation: refutation point, refutation basis and refutation argument. .
(B) the structure of the argumentative paper:
The basic structural form of argumentative writing is: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing problems (papers)-solving problems (conclusions). Argumentative essay structure has the following forms: total score relationship (including total score, total score and total score), juxtaposition, progression, comparison and so on.
These two concepts should be clarified repeatedly in normal teaching and graduation review, and students should be distinguished.
(C) the language characteristics of argumentative writing
Argumentative essay is an article with argumentation as the main expression, which expresses the author's views and opinions by putting facts and reasoning. The language requirement of argumentative writing is rigorous, accurate, vivid and general.
Second, common questions and answering skills.
1, appraisal demonstration method:
(1) cases (including general cases)-demonstrate with examples.
(2) quote famous sayings and make sense-make sense.
(3) Prove the point with metaphor-metaphor argument.
(4) Compare the positive and negative facts or reasons-comparative argument.
2, analysis and the role of the model law:
Sentence pattern: ×× argument method+argument ×× viewpoint+effect.
(1) Demonstration with examples: By citing concrete examples, the demonstration will be more concrete and convincing.
Format: Use examples to demonstrate and enumerate … (summarize examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.
(2) Reasoning argument: prove the argument through reasoning, making the argument more general and profound.
Form: demonstrate the viewpoint with the method of rational argument ... so as to make the argument more universal and deeper.
3. Metaphorical argument: use metaphor to prove and make the argument vivid and easy to understand.
Format: Metaphorical argument is used for comparison
④ Comparative argument: The role of comparative argument is outstanding.
Format: Compare … with … by means of comparative argument, and highlight the viewpoint of ….
⑤ Quoting arguments: The quoting arguments are complicated and related to the specific quoted materials, such as quoting famous sayings, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. , its role should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.
Format: Use the argument method of quoting arguments, and quote … to prove the viewpoint of … to make the argument more convincing. (or more interesting, to stimulate readers' interest in reading)
3. The types and functions of analysis and demonstration:
① There are three key points in answering questions: (1), defining the type of argument; (2) Specific analysis. (3) Supplementary arguments around the central argument.
(2) This question essentially examines the relationship between arguments and arguments. Whether it is the relationship between sub-arguments and central arguments, or the relationship between arguments and arguments, it is the relationship between proof and proof. Therefore, the standard answer format is as follows:
This is the argument of ... it is proving ... (argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. )
Supplementary argument is very popular as a new type of question. To do this kind of topic, we should pay attention to the following two aspects: (1), and see clearly the types of arguments that need to be supplemented, that is, whether they are famous sayings or examples; (2) Pay attention to the word limit when adding celebrity cases. Of course, as an exam, you can prepare celebrity examples and famous sayings with common themes such as "diligence" and "dealing with the world". Words of famous aphorisms should be few, things should be familiar, and long famous aphorisms or unfamiliar celebrity examples should not be prepared for novelty.
4. The article puts forward the way of central argument:
The title of the article points out the central argument;
② Put forward the central argument at the beginning of the article;
③ At last, the article summarizes the central argument;
4. In the middle of the article, put forward the central argument with a connecting sentence.
The article does not directly put forward the central argument, but it always revolves around …
5. Determine the central argument:
Look at the title, the beginning and the end, whether it is a clear judgment, whether it is the commander-in-chief of the full text, and the point of view proved by the argument.
6. Analyze the argumentation ideas of the article.
First of all, we should understand the structure of general argumentative papers: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions).
In fact, analyzing the argumentation idea of argumentative essays is to add some words such as "first", "then", "then" and "last" on the basis of paragraph level. General format: the author first ... then ... then ... finally ... (ellipsis is the content of each discussion). When you do this topic, you should pay special attention to the opening and closing sentences.
The content at the beginning is:
(1), put forward the central argument; (2), lead to the topic; In the above two aspects, it is necessary to specifically answer the specific tests that put forward the central argument or lead to the topic, some through famous sayings, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes.
Ending content:
(1), deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …;
(2) The central argument emphasized ...;
(3) Issue a call ... or hope that people ...;
(4) Supplementary argumentation. Its function is to make the argument more rigorous. )
7, argumentative topic analysis:
Second, role analysis 1 point argument, 2 points topic, 3 points argument.
Methods: Subject-predicate phrases and verb-object phrases are generally used as arguments, such as cherishing ×××××, learning ××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××
Coordinate phrases generally discuss the relationship between things, such as thinking and doing, success and failure.
Topics are generally discussed, discussed, said and discussed.
Second, effect analysis: point out the content of the article and clarify the argument of the article.
Using metaphor, the argument is put forward vividly.
8. The role of the argument at the beginning:
Cut to the chase and make a central argument.
Analyze a phenomenon (or an example or viewpoint) in reality and then put forward an argument (or a topic), which is highly targeted.
Quote famous sayings to put forward an argument or topic, and at the same time famous sayings are arguments to prove the argument.
An argument or topic comes from a story or an example, and at the same time, stories and examples are arguments to prove the argument.
Put out the wrong arguments and arguments and set goals for the following refutation.
Using vivid metaphors or stories (such as fables) to draw out arguments can not only stimulate readers' interest in reading, but also visualize abstract truth for readers to accept.
9, the role of the argumentative ending:
(1), deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …; (2) The central argument emphasized ...; (3) Issue a call ... or hope that people ...; (4) Supplementary argumentation. Its function is to make the argument more rigorous. ) (5), summarize the full text, draw the central argument (6), ask questions, make people think deeply, make people pay attention to or think about a problem.
10, Analysis of the language characteristics of argumentative essays: This kind of question type often appears in the examinations of various provinces and cities in recent years. The main forms of examination are: ① analyzing or answering the meaning and function of words in the context; (2) Clarify the quoted content of a word in the text; (3) Investigate the expression center of words or clarify the role of ideas (deep, metaphor or extension).
There are two aspects to analyze the linguistic features of argumentative writing:
① Language features; Concise and plain, vivid and humorous, implicit and euphemistic, rich in literary talent, etc.
② Stylistic features. Stylistic feature is to grasp the word logical rigor and make a fuss about it.
One thing that needs special attention is that doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific example sentences in the article as examples for analysis.
Common sentence patterns: This word embodies the rigor of argumentative language.
1 1, Analysis of the Characteristics of Argumentative Writing
There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative writing, such as rhetorical devices, argumentation methods and writing skills.
(1), rhetoric:
① Metaphor: Compare ×× year × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × month × month × month × month × day × month × month × month × month × month × month × month ×
(2) Parallelism enhances the momentum of the article's argument and the persuasiveness and appeal of the article;
(3) quoting classics and ancient poems, which makes the article rich in literary talent and strongly proves xx's argument.
Quoting famous sayings proved XX's argument.
4 rhetorical question: enhance the tone and make people think.
⑤ Setting questions: inspire readers to think and emphasize a certain point of view.
(2) Model Law: Talking about the function of reference model law.
(3) The writing techniques are relatively fixed, and the common ones are: (1), the combination of example and argument (narrative and discussion); (2), give priority to ... model law. (3) The analysis of life is highly targeted. Similarly, doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific examples in the article as examples of analysis.
12, paragraph structure function:
(1), which leads to the next article (full text); (2) Summarize the first (full) articles; (3) connecting the preceding with the following.
As an argumentative paragraph, it must be answered in combination with stylistic features.
If the opening paragraph often leads to the central argument (topic), then we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer formats for use or adaptation:
(1), at the beginning, through writing examples to illustrate ..., put forward the central argument ... (or lead to ...).
(2) At the beginning, by quoting famous sayings, put forward the central argument … (or lead to the topic of …).
(3) At the beginning, by quoting interesting stories of celebrities (or …) to put forward the central argument … (or …) also played a role in attracting readers to read and enhancing the interest of discussion.
For the function of the ending paragraph, please refer to 8: "The function of the ending".
13, response to open questions
This kind of questions are closely related to real life, focusing on the emotional experience of students, and the questions are diverse. For example:
① Extend the content of the article in connection with the actual situation. Students must have a certain ability of divergent thinking and perception of life.
(2) Derive relevant content from reading materials and create independently. Students must have a certain ability to use language.
(3) Relevant poems are extracted from the reading materials, and independent comments are made according to the viewpoints in the materials.
(4) think independently about the materials provided and explain your own views and opinions.
⑤ Associative imagination type. This kind of question can test students' innovative ability. Usually, we should carry out more activities to cultivate students' creative reading ability, such as speeches and debates, so that students can express their unique opinions and feelings and cultivate students' concise answering ability.
General problem-solving skills: ① find the argument of the article; ② Explain the origin of the argument with the full text; (3) Analyze with rational arguments or factual arguments in combination with reality; (4) put forward personal ideas or calls.