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Management is a comprehensive interdisciplinary subject, and it is a science that systematically studies the basic laws and general methods of management activities. Management is produced to meet the needs of modern socialized mass production. Its purpose is to study how to improve the productivity level under the existing conditions through the reasonable organization and allocation of human, financial and material resources.
Management refers to the activity process in which managers integrate the resources of an organization and realize the established goals of the organization by implementing the functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling in a specific environment. It has three meanings:
Management is a conscious and purposeful activity, which serves and obeys the organization's goals.
Management is a continuous activity process, and the process of achieving organizational goals is the process of managers implementing planning, organizing, leading and controlling functions. Because these functions are interrelated, the management process is a continuous activity process.
Management activities are carried out in a certain environment. Under the open conditions, any organization is in a constantly changing environment, and the complex environment has become an important factor that determines the survival and development of the organization.
Management studies management activities and laws from the perspective of general principles and conditions, and does not involve the business and method research of management branches; Management is a basic theoretical science to study the principle of * * * in all management activities. Whether it is "macro principle" or "micro principle", management principles are needed to study and study. Management is the common foundation of various specific or specialized management disciplines.
From the perspective of management content, management involves a wide range of fields, and it is necessary to abstract and summarize management ideas, principles and methods with universal significance from different types of management practices. From the perspective of various factors affecting management activities, in addition to basic factors such as productivity, production relations and superstructure, there are also natural factors and social factors. Judging from the correlation between management discipline and other disciplines, it is related to economics, sociology, psychology, mathematics, computer science and so on.
The theories and methods provided by management are the summary and refinement of practical experience, and management theories and methods must serve practice in order to show their strong vitality.
The subject and object of management, which constitute the main factors in the management process, are the most vital people in society, which determines the sociality of management; At the same time, management has the characteristics of production relations to a great extent, so there is no super-class management, which also reflects the sociality of management.
Management science is a summary, sublation and development of previous management practices, management ideas and management theories. Without understanding the theoretical summary and management history of predecessors' management experience, it is difficult to understand, master and apply management science well.
With the development of interpersonal relationship management and behavioral science theory, the research on conflicts among organizations, groups and individuals has also developed rapidly. The combination of conflict research and behavior research has contributed to the embryonic form of modern organizational management theory, and the organizational theory established on this basis also includes interpersonal relationship management.
Follette's constructive discussion of conflict regards organization as a cooperative system, and accordingly thinks that organizational management should not only pay attention to the construction of interpersonal relationships, but also pay attention to the cooperative state among employees. In addition, this cooperation should be a continuous process. On this basis, follett put forward participatory management. Influenced by Mayo, Follette and others? Barnard introduced the viewpoint of social system into the study of formal organization, and made a new interpretation of power and authority, and regarded organization as a social system, not the bureaucracy as Weber said.
In the specific ways of organizational management, argyris's personality management, McGregor's human nature management, Lickert's research on group interaction and adaptive behavior, and Thompson's research method of organizational system all supplement and expand the traditional process theory, while Drucker's practical management thought has made great contributions, especially on how to improve organizational efficiency as a whole.
The publication of Drucker's book Management Practice marks that management science has officially entered the development stage of modern management theory, especially the management by objectives theory put forward by Drucker has included the participatory management and self-control of post-modern management thought.
The rapid development of modern science and technology has led to profound changes in management science and fundamental changes in management functions, organizations, methods and concepts, thus making management research present the following development trends:
First of all, the position of management in the scientific system will be further improved. Because people are more and more deeply aware that management is not only an indispensable factor to determine the development level of a country's productive forces, but also the primary component of modern productive forces. The education of management science will be more common, and the important role of management science will be more fully reflected.
Second, the theoretical and philosophical trend of management development. Looking at the development history of management science, from management activities to management, from management to management principles, from management principles to management philosophy, this is the process of deepening human understanding of management and the general trend of management theory development. The theoretical tendency of management science is manifested in the understanding and summary of the similarities and differences of various management, as well as the general generalization and abstraction of these laws. The philosophical trend of management science is to investigate and explain management at the highest level from the height of philosophy, and the communication between management and philosophy finally makes the general management science completely established.
Third, the development of new management branches will be more rapid. An important feature of the development of management science is the development of management discipline. Because social and economic activities are facing great structural changes, the world economy will undergo qualitative changes in 2 1 century.
Management will solve many brand-new problems, such as the management of knowledge capital in the era of knowledge economy, the construction and management of information sharing system, the innovation of human capital management, new organizational structure, such as the management of new organizational forms such as learning organization, strategic alliance and virtual enterprise, and the management of organizational adaptability in more complicated social and economic environment. This will form some new management branches and prosper young management. Today, the development of management science has shown some trends.
Fourth, management will be more closely integrated with economics, psychology, sociology and mathematics. Management itself is a comprehensive discipline. In addition to the continuous promotion of innovation by management practice, another important driving force for its development is the development of other similar disciplines, among which the latest achievements in the development of economics, psychology, sociology, mathematics and other disciplines have been applied in management research. Today, these disciplines closely related to management are developing very rapidly. It can be predicted that the future management science will learn more from the achievements of these disciplines in management methods and present the characteristics of closer integration with the development of these disciplines.
Fifth, management research will highlight the people-oriented characteristics. In the era of knowledge economy, the future and destiny of enterprises and countries will depend more and more on the quantity and quality of talents, so it will become a more important task for management to study how to fully develop people's intelligence and physical strength. In particular, the study of people as knowledge carriers will be more prominent.
Sixth, the combination of theory and practice is closer. The most powerful driving force for the development of management science is management practice. With the development of social productive forces, the change of social organizational structure and the innovation of management activities, more research objects and cases will be provided for the development of management science, and new management theories will be formed on this basis.
In addition, in order to improve management efficiency and avoid management mistakes, people will put management under the guidance of scientific theory more. People pay more and more attention to management theory, not only scientific research attracts more theoretical workers' interest, but also managers will pay more attention to the role of management theory and carry out management work more consciously under the guidance of management theory. It is not difficult to infer that the combination of management science and management practice will be closer.
Management is to study how to improve the level of productivity through the rational organization and allocation of human, financial and material factors under the existing conditions; It is a human-centered coordination activity in social organizations to achieve the expected goals.
Generally speaking, it is to design, create and maintain an environment, including the internal and external environment of the organization, by taking some specific means and measures, so that all management objects can carry out activities in a coordinated and orderly manner in a specific environment.