Second, the research direction and content of graduate students majoring in archival science:
(A) the basic theory of archival science
The basic theoretical research of archival science is the core of theoretical archival science and the premise and foundation of applied archival science research. This direction studies the basic, macroscopic and cutting-edge theoretical issues in archives and archives management (career), mainly including: the connotation and extension of archives as social things, the value and characteristics of archives, archives work and archives career management, the content and structure of archival science discipline system, and the basic theory of archives management.
(2) Electronic document management
The purpose of this study is to face a series of unprecedented challenges brought by the appearance of electronic documents in file management, judicial identification and technical support, and to conduct all-round theoretical discussion and innovative research. This paper mainly studies the concept, types and characteristics of electronic documents, the principles, models and standards of electronic document management, the process, methods and technologies of electronic document management, and the utilization of electronic documents.
(C) enterprise file management
On the basis of studying enterprise management activities, this research direction takes enterprise file management, science and technology file management and knowledge management as the research objects. This paper mainly discusses and studies the principles, modes, methods and technologies of enterprise file management, information management and knowledge management under the conditions of socialist market economy, and provides appropriate solutions for enterprise file management, information management and knowledge management.
(d) Historical archives and historical research
Archives science has a very close relationship with history. This research direction mainly studies the types, distribution, value, management theory and methods of historical archives, and carries out related historical research on this basis.
(5) Archives protection technology
Archives protection technology is an important research direction of archival science specialty. The research contents in this direction mainly include: the structure, composition, performance and durability of file carriers and recording materials; The influence of environmental conditions on the durability of archives carrier: the influence of pests on the durability of archives carrier and its prevention: file recovery technology; Research on modern information security.
So, in general, what is the standard to measure the hot issues of archival science? I think the basic standards include the following points.
First, in recent years, the frontier theory and practice of archival science have been discussed fiercely. Academic research has laws to follow. The construction and development of every science has its inherent contradictory laws. The law of this contradiction is often manifested through some cutting-edge theoretical and practical problems. For example, after China entered the 2 1 century, one of the frontier issues in archival science research is electronic archives. This is because the object of archival work in China has changed greatly, and a large number of electronic files have appeared. Because it has many characteristics different from traditional archives, the traditional archives management theory has been unable to reasonably explain and explain this new archives phenomenon. It is even more impossible to scientifically answer all kinds of challenging management theory and practice questions raised by it. It is precisely because of this contradiction between theory and practice that more and more people pay attention to this research, and introduce a large number of related achievements of foreign archival science, and at the same time, combine with the national conditions of China, organize, absorb, transform and develop it.
Second, it has certain guiding and forward-looking theoretical problems for archival academic research in the new century.
Third, practical and theoretical issues with a certain degree of public concern.
Second, the hot issues of archival science
(A) Basic theoretical issues related to electronic document management
1. Maintenance of Authenticity, Integrity and Originality of Electronic Documents. This paper studies two important management theories-the whole process management theory of electronic files and the file continuum model theory. Please refer to Fu Rongxiao and Zhou Linnv's Examples of Hot Theoretical Issues in Electronic Document Management in Archives Science, No.2, 2003. For these two theories,
2. Front-end control theory. There are many research topics related to this theory, such as:
(1) Front-end control idea of file management;
(2) Front-end control of file appraisal;
(3) Front-end control in the process of file concentration;
(4) Front-end control of file protection;
(5) Front-end control of document cataloging;
(6) Front-end control of file utilization;
(7) The choice of the opportunity for archivists to intervene in the document life cycle;
(8) The application of document front-end control idea in e-government construction;
(9) Comparison of front-end control ideas between electronic document management and paper document management.
3. Source principle. The "homology * * *" emphasized by the source principle has been questioned in the process of electronic document management. Some scholars believe: "The generation of data from different structural organizations has changed the concept of single source. Electronic computer information system has gone beyond the boundaries of traditional organizations. The principle of source and the principle of respecting the whole clan are determined by this boundary. " Terry cooke thinks: "The concept of archival sources in the electronic age needs to be reconsidered, brewed and defined. It not only refers to the forming organ of the document, but also includes its forming purpose, forming activities, processes, processing procedures and functional scope. " The focus of archivists has changed from "physical source" to "changing, temporary, and even in a' virtual' organization, conceptual source focuses on the functions and business activities of document creators." The "conceptual source" mentioned by Cook actually refers to the formation process and background of the document, that is, who owns the document, under what conditions, what data is used, for what purpose and what structure is used. So how should we treat this new concept in the current situation in China? Should we also bring the "concept source"
4. The characteristics of electronic documents, such as "the separability of information and carrier". Liu and Liu Wei's article "Whether electronic documents can be separated from information and carrier" questioned the generally accepted view that electronic documents can be separated from information and carrier. They think: "This view is quite different from the facts, and it is totally out of line with the facts. The information of electronic documents is not only inseparable from the carrier, but also actually separated from the carrier.
5. Metadata of electronic documents. David Bell Mann first introduced the concept of metadata into archival science, and compared documents and metadata to the contents of letters and envelopes. A document is an object encapsulated by metadata, and metadata and file content constitute an evidence document. Metadata has the function of maintaining the originality, authenticity and voucher of electronic documents. However, people's understanding of metadata is different at present, and the main viewpoints include:
(1) Metadata is data about the background information and structure of files, and it is technical information about electronic files. [International Cooperative Alliance]
(2) Metadata is descriptive information about the background of electronic documents. [Australia]
(3) Metadata is a structured description and cataloging data about the background of files and file collections and their relationships. [UK]
(4) Metadata refers to the data that constitutes electronic file data, such as format information, fonts, fonts, data dictionaries, database descriptions, logical and physical models, system platforms and software materials, and all other data related to the generation and recovery of electronic files, which is implicit. [China]
(5) Metadata is "specific data about the time, place, personnel, activities, file system, structure and content of a file automatically recorded by an electronic file system." [China]
6. Construction and development of digital archives.
7. Integrated document management under the condition of e-government.
8. Division of electronic document movement cycle.
(B) the traditional focus of archival science-rational thinking on sustainable development
1. The relationship between files and archives. On the relationship of "transformation". Debate on the concept of "semi-current document"
2. Disputes over the nature and essential attributes of archives such as "original records of history" and "preservation for future reference".
3. Expansion of the concept of archives. The expansion and contraction of the extension of the concept of archives is controversial. He is the representative figure of "extension theory", who advocates that "registration of inbound and outbound documents" should be declared as "archiving" and "all existing documents should be declared as archives". Huang Cunxun believes: "We can learn from the opinions of the archival circles in the United States and other countries, extend the pre-filing stage of documents, and take' entering the library' as the symbol of the transformation from documents to archives.
4. Debate on the concepts of "entity archives" and "oral archives".
5. Whether the document life cycle theory is applicable to China's theoretical debate. Some people think that "this theory is not applicable to China" because "China has no concept of semi-circulating literature" and there is no "literature center". Some people think that this theory is an important milestone in the development of modern archival science, an important theoretical cornerstone of philology and archival science construction, and one of the important signposts and guides for the development and reform of archival cause in China.
6. Debate about the construction and development of China Document Center. Some people think that its establishment will increase the waste of institutions and resources, which is not suitable for China's file management theory. Others regard it as the direction of the reform and development of China's archival institutions. Some people think that China already has a relatively complete file system, and there is no need to rebuild a file center system after the change. Others think that both of them are intermediate document management organizations and can coexist in different situations.
7. Construction, mode selection and operation mode of the document center.
8. The development fate of the document center under the condition of electronic network.
9. Debate on the "backflow" of the document movement. After Wu Pincai put it forward, he was questioned by some comrades. The key point is "whether the flow of documents should be discussed together with the substantive form of documents".
10. The argument of archival value theory mainly involves the essence of archival value and the expression of archival value concept, especially the "labor value problem".
1 1. Reform of archives management system.
12. The relationship between principles and rules of archival work.
13. Classification of archives.
14. The relationship between virtual utilization and traditional utilization.
15. Changes of the phenomenon of "official culture" in book collection construction.
16. Strategic issues to ensure the long-term authenticity, integrity and availability of electronic document information.
17. In the information age, archives have become the most extensive information resources available to the public.
18. The relationship between theory and practice of archival science. The question whether theory is higher than practice or practice is higher than theory has been puzzling our archival science research. Some comrades often reject new ideas and practices in practice on the grounds that some practices do not conform to the "archival theory"; Some comrades do not unilaterally resist or treat foreign cultural ideas and advanced file management concepts on the grounds of violating Marxism-Leninism, but unconsciously review whether the relevant file theory can still guide practice and solve new contradictions and problems. Some comrades create so-called theories in the form of rhetoric, which makes people confused. For example, some comrades put forward that information management is a multi-temporal, multi-scale, multi-dimensional, multi-category, multi-variable and multi-application theme of "multi-source, multi-media, multi-semantics and multi-aspects", and listed ten "many" in one breath. I wonder what guiding significance this so-called new concept has for practical work.
(C) the basic theoretical issues of archival science itself
1. Representation of archival research objects.
2. The disciplinary nature of archival science.
3. The relationship between archival science and philology.
4. The research methods of archival science such as antinomy and metaphysics.
5. The influence of modern management theory on archival science research.
(D) File management information issues
1. Information management in archives network construction.
2. Technical and non-technical factors in literature information service.
3. Document informatization and effective document management.
4. Development and utilization of core information resources of literature.
5. The legal status of online archival information.
6. Archives information network security.
7. The core issues of archives informatization construction. Resource construction: the construction of archives catalogue database and partial open literature full-text database; Organization of electronic literature information resources.
8. Management and maintenance of digital archives information resources, benefits and costs.
9. In the information age of archives management, the role of archivists has changed.
(V) Hotspots and difficulties in the theoretical research on the application of archival entity management
1. The most representative dispute about the rough division and subdivision of the storage period is the dispute between "dichotomy" (entering the warehouse or not) and "trisection" (forever, long and short). Some people advocate linking with the life cycle of documents, and considering the division of storage period on the basis of multi-stage appraisal, two points at a time, subdivided within the same level. For example, the identification before entering the library mainly distinguishes between entering the library and not entering the library, and the regular identification of files mainly distinguishes between destruction and continued preservation. At the levels of filing, warehousing and continued preservation, we should flexibly grasp the specific storage period according to the actual situation of relevant files, and consider whether to subdivide the specific storage period. Files with the same shelf life can be further subdivided according to their importance. While distinguishing between open and controlled use, the appraisal before opening archives can be combined with reviewing the original storage period.
2. Debate about whether to mark the shelf life.
3. The dispute of archives appraisal method. The direct evaluation method has been challenged to some extent. In addition, the research of function evaluation method and content evaluation method, as well as the query of "macro evaluation strategy" and "literature evaluation strategy" and so on. The representative views questioned by the "macro-function evaluation theory" are as follows: "the demonstration basis of the macro-function evaluation theory is not strict, and it does not provide effective functional analysis methods"; "The theoretical essence of macro-function appraisal theory is contrary to the existing basic theory", "The macro-function appraisal theory is essentially based on the' entity value theory' (that is, the value of archives exists independently of the subject, and it comes into being with the emergence of archives. Whether people use it or not, it exists objectively. As its archival values, the macro-function evaluation theory with this one-sided archival values as its theoretical essence obviously has significant theoretical defects. Macro-functional evaluation theory only judges the value of documents from the perspective of primary value, but does not take into account the secondary value of documents. This obviously violates the dual theory of value. " The essence of the appraisal process: Is the appraisal process a process of giving value to documents? How to deal with the relationship between functional assessment and content assessment? Is there a "national model" and a "social model" in archival appraisal? Even if it is not a perfect appraisal decision or appraisal procedure, is it better than a self-destructive document?
4. Collection and acquisition of electronic documents.
5. Centralized management and distributed management control of electronic documents.
6. Establishment and improvement of filing system.
7. Compilation and application of archival entity classification scheme.
8. The objectivity of archives classification and the determination of the first-class classification standard.
9. Integrity and the goal of the whole clan.
10. Entity classification and information classification.
1 1. The difference between traditional description and electronic document description.
12. Characteristics of archival compilation and research in the information society.
(VI) Research hotspots of archival information management application theory.
1. Disclosure and confidentiality of civil rights and existing documents.
2. The role orientation of the archives department in the process of developing the current literature utilization service.
3. The relationship between knowledge management and archival information utilization services.
4. The challenge of the construction and development practice of the current document utilization service center to the traditional file management theory.
(7) Hot issues in archival history research.
1. The origin of the file.
2. The etymology of "archives".
3. The etymology of "materials", "documents" and "official documents".
4. "Chastity" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions's archives.
5. The content structure of Oracle Bone Inscriptions archives.
6. Re-evaluation of file chain method.
7. The main historical achievements of China's archival theory research in 1930s and 1940s.
8. The discovery of bamboo slips and their historical value.
9. Achievements and historical lessons of archives education in China before the founding of the People's Republic of China.
(8) Hot issues in the field of professional file management.
1. Definition of specialized files. Yao Jun thinks: "Special archives refer to those formed in some special fields in social and natural activities, managed by systematic and mature special management methods, or existing in some special form and carrier."
2. Classification of special files. According to the source and classification of special files, all kinds of special files are divided into three categories: special files of document files, special files of science and technology files and special files of special carriers.
3. Personnel file management.
(1) Disadvantages of current personnel file management: decentralized multi-head management.
(2) Establish a national personnel archives center.
(3) Unauthorized filing and filing.
(4) The problem of unauthorized withholding.
(5) Abandoning files without authorization.
(9) Hot issues in the construction of archives management system and standards.
1. The discussion on "Rules for Archiving Documents" involves the issue of canceling the classification standard in the joint classification recommended by the rule "Does archiving help to keep the organic connection between documents".
2. Discussion on "Timetable for Keeping Documents and Archives".
3. Revision of the Archives Law, such as the opening period of archives. Some comrades think: "In order to open the archives comprehensively and systematically, the author suggests that there should be no 30-year opening period;" However, the archives have been open to the society and citizens since its formation. " "At the same time," security exception "and" general exception "should be formulated when opening bids." Another example is the principle of file opening. " Some comrades think that "the principle of opening archives means that all citizens of the country have the right to use the archives of the National Archives." Others believe that "the principle of open archives will develop into: all citizens of the country have the right to use the national archives department."
4 government information disclosure regulations and document information disclosure system.
5. Electronic signature method and its influence on modern document management concept.