When did couplets begin? "Song history according to? Shu Jia and other books contain: During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Meng Changjun, the master of the late Shu Dynasty, ordered someone to write two sentences on the peach symbol of the palace gate, but he was not satisfied after submitting it. So he wrote two sentences: "Qing Yu in the New Year, Changchun in the Festival". Later, people regarded it as the beginning of couplets.
There are many kinds of couplets, which are generally divided into Spring Festival couplets, happy couplets, birthday couplets, congratulations couplets, elegiac couplets, drama couplets, fun couplets, popular couplets, topic couplets and sets of couplets. Spring Festival couplets are used to celebrate the Spring Festival and the New Year. Couplets are used to congratulate the wedding; Birthday couplets are used to celebrate birthdays; Congratulatory couplets are used to congratulate children, marry women, move and other happy events; The elegiac couplet is used to mourn the dead; Couplets refer to couplets on temple figures and pillars; Popular antithesis refers to those simple and popular folk couplets; Inscription couplets refer to couplets dedicated to the mountains and rivers of the motherland and to friends; The antithetical couplets are composed of antithetical couplets in ancient Chinese and poetry.
Couplets must be two sentences (or two couplets), the first sentence is called "upper couplet" and the second sentence is called "lower couplet". Together, they are called "couplets". The upper and lower couplets are symmetrical and the sound and meaning are relative, so they are called couplets. Some couplets are also equipped with "horizontal curtains" (also known as banners and banners). Generally, there are four words, the content is either matched with couplets, or it is pointed out that the scene and the upper and lower couplets complement each other.
How many kinds of couplets are there? What are its basic features, requirements and rhetorical devices?
Basic characteristics and requirements of couplets
The number of words in the upper and lower couplets must be exactly the same and uniform, and there must be no long or short, and there must be more or less. The short couplet of several words is like this, and so is the long couplet of several hundred words.
(2) The words of the upper and lower couplets should be flush, so as to have the beauty of timbre and music. For example, the first part is "the stars are leaning down from the clearing" and the second part is "the moon is running up from the river". The flatness of the upper part of the word is flat and even; The flat lines in the bottom line are flat lines, which are just the opposite.
(3) The upper and lower parts of speech of each word should be relative, that is, noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, numeral to numeral, adverb to adverb. For example, "firecrackers kill the old year, peach blossoms change thousands of families for the New Year." Among them, "firecrackers" and "peach symbols", "sound" and "ten thousand households", "except" and "change", "old year" and "new year" are all parts of speech relative.
(4) The sentence patterns and sentence patterns of the upper and lower couplets must be the same, and the upper and lower couplets are relative, and the left and right are relative. For example, Comrade Chen Yi once wrote a couplet with Lu Xun's arm in his arm. The first part is "I will never forgive Reservoir Dogs if I want to beat him. If you know how to advance and retreat, you will be more than a literary pioneer. " The second part is "don't be a short writer, hate helping others all your life, dare to laugh and scold, and be worthy of ideological authority." Although this couplet is long, the sentence pattern and sentence pattern are consistent, which meets the requirements of neatness. The words used in couplets should be artistic, subtle and refined, clear and accurate, fresh and elegant, and avoid empty talk and slogan sentences.
How many kinds of couplets are there? What are its basic features, requirements and rhetorical devices?
The mystery of the relative relationship between upper and lower conjunctions
(1) Part of speech is relative
Noun to noun. For example, regarding the human body, gallbladder belongs to the liver, head belongs to the feet, and lung belongs to the heart. About flowers and trees, apricot changing into peach, chrysanthemum changing into orchid, plum changing into peach, etc. About animals, chickens versus ducks, swallows versus sparrows, dragons versus tigers, dogs versus cows, etc. About astronomy, sky to earth, wind to rain, stars to the moon, etc. About geography, mountains are against water, stones are against mud, rivers are against lakes, etc. About numbers, thousands to thousands, two to one; Talk about color, green, white to yellow, green to Dan, etc. Take several couplets as an example: "If you regret for life, you will forget an inch of Dan." "The wind blows willow green and the rain is full of peaches and apricots." "two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky."
Verb to verb. For example, appreciating the moon and flowers, poetry and painting, etc. Take two couplets as an example: "Reading should be regarded as its weather, and making friends is beneficial to the body and mind". "Dry red water shakes green, and peach blossoms contain dew willow smoke".
Adverbs to adverbs. Such as "tianchang hedge yellow flowers are fragrant." "Leaves fall like the waves of a waterfall, while I watch the long river roll forward".
(2) opposites
The upper and lower couplets are often opposed by words with opposite meanings. For example: big and small, up and down, long and short, deep and shallow, beautiful and ugly, sweet and bitter, bright and dark, and so on. Take two couplets as an example: "Life is a hero, and death is a hero". "Don't talk about shortcomings. I have shortcomings, too. The vines grow, and no one grows."
(3) Flat and horizontal relative
The tone of the related words of the upper and lower couplet should be complicated, otherwise it is difficult to pronounce them correctly. The so-called "flat tone" refers to the tone of words. Among them, "Ping" is a flat sound in ancient Chinese, but it is Yin Ping and Yang Ping in modern Chinese. Among them, "Xu" in ancient Chinese refers to rising tone, falling tone and entering tone, while in modern Chinese it refers to falling tone and falling tone. Take five-character couplet and seven-character couplet for example, there are two parallel ways: horizontal and parallel. For example, "The stars are as wide as Ye Ping, and the moon runs up the river" is the five-character couplet of "Stand up". Its format is "flat and flat, flat and flat". "There is moonlight in the pine forest and crystal stone in the stream" can be used as a five-character couplet of "Qi Qi". Its format is "flat and flat, flat and flat".
How many kinds of couplets are there? What are its basic features, requirements and rhetorical devices?
Several rhetorical devices commonly used in couplets
Repetition, that is, from different angles, using different things, vividly expounds one or several viewpoints. For example, Wu, a writer in the Qing Dynasty, once compiled such a couplet. "It is good to study well, plow well and study well. It is difficult to start a business, it is difficult to keep a business, and it is not difficult to know the business. " In the first part, he repeatedly used four "good" words, and in the second part, he repeatedly used four "difficult" words accordingly, thus clarifying his views. For another example, Comrade Chen Yi once wrote a pair of Spring Festival couplets when he was young: "The years are sad, the years are sad, the years are sad, and nothing is achieved." Cross-linking is "Spring and the coming year". The upper part is repeated many times, and the lower part corresponds to many times. In this way, he expressed his indignation at the old social system and his determination and confidence in carrying out the revolution.
Metaphor compares one thing or situation with another. For example, a couplet mourning the martyrs of Zhang Zhixin wrote: "Like a sunrise, like a fire, a hero's heart is full of blood. Such as Wuyue, such as Sanjiang, people's pride. " Among them, "sunrise" and "fire" are used to compare the blood of martyrs; Use "Five Mountains" and "Three Rivers" to describe heroic pride.
Embedding is to embed the scenery to be described in the couplet in the upper and lower couplets respectively. The embedded couplets are divided into many names because of their different positions.
Ding Feng asked these two qualifiers to be the first words of the couplets. If we take the words "gold" and "fairy" as the topic, we can make "the flowers in Jingu Garden are just right, the rain is dry in the mountains, and the giants are in the palm of their hands".
Yan Jaw asked that these two defined words be the second word of the couplet. If the topic is "Dharma" and "Immortal", it can be said that "the reform carries the history through the ages, and the immortal dreams into the pipe".
Kite shoulder requires two qualifying words as the third word of the upper and lower couplet respectively. For example, the appellation of "Han" and "Shu" can be described as "killing thousands of enemies by shooting eagles, and putting pen to paper as a scholar".
The peak waist requires defining two words as the fourth word of the upper and lower couplet respectively. If the topic is "Wen" and "Shi", it can be written as "My son and I have white hair and bright eyes to see the world and the present".
Crane knee requires two finite words as the fifth word of the couplet. If the topic is "flying" and "comparison", it can be said that "I heard that the courtyard flies purple swallows, and the blinds are thinner than yellow flowers"
Two qualifying words are required to be the sixth word of the upper and lower couplet respectively. If the theme is "Valley" and "Flood", it can be said that "Spring rushes to the bottom with the sound of spring, and the wind blows all over the place".
Yanzu requested that these two qualifiers be regarded as the seventh word of the couplet. If the topic is "tune" and "hometown", it can be said that "the old songs of birds are still there, and no one in Xianzhen is surprised".
Quedou requires that the first word of the two qualifying words be the first word of the upper couplet and the second word be the seventh word of the lower couplet. If we use the topic of "old grievances", it can be said that "the old man is passionate about flowers as a companion, and the old man's illness is an enemy of wine. "
Re-selection requires that the first word of the two qualifiers be used at the end of the upper couplet and the second word at the beginning of the lower couplet. For example, the title "longevity" and "mother" can be used as "the star name is unparalleled in Antarctica, and the mother name is the first fairy of the Western Queen Mother.
The two words required by the pulley are staggered up and down, and the first word is above the second word. If the first word is the third word above, the second word should be the fourth word below. With the theme of "Chao" and "Yi", it can be said that "the morning sun is still misty, and the snow will disappear."
The two words needed for roller blinds are staggered in the upper and lower parts, and the first word is below the second word. If the first word is the fifth word above, the second word should be the fourth word below. With the theme of "nest" and "curtain", it can be said that "birds nest in the painting hall in spring, and cattle and sheep are seen in the wind curtain."
Zhi Ding asked the upper and lower couplets to use limited three words respectively (words that must be composed of three words), and the word order is not limited. For example, the title of "Cold Spring Pavilion" can be used as "Cold rain urges spring to peak and dusk, and Qingshan mangrove stands in autumn".
Zhao Hong requested that three words (words that must be composed of three words) be used at the beginning and end of one couplet and the fourth word position of another couplet. For example, the title of "Laughing in the South" can be used as "Laughing in the East Lights up the Sea, Singing in the South Watching the Mountain".
The double hook requires four qualified words (words and phrases) to be used at the beginning and end of the upper and lower couplet respectively, and the word order is not arbitrary. For example, the titles of "Bird Officer" and "Ren Huang" can be regarded as "Man and Heaven are better than one, and officials ride the Sanqing Phoenix Emperor".
The four words defined by the cut-off requirement are used in two poems respectively, without confrontation. If the theme is "light" and "happy dream", you can write the following poem: "It's hard to pick up the time of being in love, find a lonely lamp and a broken dream".
The four words with limited requirements for disconnection are used in the upper and lower parts respectively, and the word order is not arbitrary. For example, the title of "Li Xia" and "Looking for Poetry" can be described as "Looking for a dream, the horizon is vivid, and poetry is stuffed with grass".
The upper and lower couplets are required to use five miscellaneous words respectively, and the word order is not arbitrary. For example, the title of "Du Fu's Introduction to Danqing" can be used as the following couplet: "Just look at the Tang Du Hong for white, far from attracting green and attracting Danqing."
Setting off is to make the meanings of the upper and lower links complementary and compare with each other. For example, there is a couplet that teaches people to persevere and persevere: "If you have perseverance, why do you sleep at five o'clock at night?" . The most useless thing is to be exposed to the sun for ten days. "There is also a couplet depicting the scenery of Daming Lake in Jinan:" Lotus flowers on all sides and willows on three sides, a city with mountains and a half city with lakes. "The upper and lower couplets echo each other and set each other off.
Pun is to make a pun by using some words in couplets. For example, in the third year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty, the Yangtze River basin suffered a great disaster, and the government blackmailed the people. Someone wrote a couplet satirizing Li Hongzhang (from Hefei, Anhui Province) and Weng Tonghe (from Changshu, Jiangsu Province): "The prime minister Hefei is thin in the world, and the farmer Changshu is barren in the world." Cleverly write out their official positions, native places and political achievements, which are coherent and echo "fat" and "thin" from top to bottom, and the pun on "familiarity" and "lack" is amazing.
Homophony refers to some words in couplets or some words contained in couplets, which express other words with the same sound or similar sound behind the surface meaning. For example, in the Song Dynasty, a man named Lv Mengzheng posted such a strange Spring Festival couplets to express his dissatisfaction with poor life: "2345,6789." Cross-dressing is "North and South". The first couplet implies the lack of "one", which is the homonym of "clothes"; The second couplet means less "ten" and is a homonym for less "food"; Across the "North and South", the meaning of the All-China Federation is revealed: nothing.
Split is to write couplets by clutch. For example, in the feature film "San Xiao", Tang Bohu once compiled such a couplet: "Ten thoughts, thinking about the country, thinking about the country. Eight eyes are still rewarding, enjoying the wind and the moon and enjoying the autumn fragrance. " Among them, "ten hearts" is the segregation of the word "thinking" and "eight eyes are still" is the segregation of the word "reward".
Tibetan scriptures write historical allusions into couplets, which enriches the content and improves the expressive force of couplets. For example, a couplet in Chibi, Dongzhou, Hubei wrote: "Copper clad plate is a river of no return. The moon stars are rare, and the black magpie flies south. " The first part comes from Wen Bao's Record of Blowing the Sword: "A bachelor's word must sing" River of No Return "with a big man in Kansai." Among them, "Bachelor" refers to Su Dongpo. He once traveled to Chibi, and wrote Niannujiao River No Return and Red Cliff Fu, describing the magnificent scenery along the river bank and expressing heroic feelings. The bottom line comes from Cao Cao's poem "A Short Song", and the artistic conception is also very high. So this pair of couplets is intriguing and helpful.
After the break, I wrote couplets in the form of two-part allegorical sayings. The meaning is outside the couplet, which is quite interesting to read. For example, on the eve of Yuan Shikai becoming emperor, someone wrote a couplet: "1334567, filial piety, loyalty, courtesy, righteousness and honesty." The combination of "forgetting eight" and "shamelessness" in the second part deeply exposes the ugly face of Yuan Shikai's treason and restoration.
Empathy is the flexible use of parts of speech. For example, nouns as verbs. There is such a couplet: "Take off my clothes and push me to eat." Spring breeze, summer rain and rain. Among them, "clothing" and "food" in the upper couplet and "wind" and "rain" in the lower couplet are nouns of the former and verbs of the latter.
Citation is to select incisive words and phrases from previous articles and poems, reorganize them according to the requirements of couplets, and make them become innovative couplets. For example, "The scenery here is unique and there are many beautiful mountains and rivers", in which the upper and lower couplets are all selected from the poems of Comrade Mao Zedong.
The old couplets are processed and transformed to make them innovative. For example, when it is cold in spring, where does the peak come from? Later, someone made a couplet on this basis: "The spring is chilly, and the peak flies from the flying place."