In scientific journals and academic conference papers, the common format is the most widely used. A paper in general format generally includes the following items: title, author's name and unit, abstract and key words, preface, body, conclusion, thanks, references and appendix.

Below, we introduce the writing characteristics of each part of the general format paper respectively.

1, title

Titles, also called titles, are divided into general titles and rank titles. What is to be discussed here is the general title of the paper.

The title is the banner, eyebrows, window and guide of the paper, which is the key to the whole text and the first attraction to readers. So it should be a high summary of the content of the paper. Outline? Outline? . The title not only plays an extremely important role in prompting the content of the paper, but also is an important basis for the classification of the paper. When reading a paper, people always look at the topic first, and then decide whether to read the abstract or the full text; However, most secondary documents (such as titles and indexes) only list topics and sources. Therefore, a good paper title should not only show or abstract the key connotation of the paper and the general level of research work to readers, but also attract readers of this major.

Main requirements of titles of scientific papers

(1) Accuracy: Accuracy means that the index questions can properly reflect the essence of the problem, accurately summarize the central content of the paper, and try to reflect the depth and breadth of the research work. You can't use words that are too general and meaningful, and you can't use artistically processed, flashy words or slogan language. In addition, the wording of the title should be accurate, and the text should conform to the rules of grammar, rhetoric and logic, and try to avoid using irregular abbreviations, characters, codes and formulas.

(2) Simplicity: Simplicity refers to extracting words as much as possible under the premise of accuracy, and the fewer words, the better. In other words, the title of the paper should be as few words as possible? Mean? Should we pursue it? Too many words, too few words? . Generally speaking, Chinese titles do not exceed 20 Chinese characters, and English titles do not exceed 12 content words; If you really can't solve the problem within this word range, you can use the method of adding subtitles. At present, the titles of scientific papers tend to be long in general, which should be noticed, because long titles are difficult to attract attention.

(3) distinctiveness: distinctiveness means that the index questions are eye-catching, so that people can know their meaning at a glance, which is not puzzling, unambiguous and easy to remember and quote.

1.2 Common mistakes in drafting titles of scientific papers

(1) is big and vague and irrelevant: for example,? On mechanical CAD? ; ? Fluid transmission research? .

(2) too high, flashy: for example, A kind of split pin with world advanced level? ; ? Research on machine tool operating handle to fill the international gap? .

(3) mediocre and lifeless: for example, Talking about cam mechanism? ; ? Introduce a micro-feed mechanism? .

(4) the same? New? For this, the goal is universal: for example? Design and calculation of new clutch? ; ? Structural improvement and innovation of clamping screw and pressure plate? .

(5) too abstract to understand: for example,? Collection technology of parts-related information? ; ? Research on decision maker of tool geometric parameters selection based on case-based reasoning? .

(6) Long-winded enough, but insufficient in substance: for example, the research on the factors affecting commercialization in the design of commercialized products based on market analysis and its system composition? .

Although there are not many words in the title of the paper, all the authors with writing experience have devoted considerable energy to it, so that the title of the paper can only be finalized when the paper is finalized.

Step 2 sign

Anyone who makes substantial contributions in the process of research and paper writing and can be responsible for all or part of the paper has the right and obligation to sign. Signature is not only the embodiment of the author's hard work and deserved honor, but also shows that the author is responsible for the authenticity of the content of the paper.

Personal research results are signed by individuals; The topics of collective research should be signed in order of contribution. Those who have only participated in the macro-scheme discussion or undertaken specific work such as drawing and text entry, lack understanding of the nature of the subject, and are not responsible for any part of the paper, do not sign their names. The number of contracted authors should also be controlled. For papers of about 5000 words, it is suggested that the number of signatures should not exceed 5; The number of signatures of papers with small space is generally not more than 3. In addition, the signature should generally use the real name, not the pen name.

At present, in scientific papers? Nominally? 、? Send a name? 、? Fight for fame and fortune? This unhealthy trend often happens. This practice not only violates the basic norms of scientific spirit and scientific morality, but also violates the basic norms of social morality, which should be paid attention to and avoided.

3. Abstracts and keywords

3. 1 Summary

It is a brief statement of the basic content of the paper, which can be said to be the epitome of the paper, and it plays a bridge role between the title and the full text of the paper. Readers can generally decide whether to read the full text or not after reading the abstract. In addition, the abstract can also provide convenience for the abstract.

There are two kinds of summaries: indicative summary and reportable summary. Indicative abstract only describes the essence of the paper, and does not involve research methods, results and conclusions. Generally, the number of words is only 30-50 words, or even a dozen words. The summary of the report generally includes the purpose, scope and importance of the research topic, the theories and methods adopted, and the results and conclusions, among which the results and conclusions are the key points. The length of reportable abstract is generally 2~5% of the text. The author suggests that Chinese abstracts of journal papers should not exceed 200 Chinese characters and English abstracts should not exceed 100 content words.

The main requirements of the report summary are conciseness, conciseness and completeness. The so-called completeness means that the abstract should be independent and self-sufficient, that is, its content should contain the same amount of main information as the original text, which can be written independently and used directly by the abstract staff.

Should it be written in the third person, not in the traditional way? This article? Such a first-person narrative; In general, the abstract should not be segmented; To use standardized terminology, illustrations, tables, mathematical formulas and reference numbers are generally not appropriate.

3.2 Keywords

Keywords are the most meaningful retrieval language, and their main function is to facilitate retrieval. Therefore, we should choose the words, phrases or terms that play a key role in the paper and can best explain the essence of the content as keywords. The number of keywords is generally 3~8, and they are only simple combinations, and they do not need to consider grammatical structure to express a complete meaning.

Standardized keywords are called descriptors. At present, a few magazines require narrative, such as Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Journal of Agricultural Machinery. The choice of thesaurus is not as convenient as keywords, so you need to consult the corresponding thesaurus. The thesaurus related to mechanical engineering science is the mechanical engineering thesaurus.

There are two diametrically opposite views on the relationship between the title of a paper and the selection of keywords. One view is that the repetition of words and keywords in the title is a waste, while the other view is that the title should contain as many keywords as possible. The author tends to the latter view. Because the title should highly summarize the content of the paper, keywords should play a key role in explaining the substance of the paper. Therefore, if the key words are chosen properly, it is almost inevitable that there will be repeated words in the title of a good paper; or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium

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