The formation and development of animal behavior?
I. Summary
Since the 1960s, the research on animal behavior has attracted the attention of scientists all over the world. Some animal behaviorists in Europe have made great contributions to the development of animal behavior research. With people's understanding of the importance of animal behavior research, animal behavior has become an extremely active and important branch of biology. In addition to studying animal behavior itself, it also expands the research content from the role of behavior in maintaining groups to the individual development and evolution history, behavior control and social organization of behavior.
Second, the research history of animal behavior before the 20th century is the embryonic stage of animal behavior, and it is a stage of slow development. As early as the Paleolithic Age (34000 ~ 10500 years ago), people began to pay attention to the animals around them. With the beginning of animal domestication, human beings also need to understand the life cycle and behavior of animals.
1. In the early days of civilization, ancient Egyptians began to try to incubate eggs artificially. Aristotle in ancient Greece (384 ~ 322 BC) began a new era of observing and describing animal behavior. In his works, he recorded the life history and behavior of 540 kinds of animals, which had a considerable influence on the understanding of life in later generations.
2. In the 17 and 18 centuries, we began to compare the behaviors of different species and conduct theoretical discussions. For example, John of Germany (Johunn? Pernaller) studied the behavioral differences of different birds, including feeding place, social behavior, nesting, territory, seasonal feather color change, migration, singing and brooding. France's Le Rey (Chorles? George? Lereg) vividly describes the predatory behavior of wolves and foxes and their fear of rabbits, and puts forward that animals can live intelligently by relying on their own memories and life experiences.
3. From 65438 to 0859, the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species had a far-reaching impact on the study of animal behavior. His book The Origin of Human Beings (187 1) studied and compared human beings with animals and instinctive behaviors. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, people used the palace to study the learning behavior of mice. Many terms in modern behavior, such as behavior, Animod? Behavior (animal behavior) first appeared in his works. The 20th century is a century of rapid development and real extension of animal behavior.
From 4.65438 to 0906, zoologist H.S.Jennings made a detailed study on the behavior of protozoa and wrote the book "The Behavior of Protozoa", which is the first book devoted to the study of animal behavior. Heinz in Berlin (Oscar? Heinorth) studied many kinds of ducks and geese from 187 1 to 1945, compared their movement modes, anatomical characteristics, social behaviors, singing and reproductive behaviors, and found the imprinting behavior of gray geese after hatching from the incubator. he
5. Zoologist Romanis (H.S.? Reimarus developed Darwin's thought, formally established comparative behavior, and laid the foundation of modern behavioral biology. Subsequently, C.L.Morgun, W.James and J.Loeb all contributed to the development of behavior in terms of methods and concepts.
6. From 193 1 to 194 1, the famous European behavioral biologists Ding Bogen and Lorenz have made long-term observations on animals under natural and semi-natural conditions, and published The Behavior of Crows Living in Groups, The Companion in the Bird Environment World, The Concept of Instinct, and The Nature of Birds. New concepts and new research topics such as display, displacement and ritualization are put forward.
Third, the modern progress of animal behavior.
1. In recent years, the research of animal behavior has developed vigorously, mainly by infiltrating animal behavior with many other branches of life science, forming many new research fields, and further comprehensively and systematically expounding the reasons, mechanisms, occurrence or development of animal behavior from different angles. Evolutionary and adaptive functions. Animal behavior has many branches. This paper only focuses on behavioral genetics and behavioral ecology, and makes a brief introduction.
2. Behavioral genetics? Behavioral genetics is the genetic basis of studying behavior by genetic methods. Starting from 1960, American scholar hompson was the first to summarize relevant information and wrote a book, Behavioral Genetics, thus announcing the birth of this new discipline. Since then, a large number of related studies have emerged. 10 years later, a professional journal Behavioral Genetics came out.
3. 1967, Benzer was the first to obtain the behavioral mutant of Drosophila by artificial induction and selection, which opened the way for the study of behavioral genetics. Since then, behavioral mutants have been studied in a large number of studies on flies, nematodes, paramecium, bacteria and other organisms. At present, the isolation, cloning and transfer of behavioral genes have been further studied on the basis of molecular level analysis.
4. Behavioral Ecology Behavioral ecology mainly studies the behavioral mechanism in ecology, the ecological significance and evolutionary significance of animal behavior, and it is the fastest-growing and most active field in animal behavior theory and methodology. Behavioral ecology mainly involves feeding behavioral ecology. Defense behavioral ecology, reproductive behavioral ecology, social ecology, spatio-temporal behavioral ecology (such as habitat selection, orientation and navigation, nesting and domain phenomena, etc. ) and behavioral ecological prediction.
5. 1975，e.o？ Wilson published Sociobiology, which systematically introduced the viewpoint, theoretical system and research methods of this subject. Sociobiology applies Darwin's concept of natural selection to the study of social behavior, integrates ecology, behavior, genetics and evolution, and puts forward new concepts of internal fitness and kinship selection.
6. These new concepts have raised the study of social behavior to a new height. At present, the fascinating prospect in this field is attracting more and more scientists. In particular, the research on behavioral economics and evolutionary stability countermeasures is showing great vitality. Although this field is almost blank in China, with the rapid development of this subject, it will certainly arouse great interest in China academic circles.
7. The research on animal behavior in China is in its infancy, and the content of the research is mainly descriptive. In terms of theoretical research, there is a big gap with foreign countries in both breadth and depth. So far, there are no special textbooks and periodicals on animal behavior in China.
? Animal behaviorism