Compound words are the only lexical type in English that can express metaphorical meaning, and their specific morphological structure can independently show the similarity of things in different conceptual domains. From the perspective of language cognition, this paper discusses the influence of cognitive models such as ontological metaphor, positional metaphor and structural metaphor and social and cultural accumulation such as literature, history, science and technology, customs and language on the formation of metaphorical English compound words.

Car+Hotel-Motel; Smoke+fog-smoke (smoke); Breakfast+lunch-brunch; Another slightly more difficult one: electricity+execution-electrocution. The Chinese we talk about is actually Chinese+English.

subject-predicate agreement

Although subject-predicate agreement involves many grammatical rules, students facing the college entrance examination should pay special attention to the following points:

1. When an infinitive phrase, a verb phrase or a noun clause is the subject, the predicate verb is generally singular. However, when the what leading sentence is the subject, the predicate verbs in the main sentence are mostly plural in the following situations: ① when the predicate is a plural noun; (2) What is the clause guided by (2)? It is a coordinate structure with plural meaning. For example:

It is important for me to learn new words and useful expressions.

What he wants is a digital watch.

What we are going to learn is the language fragments that produce inverted sentences.

What I say and think is none of your business.

Secondly, in the attributive clause, when the relative pronoun is the subject, the number of predicate verbs is often consistent with its antecedent. However, in the structure of "one of+ plural noun+attributive clause", the predicate of the clause is usually plural; However, in the structure of "the(only)one of+ plural nouns+attributive clauses", the predicates of clauses are often singular. Try to compare:

I am one of the people invited in the office.

I am the (only) person invited in the office.

Three, "fraction/percentage +of+ nouns" as the subject, the number of predicate verbs should be consistent with the nouns after of. For example:

Two fifths of the land in that area is covered with trees and grass.

More than ten percent of the workers are from Paris.

Fourthly, when the coordinate subjects are connected by or, there are ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but ... and so on. The number of predicate verbs usually follows the principle of "closest agreement", that is, the singular and plural forms of predicate verbs depend on the subjects closest to them. Pay special attention to the form of predicate verbs in interrogative sentences. For example:

Her father or mother comes to see her every afternoon.

Are you or he going there?

-Not really.

Neither the company president nor the sales manager is a college graduate.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) and/or both ... and ... When connecting two coordinate subjects, the predicate verb is generally in the plural form. If the two parts of the and connection refer to the same person, the same thing, the same thing or the same concept, the predicate verb is often singular. For example:

His lawyer and parents accompanied him to Europe.

China grows both rice and wheat.

Whisky soda has always been my favorite drink.

Whisky soda means "whiskey soda", which means the same thing.

Your colleagues and former college friends will come to our house tomorrow.

Your colleague is your friend in college, which means the same person.

6. After a structure such as each ... and each ..., each ... each ..., no ... no ..., many a ... more than one ..., the predicate verb is usually singular. For example:

Every man and woman must take part in the election.

Many children like it. Many children like it. )

7. Some subject nouns ending in -ics, such as mathematics/politics/physics and news/works/means, look like plural nouns in form, but they are mostly used as singular nouns. When this kind of noun is the subject, the predicate verb is generally singular. For example:

The paper mill was built in 1990.

All possible methods have been used to prevent air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.

Eight, some terms "appear in pairs", such as

When pants/pants/glasses/clothes/shoes/scissors/compasses (compasses) are the subject, the predicate verb is often plural; If such a noun is modified by a quantifier, such as (this/this) pair/set, the predicate verb is usually singular. For example:

My glasses are broken. I have to buy a new pair.

The shoes under the bed are Tom's.

Nine, if the subject consists of "one/a series of equality+nouns", the predicate verb is usually singular; However, after "these/those kinds/types of+plural nouns", predicate verbs are often plural. For example:

Such people are dangerous.

This test is very good.

unit 18 & amp； 19: the use of it.

1. as a pronoun to replace what was just mentioned.

A.it can refer to a specific thing. B. it can refer to the things or situations mentioned above.

This is a beautiful room.

B.you promised to write this article, and you must do it.

Use pronouns instead of demonstrative pronouns to do this and that.

What is this? -It's a flag.

As a demonstrative pronoun, it refers to a person or thing, and the thing it refers to is not very specific.

A. sometimes it refers to the person who does something. B.sometimes it refers to something that causes a certain situation.

A-who's knocking at the door? -It's me.

B.it is the wind shaking the window.

4. refers to the environment, situation, etc.

It is very quiet at the moment.

5. Refers to natural phenomena (weather, climate, light and shade, etc.). )

I'm getting colder and colder, ie it's getting dark, late, etc. ).

6. refers to the season and time

It was late autumn (early spring, midsummer, etc.).

7. Refers to distance

It's only five miles (half an hour's walk).

Used to emphasize the structure, which can be said to be boring here. It just helps to change the structure of a sentence so that a certain component can be emphasized. The way to change the structure is:

IT+be+ the part to be emphasized +that (who, who)+ other parts of the sentence.

The emphasis is who(m) for people, which is also often used in other occasions.

It was Mary who met your sister in the zoo yesterday.

It was your sister that Mary met in the zoo yesterday.

Mary met your sister in the zoo yesterday.

9. Be a formal subject instead of an infinitive, gerund phrase or clause, so that the original subject can be placed at the back of the sentence to avoid being top-heavy.

A. The real subject is infinitive.

It is our responsibility to deal with this letter.

B. The real subject is gerund.

It's no use talking to him about it.

C. The real subject is a clause, which can be that or a connecting pronoun or adverb.

It happened that I wasn't there that day.

It's hard to say whether she can come. ..

10. As a formal object, the object is often placed after the complement, not after the infinitive, gerund or object clause. It is used as a formal object before the object complement.

I think it's no use arguing with him.

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The usage, sentence patterns and fixed collocation of "It" are the key and difficult points of English grammar, and also the hot spot of examination in recent years, so we should pay enough attention to it in review. Its usage is summarized as follows:

First, it is used as a notional word.

Express the following concepts: refer to the things mentioned above, this and that; In the last article; Replace the content of the previous article; Refers to children or unknown persons of unknown sex; Refers to things that are not specified, but both sides of the conversation know; Refers to natural phenomena such as time, weather, climate and distance.

Secondly, it is used as a formal subject.

Replace clauses, infinitives and gerunds as subjects, and put clauses, infinitives and gerunds as subjects at the end of the sentence.

It is a common sentence with formal subject: 1. The verb infinitive is the subject, and its sentence pattern is (1) it be adj. (For someone. ) do sth.

This is someone's. Do sth.

(3) It replaces the common sentence pattern with gerund as the subject:

It is no use doing ...

This is (very) worth doing …

It is worthwhile to do sth.

2. Common sentence patterns of clauses in which 2.it replaces the subject

(1) is+noun+clause.

This is an adjective+clause.

What soared was ... (should) ... unexpectedly. ...

It's a pity/regret ... (should) ...................

It's verb sb. +clause = is a v-ing+clause.

It+surprised/happy/interested/disappointed/worried/disturbed/annoyed/surprised/disturbed/concerned/scared/pleased/angered someone. That ...

It verb (to sb). A verb to do sth.

(verb = appear, seem, happen, appear, follow, happen, happen, evaporate, result, solve)

It is suggested that ... = sb/sth should be done.

(Verb = say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, plan, plan, understand and know)

Fourthly, as a formal object.

Used to replace clauses, infinitives and gerunds as objects, and put clauses, infinitives and gerunds as objects at the end of the sentence.

Common sentence patterns with it as formal object:

1. Verb+it+ adjective/noun (for/of)to do/ clause (verb = think, believe, assume, consider, feel, make, keep ...)

Fifth, emphasize sentence patterns.

It is/was+ emphasis part +that(who)… emphasis sentence patterns are used to emphasize any sentence component except predicate verbs. Who can also be used when the emphasis is on people.

Pay attention to the following points when using emphasized sentence patterns:

1. Please pay attention to the special questions that emphasize sentence patterns.

2. When emphasizing the adverbial clause of the cause, only the clause guided by the cause can be emphasized.

3. when emphasizing the structure of not … until, we must put not and until together in the emphasized position.

4. Pay attention to the difference between sentence patterns and attributive clauses.

Sixth, it is often used in fixed collocation.

For example, make it (1) is equivalent to succeeded in spoken English, which means: success, performance, agreement, catching up and arriving in time.

References:

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