The basic law of medical scientific research is to ask questions, verify hypotheses and draw conclusions. Its basic procedures include: topic selection, topic design, experimental observation or investigation, processing of research materials and data processing, summary and analysis, putting forward research conclusions, writing research reports and their popularization and application.
First, choose a topic and establish a topic.
The first step in scientific research is to select and decide the project to be studied. The project must be decided first, otherwise it is impossible to have a centralized research goal and direction.
(A) to find and ask questions
In medical practice, we often encounter some phenomena that science and technology cannot explain and problems that cannot be solved. Some people always pay attention to it and form a way of thinking about problems, which is called initial thinking. The initial idea may be limited and superficial, but it is very valuable, because it is the spark of scientific research workers' thoughts.
(2) Conditions for finding or asking questions
1, practice makes perfect, and other examples illustrate the importance of personal participation and repeated practice.
2. It is more important to be good at observation and develop good observation habits than to have a lot of academic knowledge. In scientific research, it is helpful to cultivate the attitude of active exploration and the habit of paying attention to things and changing laws.
3. Diligent thinking, suspicious and thoughtful. Thinking is a process of cognitive activities such as analysis, synthesis, judgment and reasoning based on appearances and concepts.
4. Knowledgeable researchers must keep up with the development of disciplines, so that they have relevant knowledge, even extensive knowledge of marginal disciplines. Only in this way can they easily generate new associations and unique opinions, find problems and ask questions.
(three) carefully consult the literature and do a good job in information research.
With a preliminary idea, asking questions is only the first step, which does not mean that the topic has been determined. It is also necessary to find out the theoretical basis, value significance, research trends and development trends at home and abroad through in-depth and meticulous literature research at home and abroad. Literature retrieval can be carried out through the Internet or CD-ROM. Doing this step well is the key to avoid low-level repetition.
(D) the establishment of assumptions, establish the theme
On the basis of finding and raising questions, literature review and intelligence investigation, the obtained data and information are analyzed and compared, so as to make the question systematic and profound, find out the key points of the question, provide theoretical and experimental scientific basis for the setting of the question, put forward hypothetical answers (also called hypotheses) and establish scientific hypotheses. According to the content of the hypothesis, carry out scientific conception and establish the research topic.
Second, the project design
Project design refers to a whole set of research schemes such as research conception, technical route, specific content indicators, methods and steps, time arrangement, personnel division and budget.
(A) the significance of the project design
The significance of project design: ① Enhance the scientificity of scientific research process, minimize the error and ensure the accuracy and reliability of scientific research results; (2) to ensure that scientific research results accurately answer questions raised by scientific research topics and avoid "irrelevant"; ③ Good scientific research design can avoid unnecessary work or repetitive work; ④ Ensure the statistics of experimental data.
(2) The main contents of the project design
Project design includes technical scheme design and project implementation scheme design.
1, the basic content of technical scheme design
Technical scheme design includes three elements: research factor (or processing factor), research object (processing object) and result effect.
2, the key content of technical scheme design
(1) project foundation
The basis of project establishment is the key to scientific research. Why do you want to do this research? What is the basis of this study? This is the primary question whether it can pass the expert evaluation and the examination and approval of the competent department and the planning department, and whether it can be included in the scientific research plan and get funding.
The basis of the subject includes: the research significance of the subject, the analysis of the research status at home and abroad, etc. Basic research should combine the international and domestic scientific development trends and pay attention to the scientific significance of the subject; Applied research should focus on the frontier of disciplines and explore its application prospects and values around important scientific and technological issues in national economic and social development.
(2) Research scheme
The research scheme is the most important part of the project design, and the design level of the research scheme is a direct reflection of the research level of researchers.
The research plan includes: research objectives, research contents and key problems to be solved, research methods, technical routes, experimental schemes to be adopted and feasibility analysis, characteristics and innovations of this research, and expected research results.
The research goal must be clear and the research content must be specific. What problems you want to solve and what methods you want to take should be listed one by one. The technical route should adopt systematic engineering and be operable. The innovation of this study is the vitality of the subject, which should be fully expounded. The expected research results are the expectations of the research results of this topic. To seek truth from facts, we should not only enhance the confidence of experts in judging, but also avoid the distrust of experts caused by improper exaggeration.
(three) the main contents of the project implementation plan design
If the technical scheme design is mainly to solve the problem of "what to do", then the project implementation scheme is mainly to solve the problems of "when to do it" and "who will do it".
The main contents of the implementation plan include: the composition of the research group, the division of tasks, the overall arrangement and annual progress plan of the research work, and the basis of the research work. The existing research conditions include experimental conditions, research sites, instruments and equipment, case sources, research strength, cooperation conditions and so on. , and the missing conditions and solutions. The budget includes scientific research business expenses, equipment expenses, drug reagents and materials expenses, animals and feeding expenses, cooperation expenses, project organization and implementation expenses and achievement expenses.
Three. Observation, experiment and investigation
After the project design scheme is formulated and passed, it must be implemented. This is the stage of putting the planned design scheme into action and collecting perceptual materials by scientific methods. This stage is the longest and most difficult. If the first two stages are mainly attended by the project leader and some major researchers, this stage requires the joint action of all the staff of the research group. Observation, experiment and investigation are the basic means to collect and obtain first-hand objective facts.
(1) observation medical research begins with observation. Observation is the most basic method of medical research. The basic requirements of observation: we must adhere to a comprehensive, objective, realistic and meticulous scientific attitude, and we must not be arbitrary and opinionated; To make detailed and accurate observation records, we should not take it for granted subjectively or fabricate it out of thin air; To do a good job of creative observation, we should not only pay attention to excluding others, but also pay attention to accidents or anomalies.
(2) Experiment is one of the important means to obtain accurate and typical scientific research data. The so-called "experiment" is to obtain information from artificial phenomena under experimental conditions. Basic requirements of the experiment: make a good experimental plan; Do the pre-experiment first, and then do the formal experiment; Standardize the experimental operation; Make experimental records; Control the experimental error. The standard to measure the success of the experiment is to be able to repeat the experimental results.
(3) Investigation is an important method to understand the crowd phenomenon and epidemic law of diseases, and it is the basis for evaluating the health level of residents in a country or region. Such as residents' health survey, epidemiology, endemic diseases, etiology, occupational diseases, etc. There are field surveys, prospective surveys, retrospective surveys and follow-up surveys. The basic requirements of investigation: we must adhere to the principle of objectivity, seek truth from facts and respect objective facts; Detailed investigation plans and forms must be made; Collect and record systematically, focus on the big picture and start from the small.
4. Study data processing and data processing.
After observation, experiment and investigation, the obtained research data are processed, sorted and processed. Through scientific processing, eliminating the false and retaining the true, and statistical analysis, the relationship between various factors is revealed. Prepare for the final summary analysis, inductive reasoning, abstract generalization and research conclusion. This process is to eliminate accident and discover inevitability; An important step in discovering laws through phenomena.
The original data obtained are generally large and messy, some are data, some are graphics, some are slices, and some are photos. The first thing to do is to classify. In principle, whatever is quantized should be expressed by numbers as far as possible, and the results such as slices and photos can not be quantified, which can be expressed by grading and scoring. Secondly, data verification should be carried out, including manual verification and computer verification. The verified data are regrouped by nature, then summarized, and finally statistically processed respectively.
Five, summarize the analysis, put forward the research conclusion, write a research report.
At this stage, rational cognitive methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction and abstract generalization are mainly used to raise perceptual materials to rational concepts and draw scientific conclusions from them. Darwin said: "science is to sort out facts so as to draw universal laws and conclusions from them."
Summing up and analyzing is to consciously look at the perceptual materials occupied by experiments, investigations or observations from a dialectical point of view, and to analyze which theories are established in the design and which are confirmed in the experiments; What ideas have not been confirmed or completely confirmed in the experiment and need to be revised? Therefore, around the central idea of hypothesis, according to materials, tables, pictures, etc. , you can distinguish groups, comprehensively extract the viewpoints that the materials can explain, and make clear the results of each group of materials and the theoretical conclusions drawn from the results.
Research report is the most basic and universal expression of all kinds of research topics, which marks the completion of the topics. Whether it is basic research, applied research or development research, whether it is animal experiment, clinical observation or field experiment, epidemiological investigation, whether it is drug, preparation, medical device development or medical computer software, etc. , after the completion of the project, you must write a research (development) report, go through the formalities of knot, acceptance, appraisal, filing, etc., and use it as the main technical data for applying for awards in the future.
The research report mainly includes two parts, one is the work report and the other is the technical report. The former is a work summary report, which mainly introduces the project establishment, research background, plan implementation, research results and existing problems, as well as the next step. The latter is the core material of the achievement, which reflects all the technical contents of the research.