A new achievement of scientific research is usually a new progress based on the achievements of predecessors, which embodies the inheritance and development of science and technology. For example, based on the existing theories, methods, ideas and experimental means, this study has made new progress and new discoveries; Or transplant the method of one discipline to another discipline and succeed; Or the existing method is improved. When describing the research purpose, design idea, established model and comparing with existing results, existing results will be involved. If the specific content of the existing achievements is copied to the papers involving the achievements of predecessors, it will not only occupy the length of the paper and dilute the theme of the paper, but also copy the published content that readers will find meaningless. Therefore, the paper refers to the existing achievements, does not copy the existing achievements, but points out the publication of the literature (source) of the achievements, which is called citing references. ? When citing references, it is necessary to mark the places where previous achievements are involved. Seeing this mark, the reader will know that the reference is cited here; According to this mark, you can find articles that publish the details of this achievement in the bibliography. Adding marks to the places where references are cited in the text is called reference annotation. The method of labeling is called labeling.

2 the purpose and function of reference records

For a complete academic paper, the record of references is essential. To sum up, the purpose and function of reference recording are mainly reflected in the following five aspects.

1) The recorded references can reflect the author's scientific attitude and the true and extensive scientific basis of the paper, as well as the starting point and depth of the paper. Science and technology and scientific and technological research are inherited, and the current research is based on past research. Today's research results or work are generally the continuation and development of previous research results or work; Therefore, when expounding the background, reason and purpose of the research, it is necessary to evaluate the past work. Recording the references can show that it is well-founded and clearly explain the starting point and depth of the paper. To some extent, this provides an objective basis for reviewers, editors and readers to evaluate the value and level of the paper.

2) Recording references can easily distinguish the author's achievements from those of predecessors. Although the research results reported in this paper are the author's own, in the process of elaboration and demonstration, it is inevitable to quote the achievements of predecessors, including viewpoints, methods, data and other materials. If you mark the quoted parts, the achievements of others will be clear. This not only reflects the author's respect for the work of others, but also eliminates the suspicion of plagiarism and plagiarism. ?

3) The recorded references can serve as an index. Readers can easily search and find relevant books and materials through the recorded references, so as to have a more detailed understanding of the quotations in the text. ?

4) Recording references helps to save the length of the paper. Some contents that need to be expressed in the paper don't need to be explained in detail in any existing literature, just indicate what literature you see in the corresponding place. This not only refines the language, saves space, but also avoids the accumulation of general expressions and materials, making it easy for the paper to meet the requirements of short space and fine content. ?

5) Recording references is helpful for scientific and technological information personnel to carry out information research and abstract quantitative research.

Three principles of reference record

1) only records the most needed and latest documents. The recorded literature should be carefully selected, limited to the literature read by the author himself and directly quoted in the paper. If there is no special need, there is no need to list famous teaching materials or some outdated historical materials. ?

2) Only the published documents are recorded. Public publication refers to publication in newspapers and periodicals publicly issued at home and abroad or in officially published books. Articles published in journals for internal communication and materials for internal use, especially articles that are not suitable for publication, cannot be cited as references. ?

3) The cited arguments must be accurate and cannot be taken out of context.

4) adopt standardized recording format. There are international standards and national standards for the description of the following references, and both the author of the paper and the editor of the journal should master them skillfully and strictly implement them. ?

5) Recording methods of references. According to GB 77 14-87 "Rules for the Description of References after Text", "Sequential Coding System" and "Author? Publication year system ". Among them, the sequential coding system is widely used by China sci-tech periodicals, which is emphasized here.

4 sequential coding system

Sequential coding system means that the documents cited by the author in the paper are continuously coded with Arabic numerals and square brackets according to the order in which they appear in the paper, and the serial numbers are marked as the upper corner or part of the sentence according to the specific situation, and all the documents are arranged in the reference list according to the serial numbers of the documents appearing in the paper. ?

4. 1 Reference record item of sequential coding system

1) Principal. It refers to the individuals or groups who are mainly responsible for the contents of literature knowledge, including monograph authors, thesis editors, degree applicants, patent applicants, report authors, journal article authors, precipitation article authors, etc. Multiple principals are separated by ",". When there are more than three responsible persons, only the first three responsible persons are recorded, followed by "etc" (et al in English). Please note that the abbreviation "."should not appear in this data. The main person in charge only lists the names, and then does not add the words "writing", "editing" and "co-editing". Those who are mainly responsible for foreign languages should use the original, and the names before and after should respect the customs of various countries. If the author is unknown, this top can be omitted. ?

2) File name and version (the first version is abbreviated). Literature titles include book titles, thesis titles, patent titles, precipitation titles and so on. The title of the document is not added with the title "". ?

3) Identification of file type and carrier type. According to GB 3469-83, the following types of references are identified with English capital letters: monograph [M]'' collection of papers [C]'' newspaper article [N]'' periodical article [J]'' paper [D]'' report [R]'' standard [S]'' patent [P]

It is suggested to use the single letter "A" as the document type identification of precipitated documents in monographs and papers. For other unspecified item types, it is recommended to use the single letter "z".

For the references of electronic literature types such as database, computer program and bulletin board system, it is suggested to use the following letters as identification: database [DB], computer program [CP] and bulletin board system [EB].

The carrier type and identification of electronic documents. For electronic documents with non-paper carriers, when they are cited as references, the carrier type should be indicated in the reference type identification. The following signs are recommended: tape [mt]'' disk [dk]'' CD]'' online] [ol] network [OL].

4) Publication matters (place of publication, publishing house, year of publication, issue number, etc.). The place of publication refers to the name of the city where the publisher is located. For cities with the same name in different places or unfamiliar cities, the names of provinces, prefectures and countries can be added in front of them. For publishing houses containing place names, the place of publication cannot be omitted. For example, "Beijing: Peking University Press" cannot be written as "Peking University Press". ? The publisher is the name of the publishing house, which can be recorded in the form of source or in the form of recognized simplified abbreviation. Such as IRRI (formerly International Rice Research Institute). The year of publication is a.d. and recorded in Arabic numerals. In case of other chronology forms, the original chronology can be placed in "()", such as 1705 (the forty-fourth year of Kangxi). For newspapers and patent documents, it is necessary to record the publication date in YY-MM-DD form. There are three ways to record the publication year and volume number (issue number): 1980''92(2): year and volume number (issue number); 1985(4): year (period); 1987,5: year, quantity

5) The source of the document or the accessible address of the electronic document.

6) Page numbers of references. The last item in the reference is generally "page number", which indicates the position code of the text. The starting page number or starting and ending page number of the citation should be recorded. If it is a start-stop page, the two numbers should be connected with "-"(originally with "~"). Such as: 10- 12. If the paper quotes multiple contents of the same document for many times, the corresponding quotations should be recorded in turn.