Poetry is the main story of a literary genre, which is highly concise and reflects social life. It expresses thoughts and feelings with rich imagination, rhythmic language and line-by-line arrangement. The rhythm, rhythm and rich emotional language art form of poetry are the oldest and most basic literary forms in the world. Poetry originated from ancient social life. Because the love of labor productivity is the primitive form of religious emotion, the language has rhythm and the gender drops. "Yu Shushu": "Poetry expresses ambition, singing, Yong 'an, and rhythmic voice. "The Book of Rites and Music": "Poetry, words, songs, singing and dancing will also improve their abilities; 3. With this in mind, and from the early musical instruments integrating poetry, song, music and dance. This kind of lyric poetry always develops into an independent institution with the actual performance of music, including dance, singing, poetry, songs, music and dance. Poetry and songs are collectively called poetry.

Poetry abstract

Poetry classification is a complicated problem. Now we will simply discuss the poems of Han, Wei, Tang and Song Dynasties, which are generally considered.

Poems in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, commonly known as poems, include Yuefu Ci Fu in the Han and Wei Dynasties, folk songs in the north and south, and literati poems in this period. Yuefu, this is the name of the government agency. Song resigned from Yuefu, bought the organs of Han Yuefu, and matched them with music scores. The article "Yue Wenfu's New Carved Dragons" says: "Quit your job, say poetry, the voice of poetry, and say this song." It can be seen that the relationship between these three concepts, poetry, song and Yuefu poetry is the poet's lyrics, song refers to mating songs and poems, and Yuefu administration refers to the works that copied old Yuefu topics or imitated Yuefu genre in the later period, which is also called Yuefu although there is no soundtrack. Bai Juyi in Tang Dynasty set off an innovative problem of the new Yuefu movement, writing current events, so it was called "new music".

Poetry after the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into two types from the perspective of meter: modern poetry and ancient poetry. Poetry, which is called poetry today, has certain meter. Classical poetry is called archaism, which is more free in written form, rather than being bound by metrical poetry.

Please refer to the number of Chinese poems, so-called four-character poems and five-character poems. Among these four words, the five words of Yanwu are 7 17. After the Tang dynasty, four-character poems have been rare, and they are usually the only ones that can be divided into two categories. Five-character ancient poems are referred to as five ancient poems, and seven-character ancient poems are referred to as seven ancient poems, which can generally be considered as seven ancient poems. Five-character poems refer to five tones, limited to eight and forty words, and seven-character poems are referred to as seven-character poems with eight or five groups. The above eight so-called long methods are also called extended forms. Fa is generally a five-character poem. There are only four so-called quatrains; 25 unique words, four lines of poetry ***28 words. The law must be divided into two ancient Jedi. The law must be flat, and there was never a flat rule in ancient times. Generally limited to five unique ancient Jedi.

Modern Poetry Society was founded in1953-the name of "Modern Poetry" founded by Qi Xuan. The significance of modern poetry;

1 freedom of form

2。 The connotation is open.

Remarks Image management is too heavy.

Comparing the meaning of "poetry" between classical poetry and modern poetry on this issue is a reflective mentality. The idea of "simple thinking" Poetry and classical poetry express tenderness and sadness between solvable and unsolvable, but emphasize that they will not complain. "Modern Poetry" emphasizes the spirit of free and open communication and the "feeling" of frank statement.

Poetry mainly has the following parts:

(A) the origin of poetry

Poetry is the oldest and most literary style. From the ancient people's labor songs and folk songs, they were originally poems and songs. Anyway, poetry, song, poetry, music and dance are collectively called poetry. China has a long history and rich cultural heritage, such as the Book of Songs, Chuci, the poems of the Han Dynasty and countless poets. In western Europe, the poems of Homer, Sappho and Romano Elruggie in ancient Greece opened the source of creation.

(B) the characteristics of poetry

Poetry is a highly concentrated literary genre, which generally reflects social life. It is an imaginative and concise image full of thoughts and feelings, with distinct rhythm, harmonious rhythm and general musical beauty. It states the arrangement of this theme and focuses on the beauty of structure.

He Qifang, a modern Chinese poet and literary critic, once said: "Poetry is one of the most concentrated literary styles reflecting social life. It is full of rich imagination and feelings, and it is often a direct lyric expression, and the explanation of this definition and scope is refined and harmonious, especially in its unique language rhythm, which is different from the prose language. " To sum up this poem: First, it is highly concentrated and generally reflects several basic characteristics of life. One is lyrical, full of thoughts and feelings; Rich imagination, association and fantasy; Fourth, the musical beauty of language.

(3) the expression of poetry

The expression of many poems is our earliest popularization and common use.

The traditional expression is "Fu, Bi and Xing". Mao's Preface said: "Poetry has six strict meanings: one wind gives the second, third and fourth times, and.

What kind of poems are these six meanings of "style, elegance and praise"? "Xing" is the expression of this poem.

Fu: a direct expression of the state of things. Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said, "Fu, tell me what happened." For example, the Book of Songs is easy to cover and easy to plant, which is to use this technology to spread comments in poetry collections.

Describe things metaphorically to express thoughts and feelings. What does Liu Xie mean when he says "Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Xing"? Adding covering materials threatens the meaning of all these things. Zhu Dui said, "Compare his materials with this matter." . "For example, this method is written in the book Cat.

Xing: The theme of caring for children is to describe things and express thoughts and feelings from the first thing. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius said in Mao Zhengyi's Zhu Speak More Clearly: "The reason why the metaphor is quoted is that the heart of the hair, the animals and plants listed in the poem, the meaning and the words of interest also played a role." It is pointed out in the middle: "Xing's first sentence is different. In The Book of Songs, Guan Ju and Yao Tao are expressed by Xing.

The three expression techniques have been handed down, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on ancient poetry.

It is difficult to describe the expression and continuous development and creation of poetry since ancient times with flexible and exaggerated repetition, overlapping and jumping. But all methods are inseparable from the rich imagination, and the poetry embodied is the most important practice. In poetry, there is an important technique of expression, which is symbol. A symbol is simply "symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, a symbol in turn shows the original intention of a direct image, which should be noted. The ways of using modern poetry to create images are mainly manifested in three aspects:

1。 Match. Liu Xie said: The metaphor of "Wen Xin Diao Long" is "either a metaphor, or a Fang Mao, or a mind, or an example." There are many examples in the poems we listed earlier. Analogy is a common practice, which is the personification of "personification": object or simulacra. Former Xu Zhimo said: I walked away gently,/I waved my hand gently, just like I walked away gently; //Golden Willow of Cambridge by the river,//Yan Ying's bride; /The bride in the sparkling sunset/The waves are in my heart. Jin Liu of "Cloud" as a person. Like love ",because of the wind": ... My heart/your window is bright and clean, like candlelight/slightly ambiguous/potentially inevitable/because the wind/.../may go out at any time ... light a lamp, the whole material//I love fire/because of the wind. My heart is compared to a candle, and I am compared to a lamp. Finally, of course, it is the "personification" of reality.

2。 Exaggerated. Describe any larger scenes, such as the film Close-up of the Capital, to attract readers and associations. Li Bai's "Peach Blossom Swimming Pool" pays attention to the depth of thousands of feet, unlike the love that Wang Lun gave me ("To Wang Lun"), which flew to thousands of feet for nine days and suspected the Milky Way ("Lushan Waterfall"), and came to thousands of feet for three days. Although this is not the case, the image he created vividly shows the characteristics of the poet and expresses the poet's passion and readers. However, this exaggerated art, beauty, can not be too absurd, too real, too vulgar. As described in the poem "Cotton Harvest": "Cotton is packed/Alice's weight of truck head/tilted head, 3 feet/anti-aircraft gun." On the contrary, reading gives people an unreal feeling and will not produce aesthetic feeling.

3。 Metonymy means that he came from the place where he took things. And there are similar metaphors.

The place is different, but the difference lies in: unparalleled general comparison and concrete things can be seen, the concrete metonymy of the parties is more abstract, and the gap between concrete and abstract bridge makes the image of poetry more eye-catching and prominent, so as to arouse readers' association. This is what Ai Qing said: "The wings of thought, the feeling of clothes and the color of sound are all solidified through the change of time."

To shape the image of poetry, we can not only describe the picture from the perspective of material intake, but also reflect the image with sensory materials such as hearing and touch, which is impressive and lifelike. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, rode a donkey chanting "Where is torii, there are trees by the pool, and next year monks will push the door", but he also thought that "monks knock on the door. What is "pushing" or "knocking"? He can't decide. Their hands blocked the way of high officials like donkeys. This man is the great writer Han Yu. When Jia Dao, the doorman, takes his horse to fool South Korea, or just type, it's easier to get along with. The sound of "shanzhai version" and the knock on the door recorded once or twice on a moonlit night in the mountains make such a thing "alive", and the silent environment is the crowing touch of this poem. It's Li Bai, the pipa in music, and some descriptions of "like pouring pearls of all sizes into a plate of jade", which are very realistic and wonderful! Modern times, such as Bo Huang's "Morning Song": "There are reefs/stubbornly listening to bells/wind energy, waves/obscurity/dawn/spiritual springs, and the rain outside is like a lonely mountain Yongquan Temple/remote response/faint break/counting willow stars/raising the red crown/majestic reliefs rising/like the sea,/singing the sunrise on a sunny day/like a tidal surge.

The feelings for oneself, whether comparable, exaggerated or metonymic, all depend on the poet's keen observation, bold imagination and even objective things.

Fantasy. It can be said that no matter romantic, realistic or unimaginative, they will all become poets. For example, Li Bai's unconstrained style is, of course, rich in imagination and poetic magnificence, while the realist said it and Du Fu wrote it, such as "When you see tens of thousands of houses towering in front ..." ("The autumn wind breaks the song in the hut") and "Xiang Yun is wet, and the jade shoulders are cold. When leaning on the air, double, tears begin to dry. " (Moonlight), a masterpiece of imagination.

(4) The classification of China's ancient poems.

1。 The temperament of poetry can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry. Classical poetry and modern poetry are concepts formed in the Tang Dynasty, and the poet's temperament is divided from this angle.

(1) Classical poetry (Tang poetry), Chuci, Yuefu poetry. The song "Pure Land" is quoted, and the poetry of the "Song" Whispering "school is ancient poetry. Classical poetry, telling antithesis, rhyming is not free. The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Chuci → Regret for Yuefu → Han, Wei and Jin folk songs → Tao's poems, Jian 'an literati's five-character poems → Tang ancient style, new Yuefu.

① Chu Ci Style: During the Warring States Period, it was characterized by the use of Chu dialect, phonology and strong and distinct Chu Ci state to create a poetic form. The Songs of Chu edited by Liu Xiang in the Eastern Han Dynasty contains 17 Qu Yuan's works, mainly Qu Yuan's masterpiece Li Sao, which is also called "the body Sao of the Southern Song Dynasty" by later generations.

② Yuefu: The name of this bailiff service, which was in charge of music in the Han Dynasty, later became the name of this poem. Songs written by bailiffs during the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are called Yuefu for short. The poems written by poets in Wei, Jin and Tang Dynasties were quasi-Yuefu, but they became Yuefu and quasi-Yuefu, although they did not enter Yuefu. "Chile Song Mulan, Duan Gexing (Cao Cao). The title of general Yuefu poems

Add "Song" and "Xing" and introduce "De" and "Yin".

③ Chanting style: a variant of Yuefu poetry. There are many titles of Han Weihou's Yuefu poems, including "Song" and "Line". Although the name is different, in fact, whether there is a strict distinction is the meaning of this song. Its syllables are generally rich in variety, without five words and seven miscellaneous outdated words. Later, he once "recited" the rhythmic form of the body. In the early Tang Dynasty, when poets wrote Yuefu poems, in addition to following the old themes of Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, some poets formulated new titles, such as Yuefu Ci and Unlimited Rhyme, which were called new Yuefu. Such poems, Li Bai and Du Fu, made great progress. For example, Du Fu felt sorry for Chen Tao's "Ai Jiang Tou" and "Song Bing Che Hang". "Many works of the Bai people in Erdielu are in the form of Yuefu chanting, and most of them are mixed in a few words.

(2) Modern poetry: Ancient poetry, modern poetry, also known as modern poetry, is a kind of poetry and song in the Tang Dynasty, which has formed two kinds of metrical patterns, namely, the number of words, the number of sentences and the rhyme of flat tones, all of which have strict regulations.

(1) a quatrains, each four or five words abbreviation five unique, seven called four lines.

(2) "Rhyme, the first eight five characters are called five laws, and the extended form of the so-called seven laws (or long laws) is more than eight and shorter than seven.

The extremely strict meter of poetry, the given sentence in the text (except for more than eight lines), the given rhyming position of this sentence (rhyming fixed position), the given sound of the word (fixed poetic tone), and the given alliance (two opposites in the middle of the text). For example, it originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and at the early stage of maturity, it turned into two lines and eight sentences. Every sentence must be the same, it can be four or five rhymes, and the middle two sentences must be opposite. Two, four, six and eight rhyme. This sentence can be recharged. If the layout is extended to more than 10 lines, advocate more than eight lines, except for the first two sentences and the last two sentences, assuming that all antonyms are needed, each sentence is called "fans" based on frozen poems. Another example is quatrains, which are also called absolute poems, sentences, punctuation, flat rhymes, and even certain requirements.

(3) this word is also called short sentence, Song, Song Ci, Yuefu. Its characteristics: voice freezing, a given number of sentences, the voice of a given word. Words can be divided into long tones (above 9 1 word), middle tones (59-90 words) and small tones (below 58 words). This word is monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two parts. The two parts of Pingzi are equal or roughly equal, monotonous and only short. Tie is still a word to describe some, which used to be called the first tie, tie and poor quality tie, and the second one was called Xiatan Theatre.

(4) Song: Also known as Minister, Yuefu. Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Yuanzaju. The booming trilogy of gold prices, if similar in style. Features: If you give extra mezzanine, use more spoken English. Sanqu has "Xiao Ling" and "Suite Number" (divertimento). Collected a complete set of tunes, at least two, as many as dozens. The first track of each copy number is used as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set is tuned in the same room. This is a white reference, only oratorios.

2。 Content: It can be divided into narrative poems, lyric poems, farewell poems, frontier poems, pregnant pastoral poems, event poems and mourning fables.

(1) Poetry of Pregnancy.

Ancient figures and deeds that are usually overlooked. History-nostalgia for ancient poetry often entangles historical facts with reality, emotions, personal experiences, or criticizes social reality. Su Shi's "Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia" is full of personal experiences, and the contradiction between ideal and reality is 50%, which is useless. Ji Yongyu's "Looking Back at the Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou" expresses his dissatisfaction with the imperial court's drag out an ignoble existence and criticizing social reality. Some historical nostalgic poems are just calm and rational thinking and evaluation of history, or just objective narration. Is the poet's own experience one of them? The poet's feelings are just the sound of painting. Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane expresses the poet's sense of historical vicissitudes by comparing the past with the present.

(2) poetry.

Characteristics of poetry: In order to describe the problem of the object, we should grasp some of its characteristics and take pains to describe it. A statement often supported by ideology. The person who does this, the real emptiness, writes about spiritual figures. Commonly used metaphor, symbol, personification and contrast.

(3) Landscape pastoral poetry.

Xie Lingyun initiated landscape poetry in the Southern Dynasty, and Tao Yuanming initiated pastoral poetry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which developed into the Tang Dynasty. Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, representatives of the pastoral school of landscape poetry. Pastoral scenery is famous for its eternal and beautiful natural scenery, pastoral scenery, quiet seclusion, quiet and elegant style, elegant and concise language and poetic description.

(4) War poems.

From the pre-Qin Dynasty to the frontier fortress, the development of war poems in the Tang Dynasty was still frequent, because war, the heavy weapons of rulers and the struggle for fame and gain of scholars were easier to enter the human body than the imperial examination. Combined with Tang Zhong's positive world, high-spirited atmosphere and spectacular frontier fortress, a new poetry genre has been formed, and its representative figures are Gao Shi, Wang Changling and so on.

(5) Liu Shi, the stone of in my heart forever.

The ancient people's long-term enjoyment, long-term wandering and wandering, or long borders always arouse strong homesickness, touch a special poem, or write thoughts about traveling or missing family and friends, or write about homesickness, or write about teenage pregnancy. Write or hit me, or sanitary conditions, or take care of children, or send love dreams or wonderful metaphors.

Farewell poem (6).

In ancient times, due to inconvenient transportation and underdeveloped communication, it was often difficult to see each other's relatives and friends, so the ancients paid special attention to parting. On the occasion of parting, people often offer wine to bid farewell, willow holding hands, sometimes chanting poems, and even have the opportunity to say goodbye, which has become the eternal theme of ancient literati. Everyone's situation is different. The content and ideological tendency of farewell poems are frequent. Whether describing the feeling of parting directly, some try to focus on writing the sadness of parting in order to spit out the anger in their chests, some don't hate people, exhort people, encourage people and comfort people, and some focus on some combinations.

(E) the classification of modern poetry

There are also many ways to classify poems, which can be divided into different categories according to new principles and standards. Basically as follows:

1。 Narrative poems and lyric poems. Divided into work content and forms of expression.

(1) Narrative poem: The complete story and the singing of characters and passions in this kind of poem are usually completed by poets. Epics, stories, poems and verse novels all fall into this category. For example, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey in ancient Greece, stories and poems like Li Ji's Gui Wang and Li Xiangxiang, and poetic novels, such as Tang Juan of British poet Byron and onegin of Russian poet Pushkin.

(2) Lyrics: express the poet's thoughts and feelings directly to reflect social life, instead of being asked to describe complete stories and characters. Love songs, carols, elegies, elegies, pastoral poems, satirical poems. Many such works will not be listed one by one.

Of course, narrative and lyricism are not absolute divisions. Lyrical narrative poetry, but its lyricism and narrative requirements are closely combined. Lyrics often introduce some life fragments, but they don't spread, and they should meet the needs of lyricism.

2。 Metric poetry, free verse and prose poetry. Classification is based on engineering language, phonology, meter and structure.

(1) Metric Poetry: Poetry is written according to certain formats and rules. There are strict requirements for lines, words or syllables, phonology and the arrangement of sentences, such as the words "quatrains" and "European sonnets" in ancient China.

(2) Free verse: a new poem developed in modern Europe and America. This is not a language that focuses on the internal rhythm and rhythm of nature, has no fixed format, rhymes or does not rhyme with roughly the same fees, and has more free words, lines, sentences and intonations. Whitman (18 19- 1892), an American poet, is the founder of European and American free verse. Leaves of Grass is his collection of poems. This poem has also been popular in China since the May 4th Movement.

(3) Prose poetry: Prose and poetry are the characteristics of a literary genre. Poetic works full of emotion and passion are often philosophical, paying attention to American rhythm and natural sense of music, which are short-lived, just like rhyming prose lines, such as Lu Xun's Weeds.

(f) Baipu's "Tianzisha Qiu Si" Autumn Award.

The "autumn" mentioned in this article, people's first reaction is this widely circulated "Tianjingsha Qiu Si" (Ma Zhiyuan). As we all know, there are many works in Yuan Dynasty, among which Tianjingsha Qiu Si and Autumn of a Hundred Yuan are undoubtedly the most vivid. For example, Ma Zhiyuan, the "ancestor of Qiu Si", Baipu should be duty-bound to carry forward the sacred autumn. Pu's pen is like a rafter, and the first two are futile predicates, cleverly juxtaposed nouns, which are used to describe a harmonious picture. The sun on the ground and in the sky is flat, the sky is setting, the village is swaying, the smoke from the kitchen is curled up like an old branch with fixed fat, and the feathers of the crow tree have stopped standing.

In the second sentence, the first two kinds of tracking are in the corner of a large range of special scenery.

Suddenly, the quiet autumn scenery passed away, and the geese flew to the ground. The sudden appearance of this vitality has broken the static view, and such a heart is moving. In the shadow of the distance from "point" to "snapshot", there is more speed!

The third sentence is the autumn that can best convey God. The first combination is the harmonious contrast between autumn mountains and youth near and far, with distinctive colors-blue and green. The plants in recent autumn, such as grass, leaves, flowers, white, red and yellow, are colorful, forming a beautiful autumn picture, showing autumn colors and conveying strong autumn meaning. Secondly, whether the whole sentence is an "autumn" word, we can see "autumn" everywhere, the so-called "futile word"! This is also the genius of the author!

In the whole song, its structure is novel, and the layout is well played-the intermediary Hong Fei moved to the king-"standardized, but not rigid, and the second is the action that conforms to the rules, and the change is not monotonous; Once again, the first two autumn scenery songs, this song is inevitably deserted. In this mood, the third sentence is more about dredging, SD refined Italian skills and conceptual skills. These are obvious.

(7) Tian Guo market appreciation.

Guo Moruo's poems have always been called the catharsis of strong emotions. The passionate and powerful "phoenix nirvana" and "heavenly dog" have eliminated all the momentum and played a greater role in his "morning" and "coal stove and our heart". However, this poem is quiet, peaceful, beautiful, fresh and naive. The poet studied this poem in Japan, and later there were many Japanese students. In his mind, there was a mess. For the nostalgia of the motherland, the ideal future poet has to rely on nature to think, which is often the desire for the seaside. One night, the poet walked on the beach and looked at the beautiful sky and twinkling stars, and his mood became cheerful. The poet seems to have found his ideal. He wrote one in his poem.

-The scene looks like heaven.

Poets and stars are like street lamps. The dotted atrium decoration and distant world arouse people's infinite reverie. Street lamps are very common in the scene, close to us and almost everywhere. The poet avoided the metaphor of street lamps and stars in the sky and regarded the street lamps of the world as stars in the sky. The poet's vision, or a poet, should I introduce "ethereal qi" to you? In the poet's mind, paradise on earth.

Lush, prosperous and beautiful open-air market. There are many projects on display in the world, all of which are treasures of mankind. Poets don't specialize in writing these rare things, leaving us a lot of room for imagination. What we need is to make our hearts quiet and comfortable.

It is not only a market, it is a life scene. Tianhe lives and dies in love with the cowherd and the weaver girl, living such a life? Still guarding the galaxy far from the sea? The poet "Between Riding Cows" said. Beautiful night, when they go out, exotic array market. Meteors and lanterns are in their own hands. A few simple words have subverted the spread of the Millennium myth, solved the tragedy, and made people lament the love and sorrow of the Millennium.

This poem is quiet in style, natural and fresh, with neat phrases and harmonious and beautiful melody, which expresses the poet's pure idealism. This kind of emotion is the same, the rhythm is slow, such as a trickle, such as ripples. However, the dull mood has brought rich imagination, which makes our hearts and poems wander in the distant sky and makes our beautiful dreams gallop.