2. Classification of scientific papers
Classifying scientific papers from different angles will have different results. Judging from the scientific papers published in current journals, they mainly involve the following five categories:
The first category is argumentation-discussion and proof of basic scientific propositions, or theoretical analysis of new ideas, new models, new materials and new processes. In order to improve, supplement or revise them. For example, the determination of specific indicators to maintain the healthy life of rivers and the distribution of initial water rights in river basins all belong to this type. People who specialize in research write more scientific papers in this field.
The second category is scientific and technological report-a scientific and technological report is a document describing the achievements or progress of a scientific and technological research, or the results of an experiment and evaluation of a scientific and technological research, or discussing the present situation and development of a scientific and technological problem. Narrative is a special case of it. The feasibility demonstration articles of professional technology, engineering schemes and research plans, and scientific and technological report papers account for the vast majority of modern scientific and technological documents. People engaged in engineering design and planning write more scientific papers in this field.
The third category is discovery and invention-articles that describe the background, phenomena, essence, characteristics, movement and changing laws of discovered things or events and the prospect of human beings using this discovery. An article describing the efficacy, performance, characteristics, principles and conditions of use of the invented equipment, systems, tools, materials, processes, formula forms or methods. People engaged in engineering construction write more articles in this field.
The fourth category is design and calculation-computer program design to solve some engineering problems, technical problems and management problems, computer-aided design and optimization design of some systems, engineering schemes and products, computer simulation of some processes, design or modulation and preparation of some products or materials, etc. People who are engaged in computer and other software development write more scientific papers in this field.
The fifth category is review-this is a special scientific paper (such as literature review). The main difference from general scientific papers is that it does not require originality in the research content. Although a good summary article often contains some new materials and new ideas that have not been published before, it requires the author to put forward the development and evolution law and trend of related professional topics in a specific period on the basis of comprehensive analysis and evaluation of existing materials. Generally speaking, there are two ways to write it: one is to collect literature, supplemented by comments, and objectively not to comment. The other focuses on comments. Through review, observation and prospect, this paper puts forward logical and enlightening views and suggestions. People engaged in management work write more scientific papers in this field.
3. Format of scientific papers
A complete scientific paper should include title, abstract, keywords, paper content and references.
3. 1 topic
Theme is an important part of scientific papers. It requires concise and appropriate phrases to reflect the specific content of the article and clearly tell readers the theme of the paper, which has the function of making the finishing point and stimulating readers' interest. Generally speaking, the topic should include the main keywords of the article. The title is like a label, so it is forbidden to describe the content of the paper point by point with long and complete sentences of subject-predicate-object structure to ensure "conciseness"; The requirement of "appropriateness" should be reflected in pertinence, conspicuity and readability. Of course, we should also avoid the so-called brevity and lack of retrievability that are too general or grandstanding, so that the name does not match the reality or cannot reflect the characteristics of each article. The title should be short, not very long, generally not more than 20 Chinese characters.
3.2 signature
Author's signature is an important part of scientific papers. The author refers to the person who has made all or part of significant contributions to the conception of the thesis theme, the implementation of specific research work, writing and writing. Can be responsible for defending the main contents of the paper, and is the legal right holder and responsible person of the paper. The number of signatories should not be too large. People who have consulted some of the contents involved in the paper, given some help or participated in regular services should not sign their names as authors, but they can indicate which part of their work they have participated in, or thank them for their contributions and labor at the end of the paper. The authors of co-authored papers should be ranked according to their contribution to the work of the paper. The author's full name should be given, usually with his real name. At the same time, the unit where the author completed the research work or the work unit or mailing address where the author is located should also be given.
3.3 Summary
It is a necessary additional part of modern scientific papers, and only extremely short articles can be omitted. Abstract is a short essay aimed at providing a summary of the contents of the document, describing the important contents of the document concisely and accurately, without comments or supplementary explanations, and should include the purpose, methods, results and conclusions. There are two ways to write an abstract: a reportable abstract, which indicates the subject scope and content outline of a document, also known as an introduction; Indicative summary-concise summary, indicating the theme of the document and the nature and level of its achievements. In between are report and indicative summary-the part with high information value in the document is expressed in the form of report, and the summary of the rest is expressed in the form of indicative summary. General scientific papers should be written as reportable abstracts as far as possible, while comprehensive, informative or critical articles can be written as indicative or reportable and indicative abstracts. Abstract can be written by the author himself or by the editor. When compiling, it is necessary to objectively and truly reflect a document; Pay attention to reflecting the new ideas in the manuscript; Don't repeat what has become common sense in this subject field; Don't simply repeat the information already in the title; Writing should be grammatical and as consistent as possible with the style of the manuscript; The structure should be rigorous, the expression should be concise, and the semantics should be exact; Write in the third person. The number of words is generally around 300.
3.4 Keywords
In order to facilitate readers to find documents from the vast number of books and periodicals, especially to meet the needs of computer automatic retrieval, 3-8 keywords should be given after the abstract. Choose keywords that can reflect the characteristics of the literature and have strong versatility. First of all, it is necessary to choose standardized words, which is a kind of snatch for human-like subject words.
3.5 Introduction
Foreword (preface, preface, summary) is often used as the beginning of scientific papers, which mainly answers the question of "why". This paper briefly introduces the background of scientific papers, the history and present situation of previous research in related fields (sometimes called literature review), and the author's intention and analysis basis, including the pursuit goal, research scope, theory and technical scheme selection of scientific papers. The introduction should be concise and to the point, and should not be equated with the abstract, or become the annotation of the abstract.
3.6 Text
The text is the core part of a scientific paper, which mainly answers the question of "how". The text should fully explain the viewpoint, principle, method and the whole process of achieving the expected goal, highlight the word "new" and reflect the originality of scientific papers. According to the need, the paper can be deeply layered, analyzed layer by layer, and set hierarchical titles by layer. The writing of scientific papers does not require gorgeous words, but requires clear thinking, strict logic, concise and accurate language, vivid and smooth; The content should be objective, scientific and complete, and try to speak with facts and data; Where you can make it clear in short words, you should state it in words. If it is not easy to express clearly in words or it is complicated, it should be expressed in tables or figures. Physical quantities and units shall adopt legal units of measurement.
3.7 Conclusion
The conclusion is the final summary of the whole article. The conclusion is not a necessary part of a scientific paper. Mainly to answer "what" (what). It should be based on the phenomena, data and analysis obtained from the experiment or investigation in this paper, so as to point out completely, accurately and concisely: first, the principle and universality revealed by the results obtained by the research object from the investigation or experiment; Second, whether there are any abnormalities found in the study or problems that are difficult to explain and solve in this paper; 3. Similarities and differences with previously published research work (including others or the author himself); Fourthly, the theoretical and practical significance and value of this paper; Fifth, suggestions for further research on this topic.
3.8 References
It reflects the scientific basis of the manuscript and the author's respect for other people's research results, and provides readers with the sources of relevant materials cited in the paper, or provides detailed words of relevant contents mentioned in the paper but not developed in order to save space and facilitate narration. References contained in the paper should be limited to those publications read by the author himself and cited in the paper, or other relevant files, including patents and other documents.