Environmental pollution often has carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects on humans or mammals, which are collectively called "three effects". The harm of "three effects" usually takes a long time to appear, and some harm will even affect future generations. 1. Carcinogenesis refers to the role of guiding people or mammals to develop cancer. As early as 1775, British doctor Porter found that chimney sweepers were prone to scrotal cancer, which he believed was related to frequent contact with soot. 19 15 years, Japanese scientists confirmed through experiments that coal tar can induce skin cancer. Among pollutants, substances that can induce cancer in humans or mammals are called carcinogens. Carcinogens can be divided into three categories: chemical carcinogens (such as nitrite, asbestos and dichloromethyl ether used in mosquito-repellent incense production), physical carcinogens (such as nuclear fusion of radium) and biological carcinogens (such as aflatoxin). (2) Mutation Mutation is the function of inducing gene mutation, chromosome structure variation or chromosome number variation in humans or mammals. If the germ cells of human beings or mammals mutate, it will affect the pregnancy process and lead to infertility or early embryonic death. If human or mammalian somatic cells mutate, it will lead to cancer. Common mutagens are nitrosamines, formaldehyde, benzene and dichlorvos. 3. Teratogenesis refers to the effect of acting on pregnant mothers, interfering with the normal development of embryos and leading to congenital malformation of newborns or young mammals. In the early 1960s, some deformed newborns appeared in Western Europe and Japan. Scientists have found that pregnant women take a sedative called thalidomide within 30 to 50 days after pregnancy, which has teratogenic effect. At present, it has been confirmed that teratogens such as methylmercury and some viruses will cause serious harm to human health after being polluted in rivers, lakes and other water bodies, mainly in the following three aspects. First of all, drinking the organic matter in polluted water and edible sewage will make people poisoned and even die. For example, 1956, there were some patients with unknown etiology in Minamata Bay, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. The patient developed symptoms such as spasm, paralysis, dyskinesia, language and hearing disorders, and finally died of pain due to incurable treatment. People call this strange disease Minamata disease. Scientists later discovered that the disease was caused by local industrial wastewater containing mercury. Mercury is converted into methylmercury and enriched in fish, shrimp and shellfish. If people eat these fish, shrimp and shellfish for a long time, methylmercury will cause chronic methylmercury poisoning, mainly brain cell damage. Methylmercury in pregnant women can even make children stunted, mentally retarded and deformed limbs. Second, the water polluted by human and animal feces and domestic garbage can cause infectious diseases such as viral hepatitis and bacillary dysentery, as well as parasitic diseases such as schistosomiasis. Thirdly, some carcinogenic chemicals, such As arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and aniline, can accumulate in suspended solids, sediments and aquatic organisms after polluting water bodies. Drinking such sewage for a long time is easy to induce cancer. Solid waste pollution and human health Solid waste refers to solid substances discarded by human beings in production and life, such as waste rocks from mining industry, industrial waste residue, discarded plastic products (as shown in the figure) and domestic garbage. It should be recognized that solid waste can only be used in a certain process or a certain aspect. In fact, it can often be used as a raw material for another production process. Therefore, solid waste is also called "misplaced raw materials". However, these "misplaced raw materials" often contain a variety of substances harmful to human health. If it is not used in time and piled up for a long time, it will pollute the ecological environment and cause harm to human health.

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