Confucian culture advocated by Confucius has always been the core and representative of China culture, affecting the development and trend of China culture. Tao? Confucius problem is the core of Confucius thought. Tao? It can be divided into three aspects: heaven, humanity and truth.

Keywords: Confucius; Confucianism; way

First, heaven is inviolable.

90 times in The Analects of Confucius? Tao? Word,? Tao? The interpretation of Chinese characters in Shuo Wen Jie Zi is:? Road, road also. From the beginning, from the beginning to the way? . Like what? Confucius said:? If you can't, you can float in the sea with a fork. The Tao here refers to the road that people take. Confucius said again? If you listen, you will die in the evening. ? Here? Tao? Meaning? Fate? .

The Analects of Confucius? Ba Shu includes:? Sacrifice is like, sacrifice is like God. Confucius said:? No sacrifice, no sacrifice. Zhu note:? Stupidly, this disciple still remembers Confucius' sincerity of sacrifice. Remember what Confucius said and make it clear. When you say that you are a sacrifice, you may not agree, but if you let others take it, you may not be sincere. ? The records of Bashu show that Confucius not only agreed with the ancestor's sacrifice, but also was very devout.

But at the same time, he said? The child is not strange, powerful, chaotic, and god. ? It can be seen that Confucius not only played down the significance of personality, but also opposed all kinds of ghosts and gods. It can be seen that Confucius' understanding of heaven is different in different situations. On the one hand, Confucius said: Conviction is in heaven, and there is nothing to pray for. ? (Bashu) This statement stems from the ancient religious feelings he inherited.

Confucius recognized and praised the supremacy of heaven as a way of human spiritual sustenance, which was expressed in one sentence? Heaven is the one who knows me! ? On the other hand, Confucius also found that there are objective laws in the universe that are independent of people's subjective will. ? So is Tao, so is life; Tao is useless and fatal. ? (Xianwen) The objective law between heaven and earth is the key to the success of human actions.

Early spring and early autumn, reflection? God? 、? People? Relationship? Humane? With what? Heaven? It's separated, but? Fate? Consciousness still plays an important role in people's spiritual life. Destiny is the rule of human destiny, so people should fear it. Confucius said? If you don't know your life, you don't think you are a gentleman. ? (Yao Yue) Say it again:? A gentleman has three fears: fear of destiny, fear of adults, and fear of the words of saints. ? Knowing life and fearing life is an important content of heaven.

Second, human nature

People are the way people go, which may or may not conform to heaven. At the same time, different people may take different paths. Humanism is most concentrated in the way of a country, that is, the way of the world. Confucius said:? There is a way in the country, and there is danger in danger; There is nothing the country can do. It is dangerous to talk about the sun. ? (Xian Wen) passed, right? Thunderbolt has a way? With what? The country has no choice? The comparative discussion of speech reveals that the standard of measuring a country's political situation is also? Tao? .

What if a country? Youdao? , will it? Valley? ("Xian Wen"), is there integrity in words and deeds and conformity? Tao? Wealth; What if a country? Can't help it? , but prosperous,? Wealth? It is shameful ("Taber"). Visible,? Tao? Is it the highest principle of a country's operation and should be followed in governing the country? Tao? Do it.

Besides,? If there is a way in the world, rites and music will follow the emperor; There is no way in the world, and the rites and music are conquered by the princes. There is a way in the world, and politics is not a doctor. If there is no road in the world, Shu Ren will not discuss it. ? ("Ji's") What are we talking about here? There is a way in the world? And then what? There is no road in the world? When the specific performance of social politics can be seen, Tao? This is the guarantee of political clarity and social harmony. .

Not only that, Confucius is commenting on the characters and their existence. Youdao? 、? Can't help it? Does the performance of the situation match? Tao? As a basis and standard. Does he praise Ji? Gentleman? (Wei Linggong), but also because of its obedience? Tao? The behavior of.

So? Tao? It is the standard for evaluating politicians. ? Youdao? Is it the ideal realm that Confucius pursues and yearns for, which he seldom uses? Youdao? Praise the secular gentleman, on the contrary, often use it? Can't help it? Criticize his time and the king he met as he criticized? Can't Wei Linggong? ("Xian Wen"). Thus, what are the basic criteria for Confucius to make an overall judgment on the world trend, national political situation, monarch's virtue and stupidity, and official's trip? Tao? .

Third, the truth.

Here? Tao? It refers to thoughts, theories and various propositions, and it is about the thinking and expression of heaven and human nature. Confucius said? My way is consistent? This shows that Confucius also has his own Tao, which runs through his whole thought. The idea is benevolence. Benevolence is the core of Confucius' academic system and the most lasting content in his thought.

Benevolence consists of man and two, which shows that benevolence is basically a relationship between people, but it is not a general relationship, but a relationship of love between people. Confucius said? Benevolent, lover? Here? People? It refers to both human life and human nature. That is to say, first of all, benevolence, as the stipulation of human nature, makes people become people.

Benevolence can even be said to be good, not evil Determined to be benevolent, do all kinds of evil. ? Benevolence is the meaning of life. People with lofty ideals are benevolent, there is no harm in saving, and there is benevolence in death. ? ("Wei Linggong") Secondly, people live in society, and it is inevitable to deal with people. People should acknowledge the existence of others and understand their existence.

? You don't know what people are unless you know what others don't know. ? (learning)? Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you? (Yan yuan). Generally speaking, Confucius believes that where there are crowds, people should love each other, so that society can be stable and United and human groups can multiply and develop. Without it, society cannot be called society, and there is no difference between humans and animals. So? Lover? It is the foundation of Confucius' theory of benevolence, and it is also the inevitable expression of human nature's compliance with heaven.

Confucius? Tao? His thought is to clarify a grand and lofty philosophy of life that guides people. He has been looking for a most primitive and perfect social model all his life. In his view, only in such a social environment can people fully carry forward human nature, completely conform to heaven, and finally sum up? Ren? This basic principle of life philosophy, which dominates the overall situation, constitutes his whole? Rendao? System, as a good way to guide and save the world.

References:

[1] Yang Bojun. The Analects of Confucius [M]. Zhonghua Book Company, 2006.

Confucius? Tao? 2

In the remarks of Confucius and his disciples, Tao? Is to establish a realistic ethical psychological model. Confucius? Tao? Is based on. Ren? On the basis of reality. Confucius' way of being a gentleman includes two aspects: self-cultivation and personal independence.

Keywords Confucius; Scholar-officials; way

At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the hierarchical order of the nobility collapsed and a new taxi class appeared. Using their cultural traditions, they established an ideal social order, right? Heaven? , naturally put forward different views. ? One yin and one yang is the Tao? I ching, right? Tao? Understand. What's in eryali? An expression? . Tao Te Ching thinks? Tao can be Tao, and it is natural to be Tao? Wait a minute. These? Tao? It is emphasized that Tao is the starting point of the change of all things in the universe, and Tao can derive all things and coexist in all things. Confucius, as the founder of pre-Qin Confucianism? Tao? I have my own understanding.

First, what did Confucius say? Tao? Understanding of ...

In the remarks of Confucius and his disciples, Tao? It is not the illusory existence of the Book of Changes and the theories of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. He did not pay attention to establishing some external metaphysical belief system, but established a realistic ethical-psychological model. [1] This? Tao? It is the embodiment of gentleman's personality, the highest pursuit of people with lofty ideals and the life mission of literati. ? Scholars can't help Hony, but they still have a long way to go. . [2]

? Do scholars yearn for Tao? In Confucius' ideological system, Tao? It is inner spiritual cultivation, which has nothing to do with. A gift? Directly related. ? A gift? what's up Tao? Extrinsic degree. So-called? If you don't want to eat enough, you don't want to live a quiet life. Just be sensitive and cautious. ,? Rich as an enemy, returning home with clothes and brocade is what people want, not what they get. Where is it? . Confucius is here? A gift? External constraints, that is, the internal requirements of the people, upgrade the original rigid mandatory provisions to conscious concepts, like this? Tao? More humane.

? Tao? It is also a peaceful realm in Confucius' thought. Book of rites? Confucius once said:? The trip to the avenue is also for the public, so we should choose the virtuous, the faithful and the virtuous. It means Datong. ? Confucius lived in troubled times, and he himself experienced ups and downs. His wandering career of 13 years made him yearn for a peaceful and stable situation. The Analects of Confucius? Now, when asked about Confucius, Confucius replied:? Gong, Kuan, Xin, Min and Hui? . The article "Learning and Learning" contains: A country that takes a thousand times, respects things and believes, saves money and loves others, and makes people free up time? . This kind of education is a climate of tolerance and harmony.

Generally speaking, Confucius's? Tao? Nothing more than four words-inner saints and outer kings. Self-cultivation is necessary for the most inner saint, and self-cultivation should be supplemented by ceremony in order to become the inner saint consciousness. Foreign kings must practice strict education and good political behavior.

Second, Confucius? Tao? The core of

Confucius once said:? My way is consistent? . This? Tao? Is it? Ren? . In The Analects of Confucius? Ren? The word * * * appeared 109 times, involving politics, life, life and so on. ? Ren? It is not only the starting point of all actions, but also their destination, the fundamental principle of settling down and the highest moral realm;

? Benevolent people, want their people, want their people. (Yongye)

? Gentleman's business is based on inheritance and Taoism. Filial piety is also the foundation of benevolence! ? ("learning")

Ask Ren, Confucius said:? Respect life, respect deacons and be loyal to others. ? (Luz)

? Self-denial is benevolence, self-denial is benevolence in one day, and benevolence in the world. ? (Yan Yuan)

It can be seen that self-denial, loyalty, caution and filial piety are benevolence. In addition, Confucius said:? Palace, generosity, faith, people and benefit. Courtesy is not humiliating, forgiveness is popular, trust is considerate, sensitivity is active, and benefit is enough to make people. ? Solemnity can not be bullied, generosity can get everyone's support, trustworthiness can get others' appointment, judgment can promote success, and obedience can drive others to serve themselves. [3]

At the same time, in Confucius' view? Ren? The highest virtue is the golden mean. People are heartless, very sick, and the temperature is terrible, but not fierce? Is the golden mean; ? Harmony but difference? It is the golden mean of making friends; ? Joy without lewdness, sadness without injury? This is the meaning of aesthetics; ? As a gift, harmony is more expensive? It is the golden mean of governing the country; ? Ji Wenzi thought twice before acting, and Wen Zi said? Doing things again is the golden mean.

Besides, what does Confucius think? Ren? What is the spiritual pillar of? What's your name? He said:? A gentleman is ill and nameless? ,? A gentleman goes to benevolence and shows his evil. Confucius put it there? Name? Read it carefully, in the Analects of Confucius? Ji, he sighed: There are thousands of horses in Qi Jinggong. On the day of death, people are said to be immoral; Boyi, Shu Qi and Chu Yang went hungry, and the people called it today. ? No matter what a person is before his death, he will be nameless after his death.

So, Confucius? Tao? Is based on. Ren? On the basis of reality. ? Ren? All-encompassing, with different requirements for the country and individuals, the ultimate goal is to achieve a harmonious society and an enterprising person.

Third, Confucius' gentleman? Tao?

Whether we are pursuing a great society or wishing to remain famous, we can't do without the cultivation of people. If a person has enough talents, he can serve the society, serve politics, carry out moral policies, and make a name for himself in history.

Confucius is here? Ren? For the ideal personality value orientation, he thinks he can't reach it. If it's kindness, how dare I! If you take pains to restrain it and tirelessly teach others, it can be said that the cloud is gone! ? So, instead of settling for second best, Confucius tried to shape a gentleman's personality.

What are the categories of personality ideals put forward by Confucius and his disciples in The Analects of Confucius? A man with lofty ideals, a gentleman and an adult saint? Wait, among them? Gentleman? Use it the most, just use it? Gentleman? Personality has replaced these categories. [4] Confucius is the founder of the pre-Qin scholar spirit. In his ideological system, he endowed scholars with two aspects of gentleman personality. One is self-discipline and the other is personality independence.

1, cultivate one's morality.

Generally speaking, the so-called? Cultivation? It is to realize the basic principles of benevolence and righteousness in your heart and make yourself optimistic. An upright man is open and poised? In a state of mind. ? Cultivation? Is it the inner cultivation of a gentleman? An ren? This is a gentleman's practice. Confucius thinks? A gentleman who learns Tao must love others. If he studies well, he will become an official. . A real gentleman not only stresses self-cultivation, but also puts what he has learned into practice? Tao? For what? Lover? In practice, if you have spare capacity, you should be an official in order to achieve a complete personality of both internal and external cultivation.

But in his speech, Confucius unconsciously deviated? Cultivation? ,? An ren? How to achieve it will not be discussed in detail. ? Cultivation? Discussion of almost all articles, a short choice:

Confucius said:? Unjust wealth is like a cloud to me. ? ("The Analects? Speak of ")

A gentleman doesn't think enough, and he doesn't think about safety. He is sensitive to things and speaks carefully. ("The Analects? Learn and ")

A gentleman is right. ("The Analects? Yang Huo ")

If a gentleman has no final food, he will violate benevolence. If he expects anything, he will be unhappy. ("The Analects? Standing up ")

2. Personality independence

Confucius believes that a true gentleman should be unmoved by things, seduced by interests, and not wronged by power.

It is not enough to discuss those who are ambitious and ashamed of poor food and clothing. ("The Analects? Standing up ")

Do things according to the rules, or stop if you can't. ("The Analects? Advanced ")

Don't lower his ambition, don't humiliate him. ("The Analects? Micron ")

There is a road in the world, you will see it, and without it, you will hide it. ("The Analects? Taber ")

The above-mentioned Confucius believes that the ambition of a scholar cannot be taken away, and he should keep his integrity and not sell his personality for fame and fortune. Even if you serve the monarch, you should act according to the Tao, and do not encourage the arbitrariness of your behavior. If you have no way, you will not be an official.

To sum up, Confucius' pursuit of gentleman's personality reflects his sense of hardship. ? He who has no long-term worries will have near worries? On the one hand, Confucius' sense of hardship is manifested in worrying about the country and the people. Is a gentleman worried about Tao but not poor? It is the most direct portrayal, on the other hand, it is the persistence of the road of suffering. Morality can't be repaired, learning can't be taught, learning can't be moved, and incompetence can't be changed. This is my worry. ?

Through Confucius? Tao? After a brief analysis, we can know: Confucius? Tao? It was produced in the violent and turbulent changes in the pre-Qin period, and it has strong practical and practical characteristics. Confucius inherited and developed the cultural tradition since Shang and Zhou Dynasties, insisted on the independence of personality, worried about the country and the people, and ran for the ideal social order, showing a strong sense of social responsibility and mission.

? Self-cultivation, peace of mind? And then what? Worried about people? It has become the spiritual practice and goal pursued by later scholars.

refer to

[1] Li Zehou. On the history of China's ancient thoughts [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1985: 2 1.

[2] Kang Youwei. Notes on Analects of Confucius? Taber 8[ meters]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1982: 1 12.

[3] Cai Shangsi. Confucius' ideological system [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1982: 108.

[4] Li. Sage Proverbs-The Analects of Confucius and China Culture [M]. Zhengzhou: Henan University Press, 1995: 165.