Yuan Haowen

Ask what love is in the world and teach life and death.

Flying in all directions, the old wings have been hot and cold several times.

Have fun, leave the bitterness, and there will be more children in school.

You should have a saying, Wan Li's cloud, Qian Shan's snow, only to whom.

Cross grave road, flute and drum when lonely, smoke is still flat.

What's the point of evocation? Shan Gui secretly calls the shots.

The sky is also jealous. If you don't believe it, birds and swallows are all loess.

For generations, leave it to poets to sing, drink and visit Qiu Yan.

In those days, Yuan Haowen went to Bingzhou to try, and met a goose catcher on the way. The goose catcher told Yuan Haowen a strange thing that happened today: he set a net to catch a goose today and caught one, but one escaped. Unexpectedly, the wild goose didn't fly away, but hovered over him for a while, and then fell to the ground and died. Yuan Haowen looked at the two geese in the hands of the wild goose catcher, and his mood was difficult for a while. He bought these two geese with money, buried them on the bank of Fenhe River, erected a monument as the number, posthumous title "Qiu Yan", and wrote "Qiu Yan Ci".

Yuan Haowen, whose name is Yishan, is called Mr. Yishan all over the world. Born on the eighth day of July in the first year of Ming Chang in Jin Zhangzong (1 190), he died on the fourth day of September in the seventh year of Zongmengge in Yuan Xian (1257). Taiyuan Xiurong (now Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province) is a native of Han Yan Village. He was the most accomplished writer and historian of Jin Dynasty in China more than 700 years ago, the main representative of northern literature during the confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties, and the bridge between Jin and Yuan Dynasties in literature.

Yuan Haowen was born in an official family and has a scholarly family for generations. His ancestors used to be Tuoba, the royal family of Xianbei in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and later moved to Luoyang from Pingcheng (now Datong City) with Emperor Xiaowen of Wei, and changed his surname to Yuan in the reform of localization of Emperor Xiaowen. After the death of the Northern Wei Dynasty, he settled in Ruzhou (now Linru County, Henan Province). After the Five Dynasties, he moved from Henan to Pingding Prefecture (now Pingding County, Shanxi Province). Yuan Yi, his great-great grandfather, was the official ambassador of SHEN WOO (Tiger) in Xinzhou during the Xuanhe period of Hui Zong in the last year of the North (119-1225). Great-grandfather Yuan Chun (Zuo Chunren) was appointed as Yong Lian's ambassador of Xizhou (today's Xi County, Shanxi Province) in the Northern Song Dynasty, and moved from Pingding to Xinzhou, so he became a Xinzhou native. My grandfather Yuan Zishan worked as a teacher in Roufu (near Tuoketuo, Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia) in Wang Zhenglong for two years (1 157). Father Yuan Deming failed in the imperial examination many times, taking teaching rural studies as his career, and entertaining himself with poetry and wine at ordinary times, and writing Dong Yan Ji.

Seven months after Yuan Haowen was born, he adopted his second uncle, Ge Yuan, who was a county magistrate (Yuan Haowen later called him Longcheng Fujun).

Yuan Haowen lived in an era when the Jin and Yuan Dynasties rose and fell, and the Jin Dynasty was destroyed by Mongolia, which was originally a metal country. After its rise, it conquered all directions and destroyed the state of Jin. In such a turbulent social environment, Yuan Haowen also experienced the pain of national destruction and displacement. Generally speaking, his life can be divided into several stages: before 2 1 year-old, he lived a comfortable life as a student and a playboy. In the past 20 years, he followed his stepfather Ge Yuan to the county magistrate posts in Shandong, Hebei, Shaanxi and Gansu. On the one hand, he received a good education and showed his literary talent very early. At the age of eight, he gained the reputation of "prodigy" for his poetry. Although I didn't get the title of senior three when I took the imperial examination for the first time, I made great progress in my knowledge because I met many celebrities and laid a solid foundation for writing poems. Wang Zhongli of Taiyuan (word Tomson), Tu Luduo of Hanlin (word Xuanshu) and Hao Tianting of the famous Confucian (word Jin Qing) all contributed to Yuan Haowen. On the other hand, Yuan Haowen developed the bad habit of drinking because of the abundance of material life and the frustration in the examination room. From the age of 22 to 35, Yuan Haowen was frustrated many times, suffered from war and family destruction, fled from Shanxi to Henan, and gradually settled in western Henan. During this period, he tasted the pain and hardship of life. However, by taking the exam in the capital of song dynasty, he was able to establish a good relationship with famous human rights figures in China, such as Zhao Bingwen, Yang, Li Yan and so on. He is not only knowledgeable, but also made great progress in poetry, which also laid an important foundation for his future career promotion. From the time he was elected to the Imperial Academy at the age of 35 to the second year when Jin Aizong Yan Yan kept Xu Tianxing (1233), Bianjing City was captured by Mongolian soldiers, which was the period when his career finally ended. During this period, because he was dissatisfied with the cold official life of the history museum, he quickly resigned and returned to his hometown in Dengfeng, western Henan. Later, he was recommended as the magistrate of Zhenping, Neixiang and Wan County, and later transferred to the central government as the magistrate of Shangshu Province, and moved to Bianjing, where he lived a nightmare life such as the siege of Mongolia, the rebellion of Cui Li, the collapse of Bianjing City, hunger and cold, blood and tears, and where to go. In the second year of Tianxing (1233), he was captured by Mongolian soldiers and taken to Liaocheng for house arrest. In August of the 10th year of Yuan Taizong's Wokuotai (1238), he ended his life at the age of 49. As a prisoner, he moved between Liaocheng and Guanshi in Shandong with his family, and gradually got in touch with Zhao Tianxi, the leader of Mongolian Han army, and lived. During this period, he was saddened by the downfall of the State of Jin and the traitors' mistakes in the country, and in order to preserve history with poetry, he tirelessly edited the Collection of Poems of the Late Monarch and Minister of the State of Jin-Zhongzhou Collection. In the name of "Zhongzhou" collection, it implies the deep meaning of remembering the old country and taking gold as orthodoxy. From the autumn of the 11th year of Wokuotai (1239), when he returned to his hometown of Xinzhou at the age of 50, to the fourth day of September in the 7th year of Mengge (1257), when he died at the age of 68, it was the period when his adherents failed to become officials and sought relevant information for compiling the History of Jin. During this period, he made more friends and wrote more poems and articles, and his attitude towards Mongolia gradually changed.

Yuan Haowen is a talented and versatile writer. Regarding all literary forms at that time, except Jin and other traditional operas, such as poems, words, songs, songs, fu, novels, traditional theories, notes, expressions, sparse, tablets, inscriptions, songs, records, preface, quotations, ode, books, words and so on, he did not find any evidence or record legends.

The main features of Yuan Haowen's works are true content, sincere feelings and beautiful language. His contemporaries and descendants spoke highly of his poems. His friend Xu Shilong said: "As a poem, everyone has considerable statutes, and the essence of style is a change. Li and Du, the ancestors of Daguai's landscape poems, have profound statutes and are bold and unconstrained. Literati, such as Korea and Europe, are fair and clear, full of wonders and obscure words; Yuefu is fresh and frustrated, carefree and bright, and the system is the most prepared. You can also take vulgarity as elegance and change it into something new, so that the predecessors will not pass it on, and Dongpo and Jiaxuan don't care. " His other friend Ye Li even praised him as "the back of Li Er (Li Bai and Li Yong)". Comment on Yuan Haowen's Collection of Yishan, the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu: "Those who ask questions are scholars, and the Jin and Yuan dynasties are as tall as a big piece. The collection of Zhongzhou written by him is intended to preserve history with poetry, but it is not enough. Do it yourself, with profound image and high style. There is no habit of crossing the rivers and lakes in the Southern Song Dynasty, and there is no mistake in Jiangxi's rude deduction. When it comes to ancient prose, the rope is tight, everyone is prepared, and the inscription is particularly powerful. "

Yuan Haowen is also a brilliant literary theorist, including Three Poems, Thirty Poems, Langzhong Paper with Zhang Zhongjie, and Postscript of School Series. , brilliantly commented on the gains and losses of ancient poets' poetry school. He also advocated "sincerity" and "emotion" in writing poetry, and put forward many technical principles in writing, such as opposing blunt and obscure allusions and "accumulating strength for a long time" in learning, which are the crystallization of his decades of personal practice and have practical guiding significance.

Yuan Haowen is a central and local official, conscientious and concerned about the rise and fall of the country and the sufferings of people's livelihood, so his political prestige is very high. When he recalled zhenping county's order, it was the Lantern Festival, and the people, old and young, were reluctant to part with him and raised their glasses to say goodbye. When Neixiang County took office, it was in exile and the border was peaceful. Therefore, when he ousted his mother for three years according to traditional etiquette, he was praised by "officials and people": "Yuan Hao asked Lao Fu to be in exile, conforming to history and not being a poet." When he was appointed as Nanyang county magistrate, he won a three-year tax reduction for the local people, developed production, and gave the people hope to recuperate. Therefore, Henan local chronicles said that he "knows Nanyang County and is especially good at governance". "Nanyang County Records" records: "Nanyang County has more than 100,000 soldiers and civilians. (Yuan Haowen) Shuai Fu ordered the town governor, which is very powerful."

Yuan Haowen witnessed the decline of the Jin Dynasty and the whole process of Mongolia's elimination of gold, and he has been in politics for many years. His strong sense of social responsibility of worrying about the country and the people makes him always pay attention to the fate of Jin State and the protection of historical sites. On the eve of Jin Ru's downfall, he suggested to politicians to write a history of Jin Dynasty in Jurchen fine print, but failed to do so, so he privately compiled Miscellanies of Renchen. After Jin's death, he was determined to compile a history of Jin with his own strength and paid a heavy price for it, with the patriotic belief that "the national history must die". He refused to be an official in Mongolia to show his believer status and loyalty to the motherland. However, in order to write the history of gold, I had to deal with middle and upper-level officials who went to Mongolia to get their assistance and necessary information. Because of this, many people don't understand him, "vilify him, laugh at her and insult her, insult her children and grandchildren." In order to fulfill his ambition of compiling the Golden History, Yuan Haowen endured humiliation for more than 20 years until his death. In order to compile the Golden History, he built a "unofficial history Pavilion" in his yard as a place for storing relevant materials and editing. After years of running around, he accumulated millions of words of information about the last words of rulers and ministers, which was later called "Records of Words and Actions of Rulers and Ministers in Jin and Yuan Dynasties". With the aim of "preserving history with poetry", the collection of Zhongzhou was edited. This is a collection of poems in the Jin Dynasty, including not only the poets who died or were not in Mongolia in the 2 1 16 Jin Dynasty, but also the two emperors and ministers in the Jin Dynasty, and even ordinary people in cloth (including 200 1 poems and15 poems). Wenzhuan was written on this basis, and the later Book of the Whole Jin was naturally supplemented on this basis. At the same time, The Story of Zhongzhou also provides rich materials for the history of the Jin Dynasty. Unfortunately, just when he confidently said that it only took him three months to consult and copy the relevant contents in the Book of the Golden History, he could start writing the book of the Golden History, but one of his friends got in the way and failed to see the record of the Book of the Golden History in Zhang Rou, a Mongolian household and leader of the Han army, which made him regret it. Although Yuan Haowen failed to realize his wish to compile the Golden History before his death, the materials he collected provided a lot of first-hand materials for compiling the Song, Liao and Jin history of the Yuan Dynasty and even the Yuan history of the Ming Dynasty, especially laid the foundation for compiling the Golden History. Yuan Haowen respected historical facts, was unconventional and straightforward, so later scholars agreed that Jin Shi was closely related to Yuan Haowen, and The General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu was called "many books he wrote". Yuan Haowen's practice of revising the history of national subjugation was also imitated by later generations. For example, Wan Sitong, an old man in the Ming Dynasty, refused the recruitment of the learned and macro-word department of the Qing government, resolutely refused the official title of compiling seven kinds of salaries given by the Qing government, and participated in the compilation of Ming history as a "cloth". In the third year of the Republic of China (19 14), the Qing History Museum was established, and many Qing history veterans participated in the compilation of the Qing History Draft to report their old friends.

Yuan Haowen attaches great importance to protecting talents and likes to reward those who are behind. In April of the second year of Jin Aizong (1233), Mongolian soldiers invaded Bianjing. Yuan Haowen recommended 54 scholars from the Central Plains, including Wang E, Gao Ming, Li Zhi, Liu Qi, Du, Zhang Zhongjing and Ye Luchu, then secretary-general of Mongolia. However, he educated or instructed many famous literary artists, such as Hao Jing, Wang Yun, Xu Yuan, Wang Silian, Meng Qi, Hao Jixian and Yan Fu. In particular, his story of protecting and educating Bai Pu has always been a much-told story in the literary world. The reason why Bai Pu later became one of the four masters of Yuan Qu, Wang Bowen, who prefaced Bai Pu's "The Collection of Teana", believed that this was inseparable from Yuan Haowen's teaching: "Who is the famous Yuefu after staying in the mountain? The residual paste remains fragrant and turns evil, which is also seen in Tai Su's (Baipu Ci). However, the person who inherited this mountain does not belong to Tai Su, but belongs to Xi! "

Yuan Haowen's attitude towards Mongolia experienced a process of contradictory changes. He was saddened by the destruction of the State of Jin by Mongolia, and held a grudge against Cui Li, the commander-in-chief on the west side of Bianjing in the second year of Aizong Tianxing (1233), who surrendered to Mongolia and betrayed the concubines of the rulers. However, it did not completely deny the surrender to Cui Li, and objectively saved millions of people in Bianjing from the disaster of death. Therefore, he was forced to participate in the important political event of erecting a meritorious monument for Cui Li, which was also an important excuse for him to be ridiculed by others. At the turn of Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Yuan Haowen's thought was very painful and contradictory. On the one hand, he was saddened by the corruption and chaos of the rulers, hoping for a new situation of getting rid of the old cloth. Seeing that the ruler was doomed by Mongolia, he recommended 54 books on evolution of the ruler to Mongolia, a "reform dynasty". He can forgive those former ministers of Jin who surrendered to Mongolia, such as Yeluchucai, Zhang Sang, Yan Zhang and Zhao Tianxi, as long as they did something good to alleviate the suffering of the people of Jin. He has lived in Mongolia for twenty-four or five years. Through years of observation, his views on Mongolia have gradually changed. He expressed his appreciation for the Central Plains Han people who went to Mongolia as officials, such as Zhang Rou and Yan Zhang, and thought that they could promote culture and education and stabilize people's lives. In particular, I am very grateful to the wise Mongolian king Kublai Khan for attaching importance to Confucianism, developing schools and implementing policies that are more conducive to economic and cultural development; I especially admire Kublai Khan's defeat of local forces in Yunnan, the abolition of semi-independence and the restoration of the great achievements of the old Xinjiang in the Han and Tang Dynasties, and sing praises for him. So he gradually regarded the Mongolian government as an orthodox and legitimate government that he was proud of, just like the Han and Tang Dynasties. In his seven-character poem "Liu Shiju Restrains Yunnan", he directly called Mongolia a "Han family": "The mountains in Yunnan are high, and the Han family breaks the wall. Kyushu is more Kyushu than Kyushu, and the sea color reflects the South Pole. " Gradually, Yuan Haowen also regarded himself as a Mongolian subject, and the opposing feelings gradually disappeared. It is on this premise that in the spring and summer of the second year of Yuan Xianzong (1252), Yuan Haowen, although 63 years old, went north to see Kublai Khan with his good friend Zhang Dehui and asked him to be a master of Confucianism, which Kublai Khan accepted gladly. They also proposed to exempt Confucian soldiers from paying taxes, and Kublai Khan agreed.

Yuan Haowen is versatile. In addition to being good at poetry and politics, he is also quite accomplished in calendar calculation, medicine, calligraphy and painting appreciation, calligraphy, Buddhism and Taoism. His friends are all over the world, including famous ministers, nobles and princes, as well as ordinary painters, hermits, doctors, monks, scholars and farmers. According to some studies, 50 people have written evidence.

Yuan was inquisitive, knowledgeable, and rich in writings. After the introduction, he was honest and upright as an official, especially in the literary world of Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Even in the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were few people who could compare with him. He was honored as a "master of the generation" and "master of the generation" by students, teachers and friends. It is believed that there are more than 380 poems 1380, more than 380 words, 6 Sanqu, more than 250 essays, 202 novels in 4 volumes, Zhong Zhou Ji 10, and Tang Poetry Xuan Dao 10. In addition, there are many lost works: Golden Rooster, Dongpo Poetry, Du Shi Lun, Poetry and Self-policing, Miscellaneous Compilation of People and Ministers, Records of Jin Dynasty's Words and Actions, Nanguan Record, Ji Jianfang, Gu and so on.

Yuan Haowen has four sons and five daughters. The eldest son, the word uncle, the official to Yuan is Ruzhou; The second son Yuan Zhen, the word Shu Kai, Taiyuan Daofu; Three sons in charge, uncle word in the province. Another son, nicknamed Asin, died young. Yan Yuan, the second middle school girl, became a Taoist woman.