The so-called data generally refers to the information form with certain rational cognitive value and subject-specific content. Generalized data includes words, numbers, charts, symbols, audio tapes, video tapes, computer disks and so on. In a narrow sense, data generally refers only to the contents of words or printed matter.
Two. Collection and arrangement of information and documents
(1) Collecting information through the library
(2) through personal communication to collect
(3) through personal communication to collect
(1) Use the search engine to query related web pages and websites through related words, and then query related materials, and download, edit and sort out useful documents, and store them on disk or print them out.
② Visit some special websites, such as the website of People's Education Publishing House, click on relevant contents, inquire about relevant information and choose to download and save.
2) Finishing
Collating data is a conscious processing and management of valuable information as a continuation of scientific research operation procedures after collecting data. The purpose of sorting out data is to facilitate preservation and application. The general steps are as follows:
1. Classification
Classification is the beginning of management. This refers to the establishment of species relationship of data in a specific topic. In scientific research, the arrangement of data is a very important link. Because the research conclusion is ultimately inferred from the factual data obtained from observation, investigation and measurement, whether the collated factual data are true, reliable and accurate will directly affect the correctness and reliability of the conclusion, so sorting out the data is the premise of making scientific conclusions. The core work of data sorting is data classification. To classify data, we must first solve the problem of what marks to use for classification, and classification marks are the characteristics on which data classification is based. It has two principles:
First of all, we should determine the classification mark according to the purpose of the research topic.
Secondly, it classifies the data qualitatively and quantitatively.
When classifying data, we should also pay attention to separating the data reflecting people's subjective opinions and feelings from the data reflecting objective facts, and separating the data reflecting special circumstances from the data with overall characteristics.
sort
Sorting is also called sorting. It means that the data has a fixed position in the database and is easy to find. Small data can be arranged in chronological order. The amount data can be divided into years.
catalogue
Cataloging can organize a wide variety of materials into an orderly collection, which is easy to find and use. Each document should be filled in the catalogue in time, and the relevant items should be indicated, generally referring to: category, number, document name, author, publication date, document source and application date.
(3) Qualitative and quantitative analysis.
The task of scientific research is to see things clearly from seemingly chaotic phenomena through accidental and chaotic phenomena. Explore and study hidden laws, and understand and master the essence of things. In order to accomplish this task, it is necessary to analyze and study the rich factual data after finishing.
An important feature of current educational research is the combination of qualitative research and quantitative research, and the combination of quantitative data and non-quantitative data. Therefore, in the analysis of research data, statistical analysis and logical analysis are emphasized. Statistical analysis describes and infers a large number of scattered quantitative data according to statistical theory and thinking mode, and reveals the essence and characteristics of the research object. Logical analysis is to use the methods of abstraction, generalization, induction and deduction to process the rich phenomenon data, so as to get rid of the rough and the fine, get rid of the false and keep the true, and from here to there, from the outside to the inside, to achieve the purpose of understanding the essence of things and revealing the laws.
(four) the specific methods of sorting out the data
The content, form and application of data are different, so the methods of sorting out data are different.
1. Some materials in card form, such as outlines, fragments, quotations, etc. , often copied from the card. Because there are not many words, it is easy to make and use when reading.
2. This method is most suitable for cutting and pasting useful materials in overdue newspapers and periodicals. It can not only keep the full text, but also be simple and convenient, and it is also very effective to use.
3. It is the most economical and feasible method to print multiple copies of data and distribute them together with the printed copies.
4. The content of the copied materials is more important, so it is necessary to copy and keep the complete form of the full text, and the required number of copies is not much. This method is the most ideal. As long as conditions permit, it can be applied appropriately.
5. Electronic documents are saved on disk.
Three. Problems that should be paid attention to in data and literature
1. Comprehensive
Regardless of whether it is horizontal or vertical, you should let your own information have a certain breadth. The data should have certain quantity, quality and typical significance. From the point of view of efficiency, we should try our best to use as few materials as possible and include as many contents as possible, so as to improve the efficiency of data utilization and provide a solid foundation for research work.
2. originality
What drives the research is the originality in the data. This is the main value of each document. Originality refers to a new level of understanding of problems. Otherwise, there is no need for completely repeated materials to re-enter the dissemination, which can only increase the unnecessary information burden of readers.
3. Any critical literature is a product under certain social conditions, which reflects the writer's position, viewpoint and knowledge level to varying degrees. Therefore, the process of collecting materials should also be the process of identifying materials.
After downloading
Arrangement and processing of documents and materials
First, the literature preliminary processing guidance
How should the preliminary arrangement and processing of documents be carried out?
(1) The document catalogue registration should be as complete and accurate as possible, and it is best to use cards for registration, which is convenient for carrying, saving, classifying, summarizing, searching and using.
(2) According to the correlation between data and topics, determine the classification form.
(3) Carry out preliminary sorting and processing (classified storage) according to the determined storage form.
(4) Focus on consulting new ideas and new materials that have appeared in different directories for many times or have been cited by other documents for many times.
(5) Be especially careful about orphan evidence and don't give up easily.
Second, step-by-step guidance for document information processing.
How to further organize and process documents?
After the card library is established by classification, useful information should be recorded on the cards one by one.
1. Write a comment and mark it.
To write your own opinions, explanations or questions about the materials you read is to write comments. Readers mark the important points, difficulties, beautiful scenery and places of interest in the materials, such as straight lines, grave wavy lines, double straight lines, double wavy lines, circles, question marks, brackets, exclamation marks and other symbols, and have their own agreed meanings. You can easily query according to symbols in the future. If the book is your own, you can write comments and marks directly on the book; If the book is not your own, comments and marks can only be written on copies or cards.
Make a brief record
Make a brief record of the key points, difficulties, beautiful scenery and places of interest in the materials in time. This can provide proof and quotation for future writing. When making a summary record, you must not change the original text or take it out of context. Also indicate the title of the book or paper, the author's name, publishing unit, publishing time, version, page number, etc.
Prepare a summary
Summarize the basic content, theme, viewpoint, uniqueness or other data of the original text in your own words or by quoting the original text.
The writing requirements are as follows: Abstract is a short article that concisely and accurately describes the important contents of the literature, without comments or supplementary explanations, and should include the purpose, methods, results and conclusions, and the number of words generally does not exceed 400 words.
1) Chinese abstract
(1) When writing, you should objectively and truly reflect a file and never add it to the author's abstract.
A subjective opinion, explanation or comment.
(2) Pay attention to reflecting the new ideas in the manuscript.
(3) Don't repeat what has become common sense in this field.
(4) Don't simply repeat the existing information in the topic.
(5) Writing should be grammatical and try to be consistent with the style of the manuscript.
(6) The structure should be rigorous, the expression should be concise and the semantics should be exact. There are generally no paragraphs.
(7) Write in the third person.
2) English abstract
English abstracts should be translated into Chinese abstracts with 250 words.
(1) Try to use short sentences, but avoid repetition and monotony.
(2) Describe the work in the past tense and the conclusion in the present tense.
(3) Try to avoid using long adjectives or nouns to modify nouns.
(4) Appropriate use of active voice instead of passive voice.
(5) Start with important nouns and avoid using phrases or clauses.
(6) Try to avoid using sentences in the form of the first person (we, me).
For example, I consulted the Research Report on the Influence of Classroom Air Quality on Students' Fatigue in Winter, which is summarized as follows:
The author found that the students were extremely tired when the classrooms were closed for a long time in winter. The author thinks that students are extremely tired because of the influence of the decline of classroom air quality.
The author evaluates the air quality by measuring the contents of carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide and other gases, temperature, humidity and microorganisms. In ventilated and unventilated classrooms, students' fatigue indexes, such as vision and reaction speed, are measured. A large number of data show that the carbon dioxide content in the case of no ventilation is four times that in the case of good ventilation. At this time, the students' corresponding vision, memory span, instantaneous memory, reaction speed and attention concentration are 65438 0.5 times, 2.5 times, 5.3 times, 2 times and 65438 0.25 times lower than those under ventilation. This shows that when the classroom air quality drops, the students' fatigue speed increases.
Through experiments, the author found an economical and effective solution: installing an exhaust fan in the classroom and carrying out forced ventilation for about 5 minutes between classes can effectively curb the decline of air quality caused by closure and slow down the fatigue of students.
The author thinks that this study can find a theoretical basis and an effective solution for students' extreme fatigue caused by closed classrooms in primary and secondary schools in winter, which is especially valuable for developing countries with less investment in education.
Write a comprehensive review.
After summarizing and analyzing all the collected data in a certain category, you may agree with other people's viewpoints or methods, or you may generate some ideas of your own, so as to put forward new plans for the subject you are studying. Articles such as research reports written in this way are called reviews (in fact, scientific research papers, and this method of writing reviews is called literature research). By writing comprehensive comments, you can internalize the essence of this kind of information into a part of your own knowledge system. If you persist for a long time, you may learn from past experience and provide valuable things for your own and others' research. When you start to learn to write comprehensive comments, you may find it difficult, so you can write simply and don't cover everything. The more you write, the better you will write.