First, what is argumentative?
Discussion is to express opinions, clarify right and wrong, and analyze and comment on people or things in social life with discussion as the main expression.
Second, the three elements of discussion:
1. Argument: It is the author's opinions and opinions on the issues discussed, and it is the soul and commander of an article. Any article has only one central argument, and generally there can be sub-arguments.
Arguments should be clear, accurate and general, and never be ambiguous or unpredictable. There are generally four kinds of positions in the debate:
The argument with the title "against liberalism" is "against liberalism".
(2) "Talk about backbone" and other opening remarks are "We China people have backbone".
The middle argument, such as "takenism", is "use your head, keep your eyes open and take it yourself".
At the end, such as "born in sorrow and died in happiness", the argument is "knowing is born in sorrow and died in happiness".
Step 2 argue
There are two kinds of materials used to prove arguments: factual arguments and theoretical arguments. Facts speak with facts, and theoretical arguments win with classics. The argument must revolve around the central argument, which is the most basic requirement. If the selected examples are inconsistent with the arguments, it will inevitably weaken the persuasiveness.
When choosing factual arguments, there are several points to pay attention to:
Parameters must be typical. Typical means that the argument should be representative.
(2) The argument must be novel. Many students' argumentative writing is inseparable from some old examples. For example, writing about the relationship between failure and success seems to be inseparable from Edison's invention of the light bulb. To write about adversity, you have to write about Zhang Haidi. Similar content does not mean that you can't use it, but that you use it, others use it, and everyone uses it. Whose composition is different? For example, this year's Jiangsu college entrance examination essay topic is "Curiosity". Many candidates happen to think that Newton was hit by an apple and discovered the law of gravity so frequently that experts joked that this year is the "Apple Harvest Year".
(3) The statement of the argument should be concise, which is different from the narrative. It only needs to express the content related to the argument.
3. Argumentative writing is an important part of argumentative writing, which contains a lot of content.
① Basic types of argumentation: argumentation and refutation. Argument is discussed from the front, and rebuttal is discussed from the opposite side. We usually write argumentative essays mainly based on arguments.
② The basic structural level of argument: syllogism structure.
Put forward the problem (what is it) → analyze the problem (why) → solve the problem (how to do it), that is, introduction, theory and conclusion.
③ Common argument structure:
A, summation structure b, control structure c, progressive structure d and parallel structure
The flexible use of the multi-level argumentation structure between paragraphs and sentences in the article will make the argumentative paper more active.
④ Common demonstration methods:
First, the example method, using typical cases as arguments to prove the argument.
For example, in the lesson "Talking about Bone", the examples cited by the author, such as Wen Tianxiang's rejection of high officials and high salaries, the poor's gluttony, Wen Yiduo's "anger rushing to the crown" and his denunciation of the Kuomintang reactionaries, are all closely related to the argument, and every example cited shows one side of the argument, namely, "wealth can't be lewd", "poverty can't be moved" and "powerful people can't bend".
When using examples, we should pay attention to the method of case narration. Pay attention to the order of several parallel cases and the arrangement of details. Write well-known materials, and write detailed materials that are not well-known.
Metaphor strengthens the image demonstration of the works.
When using metaphor, we should pay attention to the similarity between ontology and vehicle. Lu Xun's "takenism" compares cultural heritage to a big house, and lists a young man's attitude towards a big house to express the author's attitude towards cultural heritage, which is vivid and impressive.
C. Comparative argumentation: This method can enhance the significance of argumentation and make readers know what the author is for and against.
For example, in the second paragraph of Shi Shuo, three groups of in-depth comparative arguments were used.
One is to compare "saints of the past" with "people of today". The sage "asks the teacher for advice", while everyone is "ashamed to learn from the teacher". As a result, "the sage benefits from the sage and the fool benefits from the fool". A completely different learning attitude from the teacher leads to the opposite result. In the positive and negative contrast, the author's view that "one must learn from the teacher" is more typical and convincing.
The second is a typical self-contradictory phenomenon of learning from teachers. If you "love your son", choose a "teacher" for your son and let him "learn sentences and read books"; I don't understand this, but I'm ashamed of my teacher. Through this contradictory and ridiculous example, the author seriously and profoundly criticized the absurd values and abnormal thinking mode of secular perversion.
The third is to compare the completely different attitudes and results between "witch doctor musicians who despise gentlemen" and "scholar-officials who are noble on their own", and to reveal the social roots of the difficulty in restoring the "teacher's morality" and the shame of being a teacher by example.
The application of positive and negative contrast arguments in Shi Shuo has caused a strong contrast effect, which makes the author's view of learning from teachers self-evident and worth learning from readers.
D. quoting, in addition to quoting famous sayings of celebrities, I suggest that students accumulate more famous sentences in classical poetry. On the one hand, it can strengthen the power of argument; On the other hand, it can enrich the content of the article and enhance the literariness of the argumentative paper.
Argumentation methods include extended argument, causal argument and so on.
Third, demonstrate the concrete embodiment of logic.
When writing an argumentative essay, we must pay attention to logic, and there must be a very clear logical relationship between paragraphs. On the one hand, we should rely on sentences to express logic, on the other hand, we should highlight logical relations with the help of turning sentences.
There also needs to be a strict logical relationship between the parts in a paragraph.
Strict logical relationship must reflect the author's writing ideas.
Pay attention to the role of turning conjunctions such as "Dan" and "Dan" in argumentative writing. As the saying goes, there is an article behind the word "Dan", which has a prominent and emphasized role, marks the center of the paragraph or article, and makes the argument of the article more eye-catching and prominent.
Pay attention to be good at using words such as "of course" and "of course". A short argumentative essay of about 800 words is sometimes difficult to fully express clearly. In order to make the argument more comprehensive and targeted, students should be good at using sentences at the beginning of such words. In the previous college entrance examination, there was a debate section about "people close to Mexico are black" and "people close to Mexico are not necessarily black". Such an article is easy to lose one-sidedness. When writing, you should pay attention to "completion" when choosing any topic. For example, if you choose to write "those who are near the ink are not necessarily black", you should end up with such an ending paragraph after the main text discusses this point: It is true that we advocate that those who are near the ink are not necessarily black, but we do not deny the view that those who are near the ink are black. We just say that if a person has self-control, we have the condition that "those who are close to ink are not black".
Fourthly, argumentative writing needs more philosophical thinking.
The high school stage is a stage in which a person's thoughts are gradually maturing, so is his outlook on life and world outlook, and the students' abstract thinking ability is also maturing. In this way, the college entrance examination pays great attention to the examination of candidates' ability to analyze and solve problems. Before 1998, the composition of the college entrance examination has been deeply thinking about the philosophy of trees, forests, climate, etc., which obviously involves the universal viewpoint that "what is close to Mexico is black" or "what is close to Mexico is not necessarily black", examines the relationship between internal and external factors, and "Rose Garden" tests a comprehensive viewpoint, and so on.
It is a common phenomenon that high school students don't like learning politics, which is very inappropriate. There are many philosophies and truths in political lessons that will be used in our writing, which will enrich the content of the article and deepen the thought of the article. Students should be good at analyzing some problems in reality from the viewpoint of dialectical materialism.