Examination is the examination and approval of the meaning, scope and requirements of the topic. The process of examining the topic is the process of establishing the genre, theme, center and writing of the article. This is the first step in the composition, and there should be no carelessness, otherwise it will be "a drop in the bucket, a thousand miles away." The specific task of the exam is to understand the intention of the proposer, make clear the image, scope and focus of writing, make clear the intention and determine the genre of the article through thinking and analyzing the composition topic. Therefore, as the first step of the composition test, it is particularly important. Whether the composition test is accurate or not directly determines the quality of the article and the success or failure of writing. The first step is to determine the common question type: 1. The characteristic of propositional composition is that the proposer only gives one topic as the basis of our composition. Sometimes it is just a word, such as "habit" (1988 national topic); Sometimes it is a sentence, such as "my wealth" (1996 Shanghai topic); Sometimes it's just a sentence, such as "worry about the world first, and then enjoy the world." In addition to the title, it is generally accompanied by certain tips and requirements. In the examination of this kind of propositional composition, it is natural to grasp the main significance of the topic, and also pay attention to "tips" and "requirements". 2. There are two common types of material compositions: one is written materials, such as fables, allusions and real life events; Second, the picture material: one or more pictures, mostly cartoons (satire). This kind of topic requires us to write our own composition according to the requirements of style and length in the given materials and tips, and the title of the article to be written. The content of the written article must be related to the given materials and tips. 3. Topic composition started from 1999, marked by the appearance of the word "topic" in the composition in 2000, which produced a composition form that paid more attention to examining candidates' thinking quality and writing basic skills. "Topic" is also the material and the center of conversation. The topic is to lead to the topic, and the topic is only the starting point of writing. As long as the composition is related to the thoughts and feelings caused by the topic. The biggest difference between topic composition and material composition lies in the way of thinking: the former is radial and the latter is fan-shaped. Compared with general material composition, topic composition is easier and more extensive, which provides an extremely broad world for writing. 4. Theme-free propositional composition This is the trend in recent two or three years. This kind of composition pays attention to diversification, pays attention to the "hybrid" of topic composition and material composition, abandons the AB relationship that has remained unchanged for many years, and the theme of the composition is not limited. It requires us to get inspiration from materials, associate life phenomena, refine opinions, and purify structural, emotional and logical clues from messy feelings. When writing, it is necessary to make clear the composition of the topic and the writing method of the materials, and to have the writing ability from real to virtual or from virtual to real. Judging from the actual effect of the proposition, the first two types of questions are too restrictive, which is not conducive to candidates' play. Therefore, in recent years, topic composition or topic-free proposition composition has been basically adopted. The second step is to examine the meaning of the topic (1). Examining the significance of the proposition composition (1) starts with the grammatical structure of the topic, deeply analyzes the grammatical structure of the topic, and determines the theme and focus of the article. Because the topics of propositional composition are generally word-type, phrase-type and sentence-type, we can grasp the intention of proposition from the perspective of grammatical structure and determine our own thinking trend. For example, those who are near the ink are black/those who are near the ink are not necessarily black (a national topic of 199 1). Is the theme of "black near ink" black or not? Can I dye it black? What plays a decisive role is nothing more than the "near-ink" himself. In this way, the main points of the article are obvious; Perseverance 1-the character I pursue (1998 national topic), subject-predicate structure sentence, what is the character I pursue? "toughness" "My pursuit" limits the scope of writing, and it is the pursuit of "me" rather than the pursuit of "others". (2) By analyzing the connotation and extension of words and the logical relationship between words, we know that words have original meaning and figurative meaning, and sometimes they have temporary meaning (temporary meaning produced in different language environments). 1997, 1998 focus on original meaning, 1996 focus on extended meaning, 1995 focus on figurative meaning. The connotation and extension of the inscription must be determined when examining the questions, so as to reflect the "accuracy of thinking" In addition, we should correctly analyze the logical relationship between words. 2. Examine the meaning of material composition (1), distinguish types, and master the meaning of "analysis method" material composition, including text materials and picture materials. Written materials can be divided into two categories: one is to clarify the views on the facts stated in the material itself, which is called case type; A discussion on the phenomenon of material innuendo is called metaphor. The former material, for example, is an expansion and deepening on the basis of the original meaning; The material of the latter is the medium, and the carrier excavates its metaphorical meaning on the basis of the carrier. Comic materials are generally more concrete, and often reflect reality with exaggeration, humor and irony. When you write, you should find out its metaphorical meaning, not "draw on the picture". For example, Fujian composition in 2005. (2) Deliberating words and phrases, finding out the "breakthrough" of the material, and grasping the key words and phrases that can reveal the content in the material for repeated deliberation; These words are "eyes" in the material. If we are asked to write an argumentative essay based on the following materials, how to examine the topic? Once, people asked Professor Bohr, a Danish physicist, "What is the secret of establishing a first-class physics school?" Unexpectedly, Bohr replied, "Because I am not afraid to show my stupidity in front of students." Hearing this answer, everyone was very surprised and puzzled. Bohr's answer is really unexpected, but it is reasonable to think about it carefully. In our daily life, we often encounter similar situations. Please write an article of not less than 800 words with the topic of "Lying makes sense", giving your own ideas, choosing your own style. What you write must be within the scope of the topic. The examination questions should be accurate. We should be good at extracting important information from keywords and accurately grasp the proposition intention. For more abstract topics, we should also learn to turn abstract into concrete and learn to associate. For example, the title of the composition in 2003 should be clear: "Emotion and closeness" refers to the intimacy of feelings between people, and it is wrong to interpret it as "emotional impulse", "emotional fluctuation" and "emotional communication"; "Cognition of things" means making cognitive judgments on objective things, and it is also wrong to interpret it as "decision", "fact" and "cognition". (3) Seeking common ground while reserving differences and grasping the "connection point" of materials mainly refers to the topic of providing multiple materials. There are many materials, and there must be various relationships between them. When examining questions, we must learn dialectical thinking, analyze from phenomenon to essence, and grasp the "connection point" between many materials. According to the nature of materials, this paper introduces "seeking common ground" and "seeking differences". Seeking common ground method: Although the materials provided are different in form and content, their connotations are similar and interlinked. When reviewing the questions, we should find out the similarities between the materials. For example, the following set of materials: after 27 years of investigation and research, Li Shizhen wrote the Compendium of Materia Medica, which instructed Evan Leahy to invent 606 kinds of drugs and failed 605 times; Pavlov studied conditioned reflex for 30 years before writing a lecture on the function of the two hemispheres of the brain. It took Marx 14 years to write Das Kapital, and Edison failed hundreds of times to invent the electric light. The material lists five things of five people, which are relatively independent and different. But each other has * * *. Great men can achieve great success because they can persevere and struggle for a long time after setting their goals, and are not afraid of failure. This * * * property is the central connotation of the material and the central argument we want to summarize. Difference-seeking method: If there are both positive and negative materials in several materials, then when examining the questions, we should first find out the opposition of the positive and negative materials, get inspiration from the comparison of the positive and negative materials, and refine our own views. Look at the following two materials: a. Those near ink are red, and those near ink are black. B. if you don't touch the mud, you won't be demon. The views of these two materials are opposite. Material A shows that the environment can change people's ideological quality and emphasizes the great influence of objective environment on people. Material b shows that people can't be polluted even in a dirty environment, form and maintain noble ideology and morality, and emphasize people's subjective initiative. Both sides should pay attention when looking for their own "connection points". If we analyze it carefully, we will find that although these two materials are opposite, they are unified. In other words, the relationship between people or things and their environment. 3. Examine the meaning of the topic composition. Although the topic composition adopted in recent years has repeatedly reduced the difficulty and requirements of the topic examination, there are still quite a few candidates who will appear in one way or another in their writing. One of the most important reasons is that candidates lack a clear, accurate and comprehensive understanding of the internal and external characteristics of the topic composition, especially the examination of "tips". Pay attention to certain methods when reading materials and understanding the meaning of topics. (1) Study materials and be familiar with the phenomena and principles (principles) reflected by materials. (2) Understand the requirements and define the scope of the composition. (3) Association analysis, from topic to conception. Methods: from this to that, associate from the phenomenon; Understand the connotation from the outside to the inside. (4) Draw up a sentence, take it as the center of the article, and make it the highlight of the article. Looking at students' compositions, we find that many people can't summarize the center of the article in one sentence. The reason is that I don't know what the article is about and I don't know what to write before I start writing. I am learning to write an article, but I must write it at once. Naturally, you can't write good articles. In fact, no matter who writes an article, there is a clear meaning, that is, a clear central point, and some simply design sentences that directly express the central point in the article. And some of our classmates are not used to or can't design sentences that express the central idea (or meaning) of the article; Others understand it unilaterally, and think that the sentence of directly designing the expression center is not implicit, that is, it lacks skills. As everyone knows, this is exactly what the composition requires. Marking papers is a very hard work and there is a time limit. Reading quickly and judging scores are the basic skills of marking teachers. Implicit composition needs teachers to ponder repeatedly, which is of course time-consuming and laborious, which contradicts the short marking time and high efficiency. Therefore, the composition requires candidates to properly design the sentences that express the center in the article and put them in a conspicuous position in the article. When designing a sentence with an expression center, we should start from the requirements of materials and topics, apply the truth contained in it, and get a judgment with certain guiding significance (or philosophy) in connection with real life. This is the central idea or viewpoint. Every excellent composition is judged by different methods. The difference is that sentences expressing this judgment take different forms because of different styles. Generally speaking, the central sentence in the argumentative style is a judgment sentence, and the central sentence in the narrative style is a lyric sentence, which is nothing more than these two kinds. As for the specific expression, it varies from person to person, from text to text, and even from language environment. 4. Theme-free composition Although the requirements of theme-free composition are quite broad, it is not unlimited. If you want to write a composition that meets the meaning of the topic, you must carefully examine the topic, determine the content scope of the material requirements, and determine the focus of the article. The examination of composition topics generally includes four aspects: examining topic materials, analyzing constraints, grasping writing requirements, and clarifying writing themes. In addition, "choosing your own style" does not mean that you don't want style, and it does not mean that candidates can write "four unlike" articles at will. Candidates who choose to write argumentative essays should write like argumentative essays and conform to the stylistic characteristics of argumentative essays; If you choose to write prose, it should be like prose and conform to the stylistic characteristics of prose. The examination of the topic should take into account the relevant methods of topic composition and material composition. The third step to break through when examining questions is to establish style. When establishing the style, we should pay attention to two points: first, what expression is more suitable for the material you have? Second, what style of writing are you good at? In short, we should consider comprehensively, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and give full play to our strengths. The fourth step of the breakthrough in the examination of questions complements each other in three aspects: interpretation, inquiry and clarification. To interpret a text, we should grasp its extended meaning and figurative meaning on the basis of the original meaning of the prophet's words. Only by thoroughly understanding the meaning of the questions can the accuracy of the exam be guaranteed. While understanding the literal meaning of the topic, we should also see through its implied meaning and grasp the profound ideological connotation of the topic. The key to writing a clear composition is to grasp the main idea of the material, accept the limitations of the material and get inspiration from it. To write a topic composition or a topic-free proposition composition (generally no topic is specified), you should read the topic text carefully, make clear the writing scope, determine the center and genre, and then "make a big topic and a small work". It should be noted that "orientation" is a very important link in the examination of topic composition. To have these three aspects of real kung fu, the key is to strive to improve their ideological level and understanding and analysis ability. In short, in the examination room, there are three main skills for examining questions: skill one, cut first and then cut. Finding a cutting hole in the material to obtain a cross section; Or find a writing angle to narrow or limit the scope of the composition. Don't generalize, be straightforward, indulge your feelings and run freely. Method two, compare first and then take. Draw up two sets of composition plans according to the requirements of the proposition, then compare their advantages and disadvantages, and decide which one to keep with the principle of more conforming to the intention of the proposition. It seems to be time-consuming, but if you deliberately strengthen the training of trade-offs, you will certainly be able to take the exam conveniently. Manipulation 3: buckle first and then lift. At the beginning, the composition idea given by the material is buckled and will not escape. On this basis, we should learn to master the examination of questions and make our thoughts more profound.