Deng Nici Deng Nici 189 1 was born in a noble family in Prutu. The reason why he wants to join the navy; Mainly because he is willing to accept the technical education that only the navy can provide. He joined the Imperial German Navy at the age of 19. Four years later, when World War I broke out, he was a junior officer on the light cruiser breslau. This allowed him to participate in a naval "episode" at the beginning of the war. At that time, two German ships "Gerben" and "breslau" escaped from the encirclement of the British Mediterranean fleet, arrived in Constantinople, and then nominally sold to Turkey. This was a very disgraceful "performance", from which young Deng Nici realized that the German navy was not invincible, and the British navy was far superior to it in tactics and skills. In the next two years, although the two warships were nominally Turkish, Deng Nici remained on the breslau and occasionally took part in raids in the Black Sea. Afraid of the pursuit of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, he didn't dare to leave the Turkish Strait too far, which also made Deng Nici learn some special naval experience. 19 16 returned to Germany and transferred to the submarine force. This is his first contact with submarines and the real starting point of his career. After preliminary training, he was sent to U39 as a night watchman and was promoted to captain of UB68 in 19 18. This is a submarine operating in the Mediterranean Sea, based in the Austrian port of Bora in the Adriatic Sea. There, he met Stinebower, one of the most adventurous German submarine commanders in World War I. Deng Nici probably learned the theory of surface attack at night from him, that is, using the cover of darkness to sneak past the cordon of enemy destroyers and launch an attack. The two of them agreed to meet on the allied escort line to test their theory. As a result, Stinebower failed to reach the designated rendezvous point, and Deng Nici had to test the new theory alone. Fortunately, a British convoy has just arrived in the nearby waters. Deng Nici passed the destroyer's barrier without any difficulty and secretly approached the merchant ship. He torpedoed a merchant ship, but later when diving, the submarine lost control and had to blow up the main ballast tank to avoid being destroyed by water pressure because it was too deep. So UB68 surfaced in the British fleet. Deng Nici had to give an order to abandon the ship. He was rescued by a British destroyer and spent the next 10 month in a prison camp in Yorkshire. There is no doubt that Deng Nici is determined to develop a new strategy to break the traditional escort principle. Although Deng Nici is not a naval historian, nor has he studied the glorious history of escort principle, according to his own experience, he found that German submarines began to break down after Britain adopted escort mode in 19 17. The traditional submarine attack day is carried out by submarines during the day, which cannot have any influence on the merchant ships escorting in the fleet. It was not until 16 that Deng Nici had a chance to test the new theory of submarine tactics. 19 19 returned to Germany from the British prison camp and re-entered the German navy. Restricted by the Treaty of Versailles, it is actually a navy without submarines. However, Weimar and China government secretly ordered submarines in foreign countries, which made Deng Nici not completely divorced from the development of submarines. In fact, his service in the navy was mainly on destroyers and cruisers. By 1934 and 1935, he had been promoted to colonel and was in charge of commanding the "Anden". 1933 after Hitler came to power, the future of the German navy regrouping began to be brighter. Hitler met with Lei Deer, commander-in-chief of the navy, and said that in his future army building plan, the navy must give priority to fair distribution, which won him the support of Lei Deer and all naval personnel. In the ambitious "Plan B", Germany is scheduled to have a strong and stable naval fleet in 1944, and by 1948, its strength is enough to challenge the British navy. Although there is no doubt about Lei Deer's loyalty to Hitler, he has another attitude towards the Nazi Party. Lei Deer himself never joined the party, and strictly forbade all naval personnel to participate in political activities. He hated and distrusted Goering, and was indifferent and cautious to other leaders of the Nazi Party. . Deng Nici is just the opposite. Although banned by Lei Deer, he could not formally join the Nazi Party, but he had a strong belief in Nazism and even supported Hitler more enthusiastically. At first, he was too young and inexperienced to show off. But since the outbreak of the war, with the increasing status, he began to cultivate friendship with party leaders and even flatter Goering. Despite Goering's strong anti-naval sentiment, Deng Nici knew that he was the most powerful among Hitler's cronies. At the beginning of 1943, Deng Nici succeeded Lei Deer as commander-in-chief of the navy, and he immediately lifted the ban on naval personnel participating in political activities. Lei Deer once called him "Hitler's young Deng Nici". From the day he came to power, Hitler's goal was to rule Europe. His basic plan is to solve the European continent problem first and then occupy the British empire. Based on this idea, Hitler first began to negotiate with Britain on the naval agreement. In the proposal put forward in the negotiations, the tonnage of the German navy is set at 35% of that of the British navy, while the tonnage of submarines can reach 45%. In some cases, this number can be increased to 100%. They believe that Britain is a maritime country and should be satisfied with this level of maritime superiority, so it may no longer interfere with Germany's adventures in the European continent. 1935, the Anglo-German naval agreement was signed in London. In fact, before the signing of the Anglo-German naval agreement, Germany had begun to build submarines, and even before the ink of the agreement was dry, the first combat troops had already been produced. Its commander was Colonel Deng Nici. Later, he was appointed as the "Chief Submarine Officer" of the Navy Headquarters, responsible for all matters related to submarine development, policy and training. This gave him the opportunity to develop his own theory and put it into practice through practice. Deng Nici's submarine thought is based on two principles. First, the submarine's attack target is merchant ships. For him, this includes all the actions and purposes of submarine warfare. Sinking an enemy ship was just a windfall. Attacks on merchant ships must be done at all costs, not to mention the loss of civilian lives. According to The Hague Convention, when attacking a merchant ship, the ship should be stopped for inspection, and the crew should be provided with safety guarantee before sinking. Deng Nici not only ignored this clause, but also spent a lot of time looking for loopholes in the convention so that submarines could legally sink merchant ships without warning. What does he think the distress signal sent by merchant ships in wartime means? Quot is being attacked by a submarine "... this is an intelligence source of the navy. Therefore, it should not be protected by The Hague Convention. His second principle is that the submarine is basically just a surface ship that can dive and should be put into battle like a surface warship. As far as attacking merchant ships is concerned, this is an advanced concept, which completely changed the popular view at that time, that is, submarines should lurk in the water during the day and attack them underwater with torpedoes when the targets come within their range. Deng Nici thinks that surface attack at night is the most favorable. Because the control tower of the submarine is very small, it is almost invisible at night, and the surface speed of the submarine almost exceeds that of the merchant ship. These two factors add up. It can also make the submarine reach the most favorable fire launching position. He didn't waste time Immediately design an exercise in the Baltic Sea to verify whether his theory is correct. When training personnel, Deng Nici pays great attention to details. He asked all officers and men to have full confidence in the design of German submarines, and at the same time to master the combat capability in various bad weather conditions. He used the German fleet as an enemy escort and tested his submarine's night attack technology. As a result, they easily crossed the barrier of a destroyer, and once they reached within 600 yards of the target, they were not found. This proves that the route he took is good. The further development of the theory of surface attack at night is the "wolf pack" tactics. He imagined a group of submarines spreading horizontally on the possible route of the other fleet. If a submarine finds a trail, it will immediately follow it and inform other submarines to gather together. Drive ahead and wait. In order to attack the next night. This kind of tactical action will cause many problems. The main problem is that the most effective command is to command submarines from the sea. Or the headquarters on the shore? Nitz Ichiro has tried these two methods, and finally found that he can make better control in the shore headquarters equipped with precision communication network. But he soon realized that this control system has an obvious shortcoming, that is, a large number of signals are sent from submarines at sea, which will make it easy for the enemy's direction finding system to find the position of our submarines. He is prepared to take this risk, because he believes that effective control from the shore has great advantages, and he also believes that Britain does not have a very effective high-frequency directional system. In the next three years, from 1936 to 1939, Deng Nici established German submarine arms according to his theory. In addition to regular exercises to develop the "wolf pack" tactics to the highest efficiency, he also devoted himself to designing submarines with the best performance for this goal. For such a war, the smaller the ideal submarine, the better, because the smaller it is, the less likely it is to be discovered by the enemy; In terms of fuel reserve, I hope it has the greatest endurance. Because of any war with Britain, German submarines have to fight far from the base. Engineering experts in Deng Nici found that the range of a standard submarine with a displacement of 500 tons can be increased from 6,200 nautical miles to 8,850 nautical miles by adding 17 tons to install a fuel tank. This is the V Ⅱ C type to be mass-produced in the future. In order to adapt to long-range operations, they also designed a 740-ton submarine with a range of 1 3,450 nautical miles, that is, type I ⅹ, and the output ratio of the type V2C is13. Finally, for real long-range combat, such as fighting in southern Africa and the Indian Ocean, a large underwater tanker is designed, which can refuel submarines for maritime combat. This is a ⅹ Ⅰ ⅴ submarine with a surface displacement of 1.688 tons. What did the submarine captain say? Quot Niu "However, it was not until the end of 1940 and the beginning of 194 1 that this submarine began to produce a certain amount. In these four years, Deng Nici has been responsible for the development of German submarine weapons, both materially and spiritually. He devoted himself to the construction of submarine department, personally selected and trained personnel, instilled his new tactical ideas into their minds, and made them establish firm confidence; Although he is not a friendly person, he keeps in touch with his captain as much as possible. Whenever a submarine returns from a sea exercise, officers and men will always be greeted at the dock. So all the officers and men regarded him as their father. In these years, he is the luckiest in two aspects. First of all, he will stay in his position for four years. Unlike the navies of most other countries, the German navy has not been transferred after serving for about two and a half years. This has two advantages. On the one hand, it gave him enough time to develop and improve his tactical thinking. On the other hand, it also gives his subordinates a sense of security, knowing that this command system will not change, and they no longer have to be afraid to go to the right place. What is the value of the past? What are the reasons for the four animals? Do you feel bad? Remote leaf mixing? Capsule? A bad meal? Muscle 5 strokes? So, why does stealing wood hurt? What do you mean by neon spying? Mu Fei Jing xian >? What is dew? Lucky? KINOMOTO SAKURA? What's the matter with you? Hey, see Jun? Deng Nici is not only committed to the construction of submarine forces, but also has a firm view on who the imaginary enemy is. In Germany from 1935 to 1939, perhaps he is the only one who believes that Britain is the main enemy of the future war, and all his training and preparation point to this only goal. He even demanded that all exercises should be held in the Atlantic Ocean, not confined to the Baltic Sea or the North Sea. Lei Deer was convinced of Hitler's commitment and would not go to war with Britain before 1945, so he was not nervous at all, but built a stable fleet accordingly. Although Deng Nici was loyal to his Fuehrer, he disagreed with Hitler on this point. At that time, he was still a whisper, afraid to express his opinions casually. 1On April 26th, 939, Germany unilaterally abrogated the Anglo-German Naval Agreement. After Germany occupied the Czech Republic, Britain provided a guarantee for Poland's security. Since then, relations between the two countries have been tense, and the action of canceling the treaty can be described as adding fuel to the fire. This not only implies that the disaster of war may be imminent, but also makes the British realize that the German navy is recovering at the fastest speed. According to Lei Deer's Z plan, it is estimated that there will be 233 German submarines by 1948. However, after the cancellation of the contract, Deng Nici thought that Germany must not wait until 1948 to complete its fleet construction plan. Therefore, he urged the German shipbuilding industry to immediately stop the construction of all other ships and concentrate on the production of submarines. In the end, Lei Deer just decided to give priority to developing warships and submarines. Anyway, it's too late. German industry failed to deliver enough submarines as Deng Nici hoped at the beginning of the war. 1when Britain declared war on Germany on September 3, 939, Deng Nici had only 57 submarines, of which only 46 were in combat readiness, and only 22 were V II, which could adapt to the naval battle in the Atlantic Ocean. Conventionally, a submarine unit usually patrols the combat area with 1/3, 1/3 is on the way back and forth, and 1/3 is at the base for rectification and rest, so Deng Nici can use no more than seven submarines in the Atlantic Ocean. This is obviously too little for effective "wolf pack" tactics. It was not until June 1940 that Deng Nici had enough submarines to make the "ruthless clique" theory really work. The result is really amazing. In that month, German submarines sank 63 merchant ships with a total tonnage of 350,000 tons. The organization of the "wolves" attack is quite complex, and it must be strictly controlled by the headquarters of Deng Nici on the shore. It is easy for Deng Nici to know when the other team will leave Canada for England. And the number of ships involved. Normal intelligence agencies can give him this information. A single submarine is scattered on a straight line at right angles to the enemy's expected route, with a distance of 25 nautical miles to 30 nautical miles depending on the visibility, waiting for the enemy ship to find it. When one of the submarines found an enemy ship, it immediately reported to Deng Nici with high-frequency submarine radio waves, while continuing to monitor the enemy fleet. At this time, it floats out of the sea but keeps the maximum visual distance from the enemy ship, so it is not easy to be found by the other side. While monitoring, the submarine will continue to report changes in the course or speed of the enemy fleet, as well as weather conditions and other relevant information to Deng Nici. After receiving the report of the enemy's situation, the submarine command immediately notified other submarines involved in the "wolf pack" operation with the same high-frequency radio waves and ordered them to move closer to the submarine. Even how they should go is decided by the headquarters. When they are about to approach the enemy fleet, the original submarine will get in touch with them by medium wave radio. All submarines have strict orders and must wait for all ships to arrive before attacking. They sailed to a certain position ahead, expecting the enemy fleet to arrive after dark, so that they could attack all night. The attack method is to rely on their almost completely undetected characteristics and sneak into the middle of merchant ships through the barrier line of escort ships until the range is about 600 yards. Such a long distance is almost a hundred shots. When the day is about to dawn, the submarine immediately stops attacking, travels along the same course of the fleet at the highest speed on the water, relies on its high speed to enter the next favorable position, and then makes a second attack when the night falls again, and so on, night after night, until all submarines run out of torpedoes. Throughout the battle, Deng Nici kept a tight control of the troops, sending a series of wireless telegrams from his headquarters, directing every minute of every submarine's action, except for night attacks. At night, the captains should use their skills and initiative to reach a suitable range and sink as many merchant ships as possible. But when to start attacking and when to stop attacking depends on the command. The British are basically unprepared for this form of attack. In the initial stage, the Atlantic War was fought entirely with the naked eye, and the decisive question was who found the other side first. Submarines clearly have an advantage. Although there was radar at that time, it was limited by the scope of patrol aircraft, that is, it could only reach the area 200 nautical miles away from the airport at the farthest, and the escort ship was not equipped with radar. Deng Nici used to make full use of this favorable situation with superb skills and firm determination. When the army carries out orders, everything is done according to his instructions and decisions. Of course, he also miscalculated. For example, some torpedoes are poorly designed and happen to dive into deep water and pass under the target ship. Deng Nici not only corrected it immediately, but also sent the person in charge to a military court for trial. On the other hand, he also has very good luck. Most importantly, almost all the passwords of the British Navy were translated by German office of naval intelligence. Therefore, Deng Nici knew the enemy like the back of his hand. So the submarine under his command can also hit the enemy without being hit by the enemy. In addition to fully guiding German submarines to attack the main force of British maritime transport, Deng Nici can also have spare time to plan and guide some special actions. The most memorable thing is that U47 went deep into Frodo and Skaba on the night of 1939 10 and sank the aircraft carrier Royal Oak. This success promoted Deng Nici to major general and enabled him to have direct contact with Hitler. He took the opportunity to instill his thoughts into Hitler; Only by fighting with submarines can Britain be defeated. 1942165438+10. In October, Sir Horton of Britain took over from Nobel and took charge of the anti-submarine warfare. During Nobel's tenure, due to the lack of escort ships, all new ships were put into battle immediately, so that the personnel never received proper training. When Leiden took over, due to the accelerated development of shipbuilding industry, the number of ships dedicated to anti-submarine warfare began to increase gradually. He could form an escort group and train it properly to meet the new battle in the Atlantic. Horton, like Deng Nici, knows the extreme importance of morale in the Atlantic War. So, like Deng Nici, he also asked his headquarters to have high command ability and dedication. Only in this way can the captains of all escort ships and aircraft have confidence in all battles. While Deng Nici was standing at the dock to welcome the submarine back, Horton personally took a small escort and patrol aircraft to supervise the operation at sea. Both of them were submarine captains in World War I, and now they are fighting with each other. Deng Nici already feels that something is wrong. 1942 in February, the loss of German submarines began to increase sharply, which has given Deng Nici a warning. The reason for the loss is that the British surface and air escort forces have been equipped with1.5m radar. When German submarines attack merchant ships at night, they will also be startled by enemy escort warships coming at full speed. Deng Nici and his technical experts soon figured out that the reason lies in a new radar device, which has a longer range and higher accuracy than the old radar. But it was not until August that they found a countermeasure, the so-called FuMB, which is a radar ray receiver, which can quickly tell submarines that it has been pegged by radar, so submarines can often quickly dive into the water to escape enemy attacks. But for Deng Nici, the enemy's net has been tightened. 10 cm radar was first used by the allied forces in the Atlantic Ocean in February, 943. Germany's FuMB can't receive the signal of this new radar, so the submarine will be suddenly attacked. Perhaps influenced by this psychological failure, Deng Nici made another biggest tactical mistake at this time. He ordered all submarines to surface when passing through the Bay of Biscay and attack with anti-aircraft guns and enemy planes. This unfortunate order caused great losses. 19 submarine was lost in February, 15 submarine was lost in March, and more than 37 submarines were lost in May. The reason for this heavy loss is not only the new radar, but also the powerful British depth bomb. 1942 in may, Hitler asked Deng Nici to attend the regular meeting of heads of state to discuss the situation of total war, so that he could personally report the progress of submarine warfare. Deng Nici immediately seized the opportunity. Lei Deer made a realistic comment and talked about his confidence in the final victory, which immediately won Hitler's approval. Therefore, when Lei Deer resigned in June, Deng Nici overtook other senior admirals and took over as Commander-in-Chief. Lei Deer resigned because Hitler, at the instigation of Goering, ordered all large warships to be scrapped, and the naval guns were changed to shore guns, while the personnel were used to expand the submarine force or supplement the army. Lei Deer resigned angrily. Deng Nici initially agreed to Hitler's orders, but a few weeks later, he found out the overall situation of the naval battle and asked Hitler to take it back. As far as the command of submarine warfare is concerned, Deng Nici has made great achievements, but it seems that he is not qualified for the position of commander-in-chief of the navy. His handling of the Mediterranean campaign, especially when Africa retreated and the allied forces attacked Sicily, was not very clever. At that time, he was convinced that the key to the problem was the supply of troops. He insisted on using all German and Italian warships, from cruisers to submarines, to transport supplies without fighting. This mistake led to the surrender of Axis troops in Tunisia and the smooth landing of Allied forces in Sicily. The allied air force increased rapidly in the Atlantic region, especially after the use of aircraft carriers, and the loopholes in the mid-Atlantic waters were filled. This makes the submarine's surface attack tactics useless. 1943 After May, all German submarines withdrew from the North Atlantic. By this time, Deng Nici seems to have known that this maritime war is doomed to failure. For more than two years, he has been deceiving Hitler with the myth of the new submarine, and even he is the most self-deceiving. These myths were soon debunked. The first is the so-called. Quot Snooker snorkeling allows submarines to use diesel cruise system when snorkeling. Walter submarine is the second invention, which uses hydrogen peroxide as the power source of turbine. However, due to the technical difficulty, it was not invented until the end of the war, and it had no substantive impact. When the naval battle site was close to German mainland, Deng Nici hastily built a large number of small submarines in order to reverse its disadvantage. The result is not only heavy losses, but also ineffective. When the Allies approached Berlin, only Deng Nici and Goebbels were truly loyal to Hitler. 1On April 26th, 945, Goering tried to take over the regime. Hitler was furious and ordered his immediate arrest. Himmler also secretly wanted to contact the Allies. So before he committed suicide, Hitler left his last words and appointed Deng Nici as the German head of state. Deng Nici took office on May 1. At first, he hoped to reach a unilateral truce with Western allies. He thought that western countries would use him to fight against the Soviet Union and control post-war Germany. The dream lasted only three weeks before it was shattered. On May 22nd, he was arrested, tried as a war criminal with other German leaders in Nuremberg and sentenced to 65,438+00 years' imprisonment. 1956 was released from prison and later lived a leisurely life in Germany. In a word, as the commander of submarine warfare, Deng Nici undoubtedly achieved great success, but when he was the commander-in-chief of the navy, he failed completely. He lacks understanding and long-term vision of strategic issues. But even if Germany had a strong navy at that time, it was still impossible to have outstanding performance.