Gu Xinjian Li Xiao

(department of mechanical engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 3 10027)

This paper briefly analyzes the characteristics, architecture and development trend of advanced manufacturing technology, and briefly introduces the development status of computer integrated manufacturing system and mass customization technology.

Keywords: advanced manufacturing technology; Computer integrated manufacturing system; Mass customization

1 development trend of advanced manufacturing technology

Advanced manufacturing technology is the floorboard of cutting-edge manufacturing technology that traditional manufacturing industry constantly absorbs the latest achievements of machinery, information, materials and modern management technology, and is comprehensively applied to the whole process of product development and design, manufacturing, inspection, management and after-sales service, so as to realize high-quality, high-efficiency, low-consumption, clean and agile manufacturing and achieve ideal technical and economic effects. In essence, advanced manufacturing technology is an organic combination of traditional manufacturing technology, information technology, automation technology and modern management technology.

Advanced manufacturing technology is the development direction of manufacturing industry in 2 1 century. The characteristics of advanced manufacturing technology are as follows:

(1) Advanced manufacturing technology runs through the whole process from product design, processing and manufacturing to product sales, use and maintenance, and becomes a large system of "market-product design-manufacturing-market". Traditional manufacturing engineering generally refers to the processing process. ?

(2) Advanced manufacturing technology fully applies the latest achievements of computer technology, sensing technology, automation technology, new material technology and management technology. Various professions and disciplines are constantly crossing and merging, and the boundaries are gradually weakening or even disappearing. ?

(3) Advanced manufacturing technology is an organic combination of technology, organization and management, with special emphasis on the simplification and rationalization of the organization and management system of manufacturing process. Advanced manufacturing technology can also be regarded as the integration and unification of hardware, software, personnel and support networks (technical and social). ?

(4) Advanced manufacturing technology does not pursue a high degree of automation or computerization, but realizes the unity of autonomy and self-discipline by emphasizing people-centered, and maximizes people's enthusiasm, creativity and mutual coordination. ?

(5) Advanced manufacturing technology is a highly open and self-organized system. Through great cooperation, we will make full and rational use of global resources and continuously produce the most competitive products. ?

(6) The purpose of advanced manufacturing technology is to provide the products that users want at the lowest cost and the fastest speed, to realize high-quality, high-efficiency, low-consumption, clean and flexible production, and to achieve ideal technical and economic effects. ?

Since the early 1990s, the United States has put forward advanced manufacturing technology plan, team plan, next generation manufacturing (NGM) technology plan, and American national key technologies. Germany put forward "Production 2000" plan, "Production 2000+" plan and "Microsystem 2000" plan, Japan put forward intelligent manufacturing system plan and South Korea put forward national advanced technology plan (G-7 plan).

Figure 1 shows the architecture of advanced manufacturing technology. ?

In the early 1990s, George Washington University in the United States set up an emerging technology prediction committee composed of 45 famous futurists and technical experts. In the forecast of 1996, 85 emerging technologies were selected from the most important foreseeable technological progress. * * * is classified as 12. Among them, in the eighth category: manufacturing and robots, there are the following technologies [2]:

(1) computer integrated manufacturing system. In 20 12 years, 80% of factory production will realize computer integration; ?

(2) Production automation. By 20 15, due to the realization of production automation, the proportion of factory employees in the total labor force will fall below 10%; ?

(3) mass customization. By 20 1 1, more than 30% products such as automobiles and electrical appliances will be mass-customized; ?

(4) Advanced robots. By 20 16, mobile robots with sensing input, decision-making and learning functions will be put on the market; ?

(5) Nanotechnology. By 20 16, micromotor and nanotechnology will be put into commercial application.

It can be considered that these five technologies are the most important advanced manufacturing technologies. Limited by space, here is only a brief introduction of computer integrated manufacturing system and mass customization. These two technologies have great influence on enterprises and have strong applicability.

The development trend of advanced manufacturing technology can be summarized as:?

(1) digitization. In this regard, people put forward the concepts of CIMS and digital factory. Through CAX(CAD, CAPP, CAE, CAM) system and PDM system, digital design and simulation of products are carried out, and combined with digital manufacturing equipment, automatic processing is carried out. MRPII/ERP system is used to digitally manage the logistics, capital flow, management information flow and human resources of the whole enterprise. The further development is to support the cooperation between enterprises, suppliers and customers through digital supply chain management (SCM) system and customer relationship management (CRM) system. The development of network technology makes the digital operation inside and outside the enterprise more convenient. ?

(2) knowledge. Knowledge will become the most important factor of production, and technological innovation will be the most important survival and competitiveness of enterprises. Knowledge management technology and learning organization will be paid more and more attention. ?

(3) modularization. Modularization of products and enterprises will enable enterprises to produce personalized products that customers need quickly and at low cost. ?

(4) miniaturization. The rapid development of micro-machinery and manufacturing technology will give birth to a large class of brand-new products and profoundly change people's lives. ?

(5) greening. Emphasize the environmental friendliness of products and manufacturing processes.

2 Computer Integrated Manufacturing System (CIMS)

Since 1973, when Dr. Harris put forward the concept of CIMS, CIMS has gone through a tortuous road in the world. People's understanding of the essence of CIMS has changed greatly, mainly because the direction of modern manufacturing industry is not only the integration of computers and information, but also the overall integration of people, technology and organizations, including functional integration, organizational integration, information integration, process integration, knowledge integration and inter-enterprise integration. Because the word computer integrated manufacturing system is easily misunderstood, it is believed that advanced manufacturing systems can be constructed by integrating computers together. Therefore, some China scholars put forward the concept of modern integrated manufacturing system (CIMS). At present, the development of CIMS has the following characteristics.

2. 1 integration

CIMS has several key information integration systems. CIMS further realizes the overall integration of enterprises on the basis of these systems. ?

(1)ERP (enterprise resource planning) system: The famous systems abroad include SAP, Oracle, Baan, IBM, etc. There are Kingdee, UFIDA and Keyes in China. ERP system integrates production management, finance, personnel, procurement, sales and other subsystems in enterprises. The system involves a wide range, is huge, has high requirements for personnel quality, data and process standardization, is difficult to implement and has low success rate. ?

(2) Integration of CAD/CAPP/CAM: At present, although some CAD systems can support the integration of CAD/CAPP/CAM, they are mainly aimed at parts that are basically processed by numerical control, such as PRO/E software. Because the parts in different products are very different, and the processing conditions and levels of each enterprise are different, there is no general system for CAD/CAPP/CAM integration of complex parts. ?

(3)PDM (Product Data Management) system: used to manage and control a large amount of information formed by CAX(CAD, CAPP, CAE, CAM, etc.). ) system, so as to avoid spending a lot of time looking for information that should be easily available. PDM is the core of design automation technology system, which manages all product knowledge and information in the whole product life cycle, provides the required data for each application system in the product development process, and provides an integrated platform for different application systems. PDM system takes product database as the underlying support and BOM as the organizational core, and links all engineering data and documents that define the final product to realize the organization, control and management of product data. PDM system is generally developed by CAD software developers. So the CAD system and PDM system of the same software company can be integrated seamlessly, but the integration between CAD system and PDM system of different software companies is much worse. The implementation of PDM system is more difficult than CAD system, because the former involves management, organization and other issues.

(4) Workflow management system: it is mainly used for office automation and is an information integration system for enterprise management. At present, workflow management system and knowledge management system are closely integrated, so that the knowledge of enterprises can be enjoyed and preserved. ?

2.2 networking

Network technology, represented by the Internet, has an increasing influence on manufacturing industry. Mankind is entering a new era-the era of network economy, and a new mode-networked manufacturing mode is emerging in manufacturing industry. In networked manufacturing, the new cyberspace is closely combined with the traditional physical space, resulting in various new ideas, new concepts, new methods and new systems. Manufacturing enterprises will use the internet to carry out collaborative design and manufacturing of products; Through the internet, enterprises will directly contact customers, customers will participate in product design, or directly place orders for customized production, and enterprises will sell products directly to customers; Due to the ubiquity of the Internet, market globalization and manufacturing globalization will be an important part of enterprise development strategy. Due to the rapidity of information transmission on the Internet and the drastic changes in the manufacturing environment, the cooperation between enterprises is becoming more and more frequent, and the resources of enterprises will be more fully and reasonably utilized. Intranet)/ Extranet will also greatly change the internal organization and management mode of enterprises, and will effectively promote the exchange of information and knowledge between employees and * * * enjoyment [5].

2.3 Agility

2 1 century, enterprises will face the challenge of increasingly fierce international competition. On the other hand, enterprises can take advantage of the globalization of manufacturing industry, focus on developing their core competence and business, and outsource other tasks. Enterprises will become more agile and have faster response ability to market changes. But these all need the support of new information technology, such as supply chain management system, to promote the agile response and efficient operation of enterprise supply chain, because the competition between enterprises will become the competition between enterprise supply chains; Another example is the customer relationship management system, which enables enterprises to provide better services to customers and respond to customers' needs more quickly.

2.4 Virtualization

Virtual manufacturing can be simply understood as "manufacturing in a computer". By applying an integrated and user-friendly software system, the performance of products, processes and the whole enterprise is simulated, modeled and analyzed, and a "soft prototype" is generated. Virtual manufacturing includes virtual design, virtual assembly and virtual machining process. The development of new products needs to consider many factors. For example, when developing a new car model, its aesthetic creativity is restricted by safety, ergonomics, manufacturability and maintainability. In virtual design, we can make use of the powerful advantages of virtual prototype in visualization, interactively explore the functions of virtual objects, interactively model and analyze the geometry, manufacturing and functions of products, quickly evaluate different design schemes, and check the design effect from the perspective of ergonomics. Designers can directly participate in operation simulation, move parts and conduct various experiments to ensure the accuracy of design. The characteristics of this technology are: (1) seeing the shape of new products as soon as possible, so as to observe and evaluate the designed products from many aspects; (2) Early detection of interference in the spatial layout of product structure and collision of moving mechanism; ③ Have a clear understanding of the manufacturability of products as soon as possible. Boeing Aircraft Company of the United States adopted virtual manufacturing technology in the design of Boeing 777 aircraft. Flight simulator and virtual prototype technology are used to carry out flight tests on aircraft under various simulation conditions. ?

2.5 intelligence

For example, with the accumulation of knowledge of CAD system, the intelligent degree of CAD system will be greatly improved. This kind of intelligence is as follows: ① Intelligent support for designers' work and intelligent man-machine interface. The system can understand the designer's intention, detect errors, answer questions and make suggestions. (2) Have the reasoning ability, so that unskilled designers can make good designs. ?

2.6 Greening

Including green products and green manufacturing. It is required that the parts and components of the product can be easily recovered and reused, materials with less pollution should be used as far as possible, and less waste should be discharged during the whole process of product manufacturing and use, so as to minimize environmental pollution and energy consumption. Cleanliness is required in manufacture and use. The greening of products and manufacturing processes not only requires enterprises to take environmental protection as their important mission, but also is the strategy for their future survival and development. Because enterprises that don't pay attention to environmental protection will be eliminated by the market. ?

3 mass customization

At present, China has entered the buyer's market, and there is a serious surplus of general products and general manufacturing capacity; With the internationalization of market competition, users can choose the products they need in a wider range, and the requirements for product quality, price and novelty are getting higher and higher. Many enterprises are exploring how to survive and develop in this new environment. Mass customization is a promising production mode. Mass customization is also called mass customization, mass customization production, mass customization and mass customization [6].

Theoretically speaking, mass customization should realize mass production of customized items with low cost and short delivery time, but in fact, mass customization can be regarded as a new concept, new model and new practice of product design, manufacturing and marketing with low cost and quickly meeting the individual needs of users. Mass production and customized production of a single product have always been two incompatible production methods. Realizing mass customization is not only a technical problem, but also involves a comprehensive change in organization, management and technology. Realizing mass customization is not an enterprise's business, but requires the joint efforts of the whole industry and society. Therefore, mass customization is a big systematic project. ?

Mass customization optimizes manufacturing systems and products from two aspects: product and process, or product dimension (space dimension) and process dimension (time dimension). Among them, the main contents of product dimension optimization are:

(1) Correctly distinguish between users' * * * and personalized needs; ?

(2) Correctly distinguish between * * * and individual parts in product structure; ?

(3) Consolidate the * * * part of the product dimension; ?

(4) Reduce the customized parts in products. ?

The main contents of process size optimization are:?

(1) correctly distinguish between mass production process and customization process in the production process; ?

(2) Reduce the customization process and increase the mass production process. ?

Figure 2 describes the basic principle of product size and process size optimization in mass customization. Here, all kinds of parts in enterprise products are divided into two categories, one is general parts and the other is customized parts. The optimization direction of product dimension is to reduce the number of customized parts. Here, the production process of products is divided into two parts, one is mass production and the other is customization, and the optimization direction of process dimension is to reduce customization links. The essence of mass customization is to reduce the small rectangular area in Figure 2. Ideally, the area is zero, but this is actually impossible. ?

Typical cases of mass customization are:

(1) Levi Strauss Clothing Company, USA: This company can provide users with nearly a thousand different styles and colors, plus tailor-made services, so as to ensure that users can get satisfied jeans. Users only need to pay an extra $ 10, and they can customize according to personal dimensions such as waist circumference on the assembly line. The company's turnover has increased by 30%, inventory has been greatly reduced, and operating costs have been greatly reduced. ?

(2) Procter & Gamble (P&G): Increase the formula of shampoo to more than 50,000 kinds. As long as customers can figure out the indicators of oiliness and acidity of hair, they can customize special shampoo for customers at the usual price. ?

(3) Japan Matsushita Bicycle Industry Co., Ltd.: Each car is specially customized according to the user's weight and hobbies, and the price is only 10% higher than the ready-made model, and it will be delivered within two weeks. In different customized bicycles, a large number of parts are designed and manufactured by standardized strategy. ?

(4) Ford Company: Modular engine design, that is, the engine structures with different specifications such as 6-cylinder, 8-cylinder, 10-cylinder and 12-cylinder are adjusted, so that most of its components can be common and the maximum flexible combination can be realized with as few specifications as possible. Engines with different specifications can be processed on one production line. Save hundreds of millions of dollars every year [7]. ?

(5) Haier Group: With 58 categories and 9,200 specifications as raw materials, plus thousands of "condiments"-more than 20,000 basic functional modules, dealers and consumers can freely combine these "materials" and "condiments" to form unique products. At present, it can provide more than 90,000 kinds of modular network appliances suitable for B2B2C. ?

(6) Boeing Company: Facing the large civil airliner with complex structure, various varieties and millions of parts, the parts in the aircraft are divided into three categories: the first category is basically stable and has no personality characteristics, the second category is user-selectable parts, and the third category is user-specific parts. Because the first two categories account for about 90% of the workload of an aircraft, 90% of the workload of receiving orders has been completed or nearly completed, which greatly shortens the production cycle, reduces the inventory and reduces the production cost. Boeing Company has developed an aircraft configuration design and manufacturing resource management system based on aircraft modular design. Boeing's sales representative can use this software system on the portable computer to configure the plane with the user when negotiating with the user. The software can access data directly from the configuration library. Salespeople can show users how various options will affect the price and weight of the aircraft. This information helps users make thoughtful business decisions.

refer to

1 Gu Xinjian, Qi. Knowledge manufacturing enterprise. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2000.

2 small. American experts predict emerging technologies from 200/kloc-0 to 2030. China Patent Newspaper,1998-02-18 (1).

3 Gu Xinjian, Qi,, et al. Mechanical Manufacturing System Engineering. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press, 1996.

4 Qi, Gu Xinjian. Methodology of computer integrated manufacturing system. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1996

5 Gu Xinjian, Qi and Chen. Strategies and methods of networked manufacturing. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 200 1

6[ America] David M. Anderson, B. Joseph Pine.265438+The Frontier of Enterprise Competition in the 20th Century: Agile Product Development in Mass Customization Mode. Beijing Machinery Industry Press 2000

7 Xue Fukang. Climbing the pyramid of the world automobile industry-a record of Gu Yongping, a famous Chinese-American automobile expert. Guangming Daily, 1999-05-02( 1)

Yijun Haier washing machine: from specially designed for you to personalized customization on demand. People's Daily Online Edition 200 1-09-05.

China aerospace stamping technology seminar aims at the forefront of the world

At present, the aircraft represented by missile weapons developed by various countries are developing towards faster, farther, more accurate and higher goals, and one of the key technologies to achieve this goal lies in the continuous improvement of engine technology. On August 4th, 2005, a grand meeting in the field of ramjet engines in China, hosted by Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation and hosted by 3 1 of the Third Academy of Sciences, attracted about 140 experts and scholars from dozens of domestic scientific research institutes and enterprises. Hua and Huang Ruisong, directors and deputy directors of Science and Technology Committee of Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, attended the meeting.

Space products, power first. China has always attached great importance to the development of ramjet technology. At the end of 1950s, 3 1 Institute of the Third Academy of Sciences took the lead in the research of ramjet technology, which was called "the first in Asia, Africa and Latin America" by the industry. After more than 40 years of development, it has established a relatively perfect research and development system, developed a variety of ramjet equipment for model products, and won a number of national scientific and technological progress awards.

"At present, missile weapons developed by various countries are developing in the direction of faster speed and longer range. At the same time, the future space transportation system also needs advanced power system to support it. Therefore, with its unique advanced technology, ramjet engine will become the darling of space powers in 2 1 century. " Liang Xue, director of 3 1 Research Institute, made a forward-looking prediction on the development prospect of ramjet engine.

In fact, the "heat" of ramjet technology can also be seen from more than 100 papers received at this conference. Many experts and scholars have turned their eyes to the world leading level. Among them, the "Research Progress of Ramjet Technology" written by Academician Liu Xingzhou, starting from the characteristics of future war integration, informationization and medium-and long-range precision strike, extended the development needs of ramjet, introduced and prospected the advanced fields of ramjet technology such as integrated design, combustion, fuel, materials, control and test, and described the blueprint for the future development of ramjet to the delegates.

This conference has a strong academic atmosphere, and many papers are of high level. It is the experience summary of frontier research, product design and engineering practice of ramjet engine in China in recent years. At the same time, this meeting has enhanced the understanding of all units and will play a positive role in strengthening cooperation and promoting the sharing of information, resources, technology and market in the future.