The American Association of Biological Editors defines scientific papers as: acceptable original scientific publications must be made public for the first time, and sufficient information must be provided to enable peers to: 1) evaluate the value of observation information; 2) Repeat the experimental results; 3) Academic evaluation of the whole research process; In addition, it must be easily accepted by human senses, lasting in nature, used by the scientific community without restriction, and selected by one or more recognized secondary information sources (such as chemical abstracts, etc.). ). Innovative 1. 1 Theoretical scientific papers are scientific records of new scientific research achievements or innovative ideas and knowledge. A scientific paper is a scientific summary of the new progress made by applying known principles in practice. In other words, without new ideas, viewpoints, achievements and conclusions, it is not a scientific paper. Scientific papers are scientific records and historical documents of scientific and technological progress. How can papers without originality reflect the development of science and technology? The innovation of 1.2 is the basic difference between scientific papers and other scientific articles. For example, scientific reports and summaries are scientific and academic, but not innovative. Innovation or novelty is a necessary condition for writing and publishing every scientific paper, but innovation or novelty alone is not enough. 1.3 All scientific papers should be "new", but the degree of innovation is different. When writing scientific papers, we should use the words "initiative", "first statement" and "first discovery" with special care. Words such as "first proposed" generally refer to research results of great value. 1.4 A scientific and technological paper is a report on one's new research achievements, repeated research with others, basic knowledge, specific process or mathematical derivation, just give references or brief explanations. The writing of scientific papers should avoid being equated with textbooks and experimental reports, and the word "well known" should not be used. Science and accuracy 2. 1 science is the basic difference between scientific papers and general argumentative papers and all non-scientific styles. Scientific nature mainly includes two aspects: on the one hand, it means that the content of scientific papers is the result of scientific research. On the other hand, it refers to the scientific expression of scientific papers and the scientific spirit of seeking truth from facts, that is, scientific papers have strict structure, strict thinking logic, authentic materials, accurate and reliable methods and correct viewpoints. Accuracy mainly refers to the repeatability of the experimental process and results of scientific papers. On science and technology [don't use the word' according to'] estimation, according to statistics, according to reports, [according to observations] and so on. , but give references. Academic or theoretical 3. 1 The academic nature of scientific papers is theoretical. Academic nature is the basic difference between scientific papers and other scientific articles. The so-called knowledge refers to systematic and specialized knowledge, which has a profound practical foundation and a certain theoretical system. The academic nature of scientific papers means that a scientific paper should have certain academic value (theoretical value). The academic value of a scientific paper generally includes two aspects: 1. The results obtained by experiment, observation or other means should be analyzed and summarized from a certain theoretical height to form certain scientific opinions, including putting forward and solving some problems with scientific value; 2. To put forward your own scientific opinions or questions, you should use facts and theories for logical argumentation, analysis or explanation, and turn practice into theory. Normative 4. 1 on science and technology] Articles must be written in a standardized way according to certain formats and requirements. For example, the description of references in scientific papers should be standardized, the expression of words should be standardized, and the language and technical details should adopt international or domestic legal terms, numbers, symbols and units of measurement. Scientific papers should be accurate, concise, fluent and clear.
logicality
The logic of medical papers refers to the connection between topics, arguments, arguments, and arguments, written in order, echoing from beginning to end, with strict logic, complete information and reasonable design, so as to avoid being far-fetched, anticlimactic, and empty.
readability
The purpose of writing medical papers is academic exchange, and ultimately it is for people to see. Therefore, the paper must be readable, that is, the words are fluent, the structure is clear, and the vocabulary used is professional, which is the easiest word to understand and express. Make readers understand the opinions and conclusions expressed with less brain power and time, and leave a profound impact. 1. Title Description
The title should be concise, specific and accurate, which can summarize the specific content of the paper, help to select keywords, and conform to the relevant principles of compiling title catalogue, indexing and retrieval.
2. Propositional method
3. Matters needing attention in English title writing
(1) English titles mainly appear in the form of phrases, especially noun phrases, that is, titles basically consist of one or several nouns plus their prepositions and/or postattributes; The title of phrase type should determine the head word and then modify it before and after. The order of each word is very important, and improper word order will lead to inaccurate expression.
(2) Generally don't use declarative sentences, because the title mainly plays a marking role, and declarative sentences are easy to make the title judgmental, not refined and not eye-catching. In a few cases (critical, comprehensive and refuting), the question can be used as the title, because the question has an exploratory tone and is easy to arouse the reader's interest.
The English title and Chinese title of the same paper should be consistent in content, but it does not mean that the words should correspond to each other. In many cases, individual non-material words can be omitted or changed.
④ Foreign sci-tech journals generally have restrictions on the number of words in titles, and some stipulate that titles should not exceed 2 lines, and each line should not exceed 42 printed symbols and spaces; Some require that the title should not exceed 14 words. These regulations can be used for our reference.
⑤ In the English title of the paper. Don't use anything that can or can't be used.
Topic selection skills of medical papers
1. Good at finding gaps. 2. Be good at establishing corresponding topics. 3. Seek a choice in contradiction. 4. Choose your own topic. 5. The principle of innovation.
Proposition of medical papers
The title of a medical paper should be a concentrated summary of the content of the article. The author writes a paper, one is to spread scientific and technological experience, and the other is to meet the needs of popularization. Therefore, the quality of the paper has a great relationship with the topic. Because the title of the paper first attracts readers' attention, readers (editors) browse the article first and then decide whether to read (choose) the full text. Therefore, it is required that the proposition can not only summarize the content of the full text, but also be eye-catching, easy to remember and quote, appropriate, accurate, concise and vivid, and play the role of making the finishing point to attract the attention and interest of readers (editors).
China's "writing format of scientific and technological reports, dissertations, academic papers and other similar documents" puts forward: "The title should be as short as possible, generally no more than 30 words." The title of a medical paper should be about 20 words, and the shorter (exact) the better. Try not to use punctuation marks. Generally, English abbreviations are not used (except those which are widely known and have long full names, such as DNA and DIC). Chinese nouns should be written in full names. The American New England Journal of Medicine stipulates in the manuscript contract that "if necessary, write a short topic within 75 letter spaces for the title." The title of the article should be consistent with the content of the article to avoid generality and complexity. At the same time, it should be retrievable, concrete and knowledgeable, and a subtitle can be added when necessary, giving people a charm of "having to read". 1. Specification of the author's signature
The author's signature is placed under the title, and the author of the group author can also be marked in the footer of the first page of the article. Sometimes, the author's name can also be marked at the end of the article.
For example: Wang Jun 1, Zhang Hong 2, Liuli 1.
(1. Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University100875; 2. Physics Department of Beijing Institute of Education 1000 1 1)
2. Matters needing attention in translating the names of authors and their units
① The name of the translation unit should not be abbreviated, but should be capitalized, and the address and postal code should be attached to ensure convenient contact.
② The names of translation units should be translated uniformly.
(3) The author's name is spelled in Chinese Pinyin, with a space in the middle after the surname, and all the letters of the surname are capitalized, and the surname is combined; The first letter of the first name is a capital letter, and a hyphen is added between the two names. The last name and the first name are not abbreviated.
For example:
Li Hua (Li Hua), Zhang Xihe (Zhang Xihe) and Zhuge Ying (Zhuge Ying) are excerpts from the main contents of the article, which should be short and concise and complete. The number of words can be as few as dozens, and it is advisable not to exceed 300 words.
With the rapid development of computer technology and Internet, online query, retrieval and download of professional data has become an important means of scientific and technological information retrieval. For all kinds of full-text databases or abstract databases on the Internet, abstract index is an important tool for readers to retrieve documents, which provides convenience for the construction and maintenance of scientific and technological information literature retrieval databases. It is a comprehensive introduction to the paper, so that people can understand the main contents of the paper. After the paper is published, the abstract can be directly used by abstract magazines or various databases without modification or slight modification, so that readers can know the main contents of the paper as soon as possible to supplement the deficiency of the title, thus avoiding misunderstandings, deficiencies and even mistakes that may occur when others compile the abstract. Therefore, the quality of abstracts directly affects the retrieval rate and citation frequency of papers.
Description of 1. abstract
It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments, and requires a brief description of the purpose, research methods and final conclusion of the research work, with the focus on the conclusion. It is an independent and complete essay, which can be quoted and popularized.
2. Matters needing attention in writing abstract
① Don't simply repeat the existing information in the title, avoid writing the contents of the introduction into the abstract, don't copy the subtitle (table of contents) in the text of the paper or the text of the conclusion part of the paper, and don't interpret the content of the paper.
(2) Try to use written narrative, and don't list the data in the paper in the abstract; The words should be concise, exclude the content that has become common sense in this subject field, and delete meaningless or unnecessary words; The content shall not be demonstrated, not exemplified, and the research process shall not be introduced;
The content of the abstract must be complete, and the main contents (or opinions) expounded in the paper can not be omitted, but should be written into short articles that can be used independently.
Generally, it is not segmented, and continuous writing is prohibited. The statement should be objective, and it is not suitable for subjective evaluation of the research process, methods and achievements, nor for comparative explanation with other people's research.
3. Matters needing attention in writing English abstracts
The above precautions in writing Chinese abstracts are all applicable to English abstracts, but English has its own expressions and language habits, so special attention should be paid when writing English abstracts. Keywords are selected from the title, abstract and text of the paper, which are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are words used by computer systems to index the content characteristics of papers, which are convenient for information systems to collect and provide readers with retrieval. Generally, 3-8 words are selected as keywords for each paper, and a new line is set at the bottom left of the "abstract".
Subject words are standard words. When determining the subject words, we should analyze the theme of the paper and convert it into standard words in the thesaurus according to the rules of indexing and collocation. (See Chinese Thesaurus and World Chinese Thesaurus).
1. Keyword description
Keywords are words or phrases that reflect the theme of the paper, usually arranged under the abstract, and the font size is different from the text. Generally, each article can choose 3~8 keywords, and multiple keywords are separated by semicolons, which are arranged from big to small according to the extension (conceptual scope) level of the entry.
Keywords are generally noun words or phrases, and in some cases there are verb words or phrases.
English keywords corresponding to Chinese keywords should be marked. Chinese comes first, foreign language comes last. Chinese keywords are marked with "keywords:" or "[keywords]"; English keywords are marked with "keywords:".
Key words should be selected from the National Standard Chinese Thesaurus as far as possible; Important terms and names of new disciplines, regions, people and documents that are not included in the glossary can also be used as keywords. Keywords should be general technical terms that can cover the main content of the paper.
2. Method of selecting keywords
The general selection method of keywords is: after the author finishes writing the paper, he selects from its title, hierarchical title and text (high frequency and key words). Including: the nature and scope of the subject to be studied, related research (literature), research methods (pointing out the reasons for choosing methods when necessary), main results and conclusions drawn from the results. In short: it is from the known research status and progress to the unknown problems, and then put forward the problems, and then put forward the solutions to the problems, and sometimes state the reasons for choosing the solutions, and finally give the results and value of the research.
The funnel structure of introduction leads the topic from the known background materials to the proposal and solution of the problem, that is, the steps from wide to narrow and from surface to point.
Problems in writing: At first, you should let readers know what the problem is, how you solved it, and what the result and conclusion are. That is to highlight the significance of research. In the introduction, many background materials and conclusive sentences can't be the author's own works. Even the author's own works should be marked with documents to help the author fully understand.
Materials and methods:
This part of English writing methods usually use the past tense and passive voice; When describing data, use the present tense, because the information is always correct. Paper body: The text is the main body of the paper, which should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions. The main part includes the following contents:
A. Questions-arguments;
B. analyzing the problem-arguments and arguments;
C. problem solving-demonstrating methods and steps;
D. conclusion.
In order to achieve the purpose of clear hierarchy and clear context, the text is often divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments, and a logical segment can contain several small logical segments, and a small logical segment can contain one or several natural segments, so that the text forms several levels. The level of the paper should not be too much, generally not more than five levels.
Medical papers are not only the writing skills and rhetoric of general articles, but also the scientific expression and progress of exploration methods and processes, the embodiment of the author's knowledge breadth and comprehensive ability in the actual process, and the crystallization of medical science's own development. The basic requirement of the text of the paper is to objectively and truly reflect the essence of things and the inherent regularity of things. The contents of medical papers must have materials, concepts, judgments, opinions, logicality, authentic materials (which can withstand textual research), clear concepts, proper judgments, correct opinions and no water. That is, it should be practical, scientific, authentic, novel, advanced (innovative) and readable. Thesis references are the main documents that can be referenced or cited in research and writing, and are listed at the end of the paper. References should be marked on a new page according to GB77 14-87 "Description Rules of References at the End of Documents".
English: Title-Author-Publication Information (Edition, Publisher, Publication Date)
English: Author-Title-Publication Information
The requirements of the listed reference documents are:
The references listed in (1) should be official publications for readers' textual research.
(2) The listed references shall be marked with serial numbers, titles of works or articles, authors and publication information.
The functions of references are:
(1) Recording references can reflect the author's scientific attitude and the true and extensive scientific basis of the paper, as well as the starting point and depth of the paper.
(2) It is easy to distinguish the author's achievements from those of predecessors by recording references.
(3) References can serve as an index.
(4) Recording references helps to save the length of the paper.
(5) Recording references is helpful for scientific and technological information personnel to carry out information research and abstract quantitative research. For example:
A. Monographs, papers, papers and reports
[serial number] Principal. Title of the document [Document Type ID]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.
[1] weeks. I ching [M] Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. 1985。
[2] Chen Song. Selected works on the debate on cultural issues between the East and the West around the May 4th Movement [C]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 1985.
[3] Chen. China historian culture and historical records [D]. Xi 'an: Institute of Literature, Shaanxi Normal University, 1992.
[4] Bai Yongxiu, Liu Gan, Ren Baoping. Xi Research on the Cultivation and Development of Finance, Talents and Technology Market [R].Xi 'an: Northwest Economic Research Center of Shaanxi Normal University, 1998.
B. Journal articles
【 Serial number 】 Principal responsible person. File title [J]. Name, year and volume (issue) of the publication.
[5] He Lingxiu. Read Gu Cheng's History of Nan Ming [J]. Historical Studies in China, 1998 (3).
C. precipitation files in the file set
【 Serial number 】 The principal responsible person of the precipitation document. Title of precipitation document [a]. Primary owner of the original document (optional). Title of original file [c]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.
[6] Qu Qiubai. Modern civilization and socialism [a]. Luo Rongqu. From Westernization to Modernization [c]. Beijing: Peking University Publishing House, 1990.
D. newspaper articles
【 Serial number 】 Principal responsible person. File title [n]. Name and publication date (edition) of the newspaper.
[7] Xie Xide. Create new learning ideas. People's Daily,1998-12-25 (10).
E. International and national standards
[serial number] standard number, standard name.
English (example):
Teaching Principles: An Interactive Language Teaching Method [M]. Director prentiss Hall, 1994.
Situational cognition and learning culture [J]. Educational researcher, 1, 1989.
Chris, Didi. Evolution of Constructivism Learning Environment: Immersed in Distributed Virtual World [J]. Educational Technology, September to 10, 1995.
[04] Hymes, D. On communicative competence [M]. Pride; J. Holmes (editor) Sociolinguistics Hammonds Voss: Penguin, 1972.
[05] L.E. Salbo. Cross-cultural communication [M]. New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA: Trading Book, 1988.
[06] Bohr, A. Classroom evaluation [J]. English teaching forum, 1997.
Jenny, Thomas. Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure [J]. Applied Linguistics, 1983, (4): 91-1.
[08] William Goody Kunst. Cross-cultural communication theory [M]. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Bar, 1983.
Periodical identification symbol
According to: CAJ-CDB/T1-1998, the retrieval and evaluation data specification of China academic journals (CD-ROM version) issued by the State Press and Publication Administration.
The document identification number (WM) is placed after the classification number.
A-academic papers on theoretical and applied research (including summary reports)
B- practical technical achievement report (science and technology), theoretical study and social practice summary (social science)
C- Articles on business guidance and technical management (including leaders' speeches and special comments, etc. )
D—— General dynamic information (communication, reports, meetings, interviews, etc.). )
Electronic literature (including historical materials, statistical data, institutions, people, books and periodicals, knowledge introduction, etc.). )