Abstract is an indispensable part of the paper. Is an independent paper with its own characteristics. Based on the summary of the paper, it summarizes the full text in simple, easy-to-understand and incisive language, leaves the trunk to the branches and leaves, and extracts the main information of the paper. The paper should reflect the author's viewpoint, the main contents of the paper, the research results and original opinions. A good abstract is easy to index and search, easy to be included in a large database and provide information for others. Therefore, abstract plays a vital role in information exchange.

2. Basic norms and principles of writing abstracts

(1) Thesis abstracts are divided into Chinese abstracts and foreign (usually English) abstracts. Different schools and institutions have different requirements for space restrictions. Generally, Chinese abstracts should not exceed 300 words, English abstracts should not exceed 250 substantive words, and Chinese and English abstracts should be consistent. The length of the abstract of graduation thesis can be appropriately increased.

(2) Ask the instructor more, and make timely amendments according to the opinions provided, so as to reach a higher level.

(3) Abstract is a complete essay, which is independent and can be used independently. Even if you don't read the full text of the paper, you can still understand the main content of the paper, the author's new ideas and viewpoints, the purpose of the project, the methods adopted, the results and conclusions of the research.

(4) The narrative is complete, the logic is highlighted, and the structure of the essay is reasonable.

(5) The text should be concise and to the point, and there should be no superfluous words. Important contents should be abstracted, without foreword, background and other details. Old conclusions and original materials should be removed, without comments and annotations. Use direct expression to delete unnecessary literary embellishments. The author's future plans and irrelevant contents should not be included, and the most information should be provided with the least words.

(6) The abstract does not use special characters, charts, chemical structures, and mathematical expressions composed of special characters, and does not list examples.