How can an academic paper about a circle be round without a center?
Abstract: Morality and law are like a center and a circle, with morality as the center and law as the circle. You can't make a circle without a center, and there is no circle without a center. That is, no law can be made without morality, and there is no law without moral support. So-called? The origin of law lies in morality, and the value core of law also lies in morality. In a sense, the law is the national compulsion of basic morality. ? At the same time, the foothold of consciously obeying the law is a kind of moral self-discipline? .
[Keywords:] Law; Morality; Spiritual support
First, the meaning of morality and law
Law is a general social norm with rights and obligations as its content, formulated or recognized by public authorities, backed by national coercive force, and guaranteed to be realized through legal procedures to restrain and adjust people's daily behavior.
Morality is the sum of ideas, norms, principles and standards about people's thoughts and behaviors, such as good and evil, beauty and ugliness, justice and injustice, fairness and partiality, honesty and hypocrisy, honor and shame. Morality is the most familiar social phenomenon, and everyone lives in all kinds of moral relationships everywhere. It is the foundation of being a man and one of the important standards of social civilization and progress. [ 1]
Second, briefly describe the similarities and differences between morality and law.
Morality in the modern sense is the sum of ideas, norms, principles and standards about human thought and behavior, such as good and evil, beauty and ugliness, justice and injustice, justice and partiality, honesty and hypocrisy, honor and shame, and it is one of the important standards for building a harmonious society. As far as the relationship between law and morality is concerned, they are similar in essence, function and content. Therefore, it plays a direct and indirect role in building a harmonious society. It plays a normative and guiding role in the reform of market economy and political system.
Thirdly, analyze the moral support of law.
(A) the views of natural law school and empirical law school
1. Basic views of natural law school on the relationship between law and morality
The concept of natural law is mature in ancient Rome, and its origin can be traced back to Homer's time in ancient Greece. In modern times, Grotius was the first thinker who systematically discussed natural law. One of his theoretical contributions is to separate law from theology, so that law can get rid of the shackles of medieval theology and gain an independent position, laying the foundation for humanistic natural law theory. His sentence? If God does not exist, will natural law still exist? His famous words dispelled the theological fog hanging over the issue of natural law and denied the theological concept that God's eternal law is higher than natural law. [2]
2. The basic understanding of law and morality of positivism law school.
Contrary to the natural law school, the positivist law school holds a completely different view on this issue. They question the inevitable relationship between law and morality advocated by the natural law school, and think that this relationship is only one kind? Hallucinations? . Positivist jurists advocate distinction? Should? And then what? what's up Jurisprudence should be devoted to the study of de facto law? what's up What, not it? Should? What is this? With the collapse of moral belief, it is logical that positivist jurisprudence denies the inevitable connection between law and morality and opposes taking law as a vassal of morality. [3]
(B) China thinkers on the basic ideas of legal and moral support
1. Advocate of rule of virtue and advocate of legalism
An interesting situation is that the operation and demonstration of rule of virtue are often based on the following two premises: first, the instrumentalism of law and morality, the essence of which is not directed at people; Secondly, the law has no moral value and attribute. Historically, people who advocate the rule of virtue advocate the rule of virtue over the world, but not the rule of law for the people. They believe that virtue is enlightenment and law is punishment and killing, which is not conducive to peace and long-term stability. Although both schools have their own reasons, it is extreme to oppose law and morality.
2. The concept of the rule of law.
Ancient thinkers and rulers in China emphasized the role of morality and etiquette as the core rules of governing society, which was determined by the self-sufficient natural economic form. Natural economy requires people to stick to the land, and the combination of people and real estate such as land is the basic condition for creating wealth and people's survival. Rulers expect an orderly society, and they regard order as the primary goal of legal and moral pursuit. This is clearly reflected in the fact that respecting social morality is clearly defined as the basic obligation of citizens in the Constitution, and the principle of public order and good customs is established as the basic principle of civil law in the general principles of civil law. [4]
(3) The operation of the law needs moral support.
1. The legislative process needs moral support.
Legalization of morality is a common phenomenon in Chinese and western legislative practice. Its essence is to transform some moral obligations into legal obligations and moral principles into legal principles. The law produced by legislation is a small part of the law, and the law is a social norm system based on morality, so the legislative process needs moral support. As a good law, it generally embodies the pursuit of justice, human happiness and the realization of the rule of law. It is precisely because morality is injected into law as a spiritual pillar that law has meaning and vitality. [5]
2. Law enforcement and judicial procedures need moral support.
There are two main aspects in the process of law enforcement and judicature: one is the conflict between observing substantive law and moral justice; The second is the conflict between abiding by procedural law and moral justice. Law enforcement system is a harmonious whole with mutual division of labor and cooperation formed by different organs organizing the implementation of laws. China's administrative law enforcement requirements follow the principles of legality, rationality, efficiency and due process. Judicature is a special activity of the state judicial organs in handling cases according to legal authority and legal procedures. In this process, we must follow the principles of rule of law, equality, judicial independence and judicial responsibility. [6]
Fourth, case analysis
As we all know, the haze of students studying in Japan being stabbed by their mothers at the airport has not dissipated, and students have slashed their parents, resulting in a bloody case of one death and one injury. Why do such vicious incidents happen one after another? In essence, there are three main reasons why students break away from the social moral system: first, what ideas have our parents instilled in their children? Nothing matters as long as you study hard. This also cultivates the child's arrogance and makes the child feel that all his requirements should be met by his parents. Second, the exam-oriented education of grading heroes ignores the cultivation of students' social morality, and the natural personality shaping has more utility and less social responsibility. Third, there is a lack of communication between our parents and children. They think that as long as children wear well, eat well and go to a good school, they will be satisfied and happy. In fact, they don't know what children are thinking and what they need most, so there will naturally be shortcomings in character building. [7]
Guangdong? Xiaoyueyue incident? After that, many people think that improving and perfecting the self-relief of social morality and related judicial system has become
At an urgent moment, many people think that morality and law are basically two kinds of things, and morality cannot be saved by law.
The author believes that law is not only a sword, but also a two-way street between law and morality. The following is the moral bottom line that we recognize to punish and reduce crime; And the above one should be moral protection to prevent the loss of social morality and public integrity. At the same time, in the essence of legislation, morality is the center and law is round. The formulation and implementation of laws can not be separated from the positioning and support of morality, and the promotion and inheritance of morality can not be separated from the compulsion and standardization of laws. Therefore, without the center of the circle, how can it be round? Without morality as the bottom line, the law cannot exist in vain.
[References]
[1] Barr. Three different conceptual systems of competitive value [J]. Abstracts of Modern Foreign Philosophy and Social Sciences, 1993.
[2] Liu Zejun. On the Value Orientation of Law [J]. Journal of north china university of technology. 1997 (04).
[3] Bodenheimer. Jurisprudence: philosophy of law and legal method [M]. Deng Zhenglai? Beijing: China University of Political Science and Law Press: 18.
[4] pounds. Social control through law-the task of law [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1984:73.
Taniguchi Anping. Procedural justice and litigation [M]. Beijing: China University of Political Science and Law Press,1996.5.
[6] Mirren. Human Power and Human Diversity-Philosophy of Human Rights [M]:35.
[7] Lord Denning. Due process of law. Yang Baiba, Liu Yongan. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1993:60.
[Author Brief Introduction] Guo Sanlong (1980-), male, from Qingyang, Gansu, is a teacher and lecturer of Gansu Forestry Vocational and Technical College, mainly engaged in the teaching and research of specialized courses in law and forest protection.
Academic paper on circle: the design of two-circle curve
Abstract: In highway and railway routes, generally, after the main points of the curve are laid out, the circular curve is laid out in detail at the straight point or the straight point. In this paper, by arranging instruments in different places, a method of measuring circular curves in detail by intersection deflection angle method is proposed, mainly by deflection angle method.
Keywords: setting intersection deviation angle method to measure circular curve
order
There is a cloud in the Book of Rites: the way of university lies in virtue and being close to the people. While writing my graduation thesis, I am also making a final farewell ceremony for my college life. I don't know what the past left me, and I don't know what the future will give me, but as long as I shed tears and sweat, there will be less regrets in life!
I feel very lucky to be able to join the ancient and emerging industry of water conservancy engineering. When I am about to take up my job, I seem to feel that the water conservancy industry has given me a new historical mission. Water conservancy is a noble cause of eliminating pests and promoting benefits, seeking benefits and avoiding disadvantages, and coordinating the relationship between man and water, man and nature. Water conservancy work should not only prevent water from infringing on people, but also prevent people from infringing on water; We should not only resolve the threat of natural disasters to human life and property, but also treat nature, rivers and water well, promote the harmony between man and water, and realize the harmonious coexistence between man and nature. This task also allows me to apply the knowledge in class to practical production. Especially in the graduation project of these two months, I feel more and more how important it is for me to learn the basic knowledge of precision measurement to contribute to water conservancy. Therefore, I am increasingly reluctant to give up my little college time and strive to improve my practical ability. This semester's graduation project provided me with an excellent opportunity. How can I give up?
When I first got the topic and task of graduation project from my teacher, I really had no bottom in my heart. As the main work of graduation project, it is mainly to use electronic level to observe and calculate the deformation of a building, and to arrange control points for plane control survey and elevation control survey; The angle and distance of the central polygon are measured by total station, and the adjustment is made by the principle of conditional adjustment. The excavation amount of soil is calculated by setting out control points and calculating and setting out circular curves. My graduation project is.
The last semester of college passed quickly, and I carried my equipment almost every day and ran around every corner of the campus. My life was very rhythmic. I started writing my graduation thesis today, and the graduation design is drawing to a close. No matter what the result is, after all, I have no bottom in my heart. I picked up the data and results that I have worked hard for more than two months, and I have been constantly improving, and I feel much more practical.
In the design of this graduation thesis, I would like to thank the Department of Water Conservancy for providing measuring instruments for our work, and also thank the tutors for their guidance and the students for their help.
Open a report
1. Research topic: Application of differential curve
Second, the discipline status and research application fields
1. Definition of discipline
Engineering surveying is an applied discipline that studies the theoretical methods and techniques of measuring and describing specific geometric entities and realizing the layout of abstract geometric entities in the earth space. Mainly in construction engineering, machinery and equipment.
2. Theme status
Surveying and mapping science and technology (or surveying and mapping) is a first-class discipline with a long history and modern development. No matter how the discipline develops, how the service field is broadened, how the intersection with other disciplines is increased or strengthened, how the discipline is integrated and subdivided, and how the name of the discipline is changed, the nature and characteristics of the discipline will not change.
3. Research and application fields
At present, engineering investigation related to engineering construction in China is divided into three stages: survey and design, construction and operation management. Also divided into: lines (railways, highways, etc. ) engineering survey, hydraulic engineering survey, bridge and tunnel engineering survey, construction engineering survey, mine survey, marine engineering survey, military engineering survey, three-dimensional industrial survey, etc. Almost every industry and engineering survey has corresponding books or teaching materials.
The Sixth Committee of the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) is called the Engineering Survey Committee. In the past, it had four working groups: investigation methods and tolerance; Earthwork calculation; Deformation measurement; Underground engineering survey. In addition, a special group was set up: deformation analysis and interpretation. At present, there are six working groups and two thematic groups. The six working groups are: high-precision measurement technology and method of large-scale scientific equipment; Line engineering survey and optimization; Deformation measurement; Engineering survey information system; Application of laser technology in engineering survey: electronic science and technology literature and network. These two thematic groups are: special measuring instruments in engineering and industry; Engineering survey standard.
Engineering survey mainly includes two parts: engineering survey of engineering buildings and industrial survey of equipment and machinery installation. It can be divided into general engineering survey and precision engineering survey.
The main task of engineering survey is to provide surveying and mapping support for all kinds of engineering construction and meet the requirements of engineering. Precision engineering survey represents the development direction of engineering survey, and the construction of large-scale special precision engineering is the driving force to promote the development of engineering survey.
Development of engineering measuring instruments Engineering measuring instruments can be divided into general instruments and special instruments. Conventional optical theodolite, optical level and electromagnetic wave range finder in general instruments will be gradually replaced by electronic total station and electronic level. With the enrichment of software, computer total station is developing towards omnipotence and intelligence. The total station driven by motor and controlled by program, combined with laser, communication and CCD technology, can realize full automation of measurement, and is called measuring robot.
Third, the development of engineering survey theory and method
1. The least square method in survey adjustment theory is widely used in survey adjustment. Least square configuration includes adjustment, filtering and estimation. Conditional adjustment model with constraints is called generalized adjustment model, which is a unified model of various classical and modern adjustment models. The theory of measurement error is mainly manifested in the study of model error, which mainly includes: identification or diagnosis of functional model error and random model error in adjustment; The influence of model error on parameter estimation and the statistical properties of parameters and residuals; Relationship between ill-conditioned equation and control network design and its observation scheme. Because of the need to check the stability of datum points of deformation monitoring network, free network adjustment and quasi-stable adjustment have appeared and developed. The study of gross error of observation value promotes the research and development of reliability theory of control network and the theory of distinguishing gross error between deformation and observation value of deformation monitoring network.
2. Theory and method of optimal design of engineering control network There are two kinds of optimal design methods: analytical method and simulation method. Analytical method is based on optimal design theory to construct objective function and constraint conditions, and to solve the maximum or minimum value of objective function. Generally, the quality index of the network is regarded as the objective function or constraint condition. The software function of simulation optimization design and the steps of optimization design are mainly: according to design data and map data, select points on the map to arrange the network, and obtain the approximate coordinates of nodes (preferably digital scanning data, done on a microcomputer). Value accuracy, can further simulate the observed value. Calculate various quality indexes of the network, such as accuracy, reliability and sensitivity.
3. Deformation observation data processing Monitoring, analysis and prediction of engineering buildings and engineering-related deformation is an important research content of engineering survey. Deformation analysis and prediction involve deformation observation data processing. However, the scope of deformation analysis and prediction is wider and belongs to the intersection of many disciplines.
(1) Several typical methods of deformation observation data processing Drawing deformation process curve according to deformation observation data is the simplest and most effective data processing method, from which trend analysis can be made. If the deformation observation data and influencing factors are analyzed by multiple regression and calculated by stepwise regression, the functional relationship between deformation and significant factors can be obtained, which can be used for deformation prediction in addition to physical interpretation.
(2) Geometric analysis and physical interpretation of deformation The traditional method divides the processing of deformation observation data into geometric analysis and physical interpretation of deformation. Geometric analysis is to describe the spatio-temporal characteristics of deformation, which mainly includes three steps: initial model identification, model parameter estimation, simulation statistical test and optimal model selection. Under the periodic observation of reference network and relative network of deformation monitoring network, the stability test of reference point and the calculation of target point and displacement value are the basis of establishing deformation model. The deformation model can be selected according to the physical and mechanical properties and geological information of the deformed body, as well as the displacement vector and deformation process curve of the point field.
(3) Systematic method of deformation analysis and prediction, which is a research direction of deformation analysis and prediction under the guidance of modern system theory. Deformable body is a complex system with multi-level and high-dimensional gray box or black box structure, which is nonlinear, open (dissipative) and random, including uncertainty of external interference, sensitivity to initial state and chaos of long-term behavior of the system. In addition, it also has the characteristics of self-similarity, mutation, self-organization and dynamics.
Four. Prospects for the development of engineering surveying 2 1 century, engineering surveying will be greatly developed in the following aspects:
1. As a multi-sensor integrated system, the measuring robot will be further developed in artificial intelligence, its application scope will be further expanded, and its image, graphics and data processing capabilities will be further enhanced;
2. In deformation observation data processing and large-scale engineering construction, knowledge-based information system will be developed and further combined with geodesy, geophysics, engineering and hydrogeology, civil architecture and other disciplines to solve various problems such as safety monitoring, disaster prevention and environmental protection during engineering construction and operation.
3. Engineering measurement will be extended from civil engineering measurement and three-dimensional industrial measurement to human scientific measurement, such as microscopic measurement and microscopic image processing of various organs or parts of human body;
4. Multi-sensor hybrid measurement system will be rapidly developed and widely used, such as the integration of GPS receiver with electronic total station or measuring robot, which can carry out various measurement work without control network in a large area or even in the whole country.
5.GPS and GIS technologies will be closely integrated with engineering projects and play an important role in the integration of survey, design and construction management.
6. Three-dimensional measurement, geometric reconstruction and quality control of large-scale complex structures and equipment will be a feature of the development of engineering survey.
7. The establishment, analysis and identification of mathematical and physical models in data processing will become an important part of engineering survey education. To sum up, the development of engineering survey is mainly manifested in one-dimensional, two-dimensional to three-dimensional and four-dimensional, from point information to surface information acquisition, from static to dynamic, from post-processing to real-time processing, from human eye observation operation to robot automatic marking observation, from large-scale special engineering to anthropometry engineering, from high altitude to ground, underground and underwater, from manual measurement to non-contact telemetry, and from periodic observation to continuous measurement. The measurement accuracy ranges from millimeters to microns or even nanometers.
The above development of engineering survey will directly play an important role in improving people's living environment and quality of life. Overview of literary works
First, the detailed layout of circular curve
In the curve construction of various line projects, the survey and design of circular curves are often encountered. At present, there are many methods, such as deflection angle method, tangent offset method and chord offset method. However, in practical work, the choice of investigation method depends on the field conditions, the complexity of investigation data calculation, the workload of investigation and the situation of instruments and tools during the investigation. In addition, the above-mentioned several layout methods are to calculate the layout data according to the pile number (mileage) of the auxiliary point first, and then carry out field lofting. Therefore, in practical work, using the above-mentioned traditional survey and lofting methods, sometimes due to the limitation of terrain conditions, it is impossible to lofting auxiliary points (such as impassability or inconvenient distance). ), or it is impossible to set stakes at the auxiliary point of setting out.
Several new methods introduced in this graduation design paper are not only simple in calculation and convenient in layout, but also can be carried out without knowing the mileage of a certain point on the curve, thus avoiding the trouble of layout data calculated according to a given curve point without changing stations. At the same time, using the new method introduced in this paper, some curves can be flexibly and selectively measured according to the requirements of the construction progress of the line project. It can also be used to quickly determine the position of piles on curves; If it is used for line acceptance measurement, it is more convenient and the test results are more representative and reliable.
Second, the circular curve method and intersection angle method are used to measure any station with total station.
Use the total station to survey the circular curve at any station, and the instrument can complete all the work once. Although the field calculation is more troublesome, it is convenient and flexible for the transfer point where there is no station. However, its disadvantage is still that the calculation is more troublesome, and it is difficult for field workers who are not familiar with the industry to actually operate. If some program calculators are used to compile a program for inputting four groups of coordinates and radii of AB and nine data, the lofting data can be obtained quickly, which simplifies the field work.
In order to facilitate the lofting work, some lofting points can be incorporated into the plane control network to form a comprehensive GPS network of the same level. Because the distance between the lofting points is close, only the differences of components can be considered when checking the synchronous ring and the closed ring, but the relative closing difference can not be considered. Because it is unreasonable to measure it by relative closure difference. Because of the fixed error of GPS receiver, the phase center deviation and alignment error are between 1 mm ~ 5 mm, and the relative closure error is bound to be large for the short side of tens of meters. 3) The design of plane control network mainly considers the selection of independent baselines and the design of asynchronous closed loop, and it is necessary to consider forming as many closed graphs as possible, and connecting the observation points at the edge of the network with independent baselines to form closed graphs.
Similarly, using the above idea, the transition curve can also be measured.
In the construction of roads, channels, pipelines and other projects, due to the limitations of topography, geology and other conditions, the lines always have to turn around. In order to make vehicles and water flow run smoothly or mitigate the impact, circular curve connection is often adopted, so it is an important content of line layout. In the route of highway and railway, generally, after the main points of the curve are laid out, the circular curve is laid out in detail at the straight points or dots. There are many methods for its layout, such as deflection angle method, tangent offset method, chord offset method and chord extension method. These methods all have one thing in common: they all set up stations at the intersection of the lines set out in the survey stage, orient them in the back view direction of the lines, determine the main points of the curve in the field, and then place instruments at the main points of the curve (usually the starting point of the curve), orient them in the back view direction of the line intersection, and carry out detailed survey and design of the circular curve. In the actual survey process of these methods, due to the limitations of various terrain conditions and survey methods, the following three situations may occur:
(1) You cannot set any chainage on the main point of the curve.
(2) The rear view direction is too close, and the orientation is not allowed.
(3) Large error accumulation.
Therefore, when intersections can be set up, new survey methods can be adopted? Intersection deflection method.
In this paper, a method of detailed layout of circular curve by intersection angle method is proposed. Judging from the above calculation and arrangement methods, it has the following advantages:
(1) is convenient to calculate, saves workload and is easy to realize highway survey automation. Derived from the above formula, as long as the arc length from the point to be measured to the midpoint of the circular curve is known, the data needed for measurement can be calculated. Moreover, under the above circumstances, the formulas for calculating the deflection angle of 1. 1.2 and 1.2 are the same as those for calculating the horizontal distance from the point to the intersection, but the calculation method of the outer vector distance is different, so it is easy to realize the automation of highway survey through computer language programming. In addition, this method does not need to set up a new measuring station at the main point of the circular curve, and can set out the circular curve in detail at the same time, saving the workload.
(2) The typesetting method is simple and easy to achieve high typesetting accuracy. The general survey method is to set up a station at the intersection to survey the main point of the circular curve, and then set up a station at ZY (or YZ) to survey the details of the circular curve in the direction of the intersection. Because the main point of the circular curve is bound to have an error, the error of the measured circular curve will be greater; Moreover, if a station is set up at the main point, the rear view direction may be close and the orientation may be inaccurate. However, the intersection deflection method only needs to set up a station at the intersection and orient in the backward direction of the line, which is easy to achieve high measurement accuracy.